--- ticker: AKAM company: AKAM filing_type: 10-K year_current: 2025 year_prior: 2024 risks_added: 1 risks_removed: 0 risks_modified: 6 risks_unchanged: 25 source: SEC EDGAR url: https://riskdiff.com/akam/2025-vs-2024/ markdown_url: https://riskdiff.com/akam/2025-vs-2024/index.md generated: 2026-06-01 --- # AKAM: 10-K Risk Factor Changes 2025 vs 2024 > Source: U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (EDGAR) > Generated: 2026-06-01 > All data extracted directly from official filings. No hallucinated content. ## Summary | Status | Count | |--------|-------| | New risks added | 1 | | Risks removed | 0 | | Risks modified | 6 | | Unchanged | 25 | --- ## New in Current Filing: We may not be successful in our artificial intelligence initiatives, which could adversely affect our business, reputation, or financial results. Artificial intelligence ("AI"), presents new risks and challenges that may affect our business. We have made, and expect to continue to make investments to integrate AI and machine learning technology into our products and solutions. Given the nature of AI technology, we face significant competition from other companies and an evolving regulatory landscape. Our AI efforts may not be successful and our competitors may incorporate AI into their products more successfully than us, which could impair our ability to compete effectively and adversely affect our financial results. The rapid evolution of AI combined with the uncertain and often inconsistent regulatory landscape may require significant additional resources and costs and could in some cases limit our ability to implement AI capabilities in our solutions or to use AI to support business operations. Further, data used to train AI-based systems may lead to harm to our reputation. Despite our implementation of programs designed to support responsible AI use and development, we may not successfully address all issues that may arise. For example, privacy concerns, user consent, supply chain security, transparency and the accuracy, completeness and suitability of data sets are all potential issues that could adversely affect our business, reputation, or financial results. --- ## Modified: Our restructuring and reorganization activities may be disruptive to our operations and harm our business. **Key changes:** - Reworded sentence: "During the first quarter of 2023 and the third quarter of 2024, management committed to actions to restructure certain parts of the Company, including reducing headcount, to enable it to prioritize investments in the fastest growing areas of the business and redeploy resources to support the Company's strategic investments." - Reworded sentence: "Taking these actions may also result in significant expense, including with respect to workforce reductions, decreased productivity due to employee distraction and unanticipated employee turnover." **Prior (2024):** Over the past several years, we have implemented internal restructurings and reorganizations designed to reduce the size and cost of our operations, improve operational efficiencies and reprioritize investments, enhance our ability to pursue market opportunities and accelerate our technology development initiatives. In February 2021, we announced a significant reorganization to create two new business groups linked to our security and edge delivery technologies as well as establishing a unified global sales force. During the first quarter of 2023, management committed to an action to restructure certain parts of the company, including reducing headcount, to enable it to prioritize investments in the fastest growing areas of the business. We may take similar steps in the future as we seek to realize operating synergies, optimize our operations to achieve our target operating model and profitability objectives, respond to market forces or better reflect changes in the strategic direction of our business. Disruptions in operations may occur as a result of taking these actions. Taking these actions may also result in significant expense for us, including with respect to workforce reductions, as well as decreased productivity due to employee distraction and unanticipated employee turnover. Substantial expense or business disruptions resulting from restructuring and reorganization activities could adversely affect our operating results. **Current (2025):** Over the past several years, we have implemented internal restructurings and reorganizations designed to reduce the size and cost of our operations, improve operational efficiencies and reprioritize investments, enhance our ability to pursue market opportunities and accelerate our technology development initiatives. During the first quarter of 2023 and the third quarter of 2024, management committed to actions to restructure certain parts of the Company, including reducing headcount, to enable it to prioritize investments in the fastest growing areas of the business and redeploy resources to support the Company's strategic investments. We may take similar steps in the future as we seek to realize operating synergies, optimize our operations to achieve our target operating model and profitability objectives, respond to market forces or better reflect changes in the strategic direction of our business. Disruptions in operations may occur as a result of taking these actions. Taking these actions may also result in significant expense, including with respect to workforce reductions, decreased productivity due to employee distraction and unanticipated employee turnover. Substantial expense or business disruptions resulting from restructuring and reorganization activities could adversely affect our operating results. --- ## Modified: Slowing revenue growth has in the past and may continue to negatively impact our profitability and stock price. **Key changes:** - Reworded sentence: "Revenue we generate from our delivery solutions is impacted by pricing pressure due to competition and fluctuations in content traffic as a result of, among other factors, changes in the popularity of our customers' content including video delivery and gaming, and economic pressures on our customers that can cause them to take steps to optimize their platforms, including through "do-it-yourself", or DIY, initiatives." - Added sentence: "In addition, a large social media company has recently taken steps to lower costs and reduce reliance on U.S." - Added sentence: "providers, including a DIY component, which we believe is in part a reaction to certain geopolitical pressures, and which has reduced traffic on our network and negatively impacted revenue in 2024." - Added sentence: "Other customers have and may continue to reduce their traffic with us, negatively impacting revenue." - Reworded sentence: "Further, security revenue for some products is impacted by traffic levels on our network and recently has, and may continue to be, negatively impacted by reduced traffic on our network, including the reduced traffic from a large social media company among other customers." **Prior (2024):** The overall revenue growth we have enjoyed in recent years may not continue in future periods and could decline, which could negatively impact our profitability and stock price. Our ability to generate revenue depends on the amount of services we deliver, continued growth in demand for our security, delivery and compute solutions and our ability to maintain the prices we charge for them. Revenue we generate from our delivery solutions is impacted by pricing pressure due to competition and fluctuations in content traffic as a result of, among other factors, changes in the popularity of our customers' content including video delivery and gaming. For example, revenue from our delivery solutions increased significantly in 2020 due in large part to greater consumption of online media and games during the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and the associated stay-at-home orders across the globe. However, as these orders were lifted and more return-to-work policies were adopted, our revenue from delivery solutions declined. We have continued to experience revenue declines in our delivery solutions and expect this trend to continue in the near future. Our security solutions currently generate the largest portion of our revenue. Our ability to generate revenue in our security business depends on our ability to increase our industry recognition as a provider of security solutions, develop or acquire new solutions in a rapidly-changing environment where security threats are constantly evolving and ensure that our solutions operate effectively and are competitive with products offered by others. In addition, an increasing proportion of our revenue has been generated by our compute solutions. Our ability to generate revenue in our compute business is dependent on our ability to successfully continue building our compute infrastructure, attract a customer base that has traditionally partnered with more established companies in the compute industry and develop effective, price competitive and attractive solutions. If we are unable to increase revenues, our profitability and stock price could suffer. See the risk factor titled, "Global conditions have in the past and may in the future harm our industry, business and results of operations" below. **Current (2025):** The overall revenue growth we have enjoyed in recent years may not continue in future periods and could decline, which could negatively impact our profitability and stock price. Our ability to generate revenue depends on the amount of services we deliver, continued growth in demand for our security, delivery and compute solutions and our ability to maintain the prices we charge for them. Revenue we generate from our delivery solutions is impacted by pricing pressure due to competition and fluctuations in content traffic as a result of, among other factors, changes in the popularity of our customers' content including video delivery and gaming, and economic pressures on our customers that can cause them to take steps to optimize their platforms, including through "do-it-yourself", or DIY, initiatives. For example, revenue from our delivery solutions increased significantly in 2020 due in large part to greater consumption of online media and games during the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and the associated stay-at-home orders. However, as these orders were lifted and more return-to-work policies were adopted, our revenue from delivery solutions declined. In addition, a large social media company has recently taken steps to lower costs and reduce reliance on U.S. providers, including a DIY component, which we believe is in part a reaction to certain geopolitical pressures, and which has reduced traffic on our network and negatively impacted revenue in 2024. Other customers have and may continue to reduce their traffic with us, negatively impacting revenue. We have continued to experience revenue declines in our delivery solutions and expect this trend to continue in the near future. Our security solutions currently generate the largest portion of our revenue. Our ability to generate revenue in our security business depends on our ability to increase our industry recognition as a provider of security solutions, develop or acquire new solutions in a rapidly-changing environment where security threats are constantly evolving and ensure that our solutions operate effectively and are competitive with products offered by others. Further, security revenue for some products is impacted by traffic levels on our network and recently has, and may continue to be, negatively impacted by reduced traffic on our network, including the reduced traffic from a large social media company among other customers. In addition, an increasing proportion of our revenue has recently been generated by our compute solutions. Our ability to generate revenue in our compute business is dependent on our ability to successfully continue building our compute platform, attract a customer base that has traditionally partnered with more established companies in the compute industry, and develop effective, price competitive and attractive solutions. If we are unable to increase revenues, our profitability and stock price could suffer. See the risk factor titled, "Global conditions have in the past and may in the future harm our industry, business and results of operations" below. --- ## Modified: If current and potential large customers shift to DIY internal solutions for content and application delivery or security protection, our business will be negatively impacted. **Key changes:** - Reworded sentence: "At times, some of our customers have determined that it is better for them to employ a "do-it-yourself" or "DIY" strategy by putting in place equipment, software and other technology solutions for content and application delivery and security protection within their internal systems instead of using our solutions for some or all of their needs." - Reworded sentence: "While the number of customers implementing a DIY strategy had been decreasing, current global economic and geopolitical conditions may cause customers to increase their focus on DIY solutions, which could negatively impact traffic on our network, and, as a result, our revenue." **Prior (2024):** We are reliant on some of our larger customers to direct traffic to our network for a significant part of our revenues. In the past, some of our customers have determined that it is better for them to employ a "do-it-yourself" or "DIY" strategy by putting in place equipment, software and other technology solutions for content and application delivery and security protection within their internal systems instead of using our solutions for some or all of their needs. As the amount of money a customer spends with us increases, the risk that they will seek alternative solutions such as DIY or a multi-vendor policy likewise increases. While the number of customers implementing a DIY strategy has decreased in recent years, if multiple large customers shift to this model, traffic on our network and our contracted revenue commitments would decrease, which would negatively impact our business, profitability, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. **Current (2025):** We are reliant on some of our larger customers to direct traffic to our network for a significant part of our revenues. At times, some of our customers have determined that it is better for them to employ a "do-it-yourself" or "DIY" strategy by putting in place equipment, software and other technology solutions for content and application delivery and security protection within their internal systems instead of using our solutions for some or all of their needs. As the amount of money a customer spends with us increases, the risk that they will seek alternative solutions such as DIY or a multi-vendor policy likewise increases. While the number of customers implementing a DIY strategy had been decreasing, current global economic and geopolitical conditions may cause customers to increase their focus on DIY solutions, which could negatively impact traffic on our network, and, as a result, our revenue. For example, a large social media customer has recently taken steps to lower costs and reduce reliance on U.S. providers by optimizing its platform, including using a DIY component, which has reduced traffic on our network and negatively impacted our revenue in 2024 and is likely to continue to do so in the future. If our customers increase their use of DIY solutions or if multiple additional large customers shift to this model, traffic on our network and our contracted revenue commitments could decrease more significantly, which could negatively impact our business, profitability, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. --- ## Modified: Global conditions have in the past and may in the future harm our industry, business and results of operations. **Key changes:** - Reworded sentence: "The success of our activities is affected by general economic and market conditions, including, among others, inflation, foreign exchange rates, interest rates, tax rates, economic uncertainty, political instability, warfare, changes in laws, trade barriers, the actual or perceived failure or financial difficulties of financial institutions, reduced consumer confidence and spending and economic and trade sanctions." - Reworded sentence: "have been elevated compared to historical rates and have fluctuated." - Reworded sentence: "For example, these unfavorable economic conditions could increase our operating costs, which could 10 10 10 Table of Contents Table of Contents negatively impact our profitability." - Reworded sentence: "For example, approximately six percent of our global employees are located in Israel and some of our employees have been mobilized as members of the Israeli military reserves." **Prior (2024):** We operate globally and as a result, our business, revenues and profitability are impacted by global macroeconomic conditions. The success of our activities is affected by general economic and market conditions, including, among others, inflation, interest rates, tax rates, economic uncertainty, political instability, warfare, changes in laws, trade barriers, the actual or perceived failure or financial difficulties of financial institutions, reduced consumer confidence and spending and economic and trade sanctions. For example, approximately 1% of our 2021 revenue had been generated from traffic into Russia, Belarus and Ukraine, and we experienced a decline in revenue in 2022 and 2023 related to the war in Ukraine due to a decrease in traffic in these countries. In addition, due to changes in international tax laws, we expect our effective income tax rate will increase in 2024. The U.S. capital markets have experienced and may continue to experience extreme volatility and disruption in the recent past. Furthermore, inflation rates in the U.S. have recently increased to levels not seen in decades. Such economic volatility has in the past and could in the future adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows and future market disruptions could negatively impact us. For example, these unfavorable economic conditions could increase our operating costs, which could negatively impact our profitability. Geopolitical destabilization and warfare have impacted and could continue to impact global currency exchange rates, resources from our suppliers, and our ability to operate or grow our business. In addition, we have recently experienced rising energy costs in areas in which we operate, particularly in Europe. Additionally, we have offices and employees located in regions that historically have and may again experience periods of political instability, warfare, changes in laws, trade barriers and economic and trade sanctions. Adverse conditions in these countries have in the past and may in the future affect our operations, including disruptions to our workforce, supply chains, networks, financial systems and other critical infrastructure, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. For example, approximately five percent of our global employees are located in Tel Aviv, 9 9 9 Table of Contents Table of Contents Israel and some of our employees have been mobilized as members of the Israeli military reserves. The ongoing war could cause harm to our employees or otherwise impair their ability to work for extended periods of time. **Current (2025):** We operate globally and as a result, our business, revenues and profitability are impacted by global macroeconomic conditions. The success of our activities is affected by general economic and market conditions, including, among others, inflation, foreign exchange rates, interest rates, tax rates, economic uncertainty, political instability, warfare, changes in laws, trade barriers, the actual or perceived failure or financial difficulties of financial institutions, reduced consumer confidence and spending and economic and trade sanctions. Global economic and geopolitical conditions can impact our customers, causing them to take cost-savings measures that can include optimization and "do-it-yourself", or DIY, initiatives, which can impact our revenues. For example, a large social media company has recently taken steps to lower costs and reduce reliance on U.S. providers by optimizing its platform, including a DIY component, which reduced traffic on our network and negatively impacted our revenue in 2024. The U.S. capital markets have experienced and may continue to experience extreme volatility and disruption in the recent past. Furthermore, inflation rates in the U.S. have been elevated compared to historical rates and have fluctuated. In addition, the Trump administration has indicated an intention to impose tariffs on certain countries that could adversely impact trade relations, result in higher costs and decreased purchasing power of our customers, put increased pressure on supply chains and create general market instability. Such economic volatility has in the past and could in the future adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows and future market disruptions could negatively impact us. For example, these unfavorable economic conditions could increase our operating costs, which could 10 10 10 Table of Contents Table of Contents negatively impact our profitability. Geopolitical destabilization and warfare have impacted and could continue to impact global currency exchange rates, resources from our suppliers and our ability to operate or grow our business. Additionally, we have offices and employees located in regions that historically have and may again experience periods of political instability, warfare, changes in laws, trade barriers and economic and trade sanctions. Adverse conditions in these countries have in the past and may in the future affect our operations, including disruptions to our workforce, supply chains, networks, financial systems and other critical infrastructure, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. For example, approximately six percent of our global employees are located in Israel and some of our employees have been mobilized as members of the Israeli military reserves. Should the Isreal-Hamas war continue, it could cause harm to our employees or otherwise impair their ability to work for extended periods of time. --- ## Modified: Other regulatory developments could negatively impact our business. **Key changes:** - Reworded sentence: "and international laws and regulations that apply to the internet related to, among other things, content liability, security requirements, law enforcement access to information, critical infrastructure, net neutrality, so-called "fair share" or internet content taxes, international data transfer restrictions, sanctions, export controls and restrictions on social media or other platforms, applications or content could pose risks to our revenues, intellectual property and customer relationships as well as increase expenses or create other disadvantages to our business." - Reworded sentence: "Further, laws and regulations related to content could cause internet service providers, or others, to block our products in order to enforce content-blocking efforts." - Reworded sentence: "For example, restrictions were adopted in India in 2020 prohibiting access to identified Chinese-owned applications which caused a reduction in revenue to us." **Prior (2024):** U.S. and international laws and regulations that apply to the internet related to, among other things, content liability, security requirements, law enforcement access to information, critical infrastructure, net neutrality, so-called "fair share" or internet content taxes, international data transfer restrictions, sanctions, export controls and restrictions on social media or other content could pose risks to our revenues, intellectual property and customer relationships as well as increase expenses or create other disadvantages to our business. Section 230 of the U.S. Communications Decency Act, often referred to as Section 230, gives websites that host user-generated content broad protection from legal liability for content posted on their sites. Proposals to repeal or amend Section 230 could expose us to greater legal liability in the conduct of our business. Our Acceptable Use Policy prohibits customers from using our network to deliver illegal or inappropriate content; if customers violate that policy, we may nonetheless face reputational damage, enforcement actions or lawsuits related to their content. Regulations have been enacted or proposed in a number of countries that limit the delivery of certain types of content into those countries. Enactment and expansion of such laws and regulations would negatively impact our revenues. For example, restrictions were adopted in India in 2020 prohibiting access to identified Chinese applications, which caused a reduction in revenue to us. In addition, such laws and regulations could cause internet service providers, or others, to block our products in order to enforce content-blocking efforts. In addition, efforts to block a single product or domain name may end up blocking a number of other products or domain names in an overbroad manner that could affect our business. In addition to regulations related to content, enactment and expansion of laws related to the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning in our operations and increased regulation of cloud services providers also could increase costs of doing business, subject us to potential liability or regulatory risk and introduce other disadvantages to our business, including brand or reputational harm. Interpretations of laws or regulations that would subject us to regulatory enforcement actions, supervision or, in the alternative, require us to exit a line of business or a country, could lead to the loss of significant revenues and have a negative impact on the quality of our solutions. Engineering efforts to build new capabilities to facilitate compliance with law enforcement access requirements, content access restrictions or other regulations could require us to take on substantial expenses and divert engineering resources from other projects. These circumstances could harm our profitability. **Current (2025):** U.S. and international laws and regulations that apply to the internet related to, among other things, content liability, security requirements, law enforcement access to information, critical infrastructure, net neutrality, so-called "fair share" or internet content taxes, international data transfer restrictions, sanctions, export controls and restrictions on social media or other platforms, applications or content could pose risks to our revenues, intellectual property and customer relationships as well as increase expenses or create other disadvantages to our business. Section 230 of the U.S. Communications Decency Act, often referred to as Section 230, gives websites that host user-generated content broad protection from legal liability for content posted on their sites. Proposals to repeal or amend Section 230 could expose us to greater legal liability in the conduct of our business. Our Acceptable Use Policy prohibits customers from using our network to deliver illegal or inappropriate content; if customers violate that policy, we may nonetheless face reputational damage, enforcement actions or lawsuits related to their content. Further, laws and regulations related to content could cause internet service providers, or others, to block our products in order to enforce content-blocking efforts. Efforts to block a single product or domain name may end up blocking a number of other products or domain names in an overbroad manner that could affect our business. Regulations have also been enacted or proposed in a number of countries that limit the delivery of certain types of content into those countries. Enactment and expansion of such laws and regulations would negatively impact our revenues. For example, restrictions were adopted in India in 2020 prohibiting access to identified Chinese-owned applications which caused a reduction in revenue to us. In addition, in April 2024, the U.S. government passed legislation that prohibited the provision of certain types of services to a Chinese application if the application was not sold to a neutral third party by January 19, 2025. The Chinese application was not sold to a neutral third party by the January 19th deadline, but President Trump subsequently signed an executive order instructing the U.S. Attorney General to not take any action to enforce the passed legislation for a period of 75 days from January 20, 2025. The Attorney General has since determined that our provision of services to this customer has not violated the law and that we can continue providing services as contemplated by the Executive Order without violating the law and without incurring any legal liability. In the past year, this customer has taken steps to lower costs and reduce reliance on U.S. providers by optimizing its platform, including using a DIY component. This has negatively impacted revenue growth rates in 2024, and we expect revenue from this customer to decline over the next few years, regardless of whether this legislation is enforced or takes effect. It is difficult to predict whether the passed legislation will ultimately be enforced and whether any future judicial challenges brought against the Executive Order will be successful. Even though President Trump has extended the enforcement deadline for a ban on the Chinese application, there is no assurance that we will not be exposed to liability and we may be exposed to significant fines, litigation, indemnification claims, negative publicity, reputational harm, diversion of management attention, interruptions in our operations, financial loss and other similar harms by continuing to provide services to the Chinese application. In addition, enactment and expansion of laws related to the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning in our operations and increased regulation of cloud service providers also could increase the costs of doing business, subject us to potential liability or regulatory risk and introduce other disadvantages to our business, including brand or reputational harm. Interpretations of laws or regulations that would subject us to regulatory enforcement actions, supervision or, in the alternative, require us to exit a line of business or a country, could lead to the loss of significant revenues and have a negative impact on the 20 20 20 Table of Contents Table of Contents quality of our solutions. Engineering efforts to build new capabilities to facilitate compliance with law enforcement access requirements, content access restrictions or other regulations could require us to take on substantial expenses and divert engineering resources from other projects. These circumstances could harm our profitability. --- ## Modified: We may have exposure to greater-than-anticipated tax liabilities. **Key changes:** - Reworded sentence: "The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ("OECD") and participating OECD member countries continue to work toward the enactment of a 15% global minimum corporate tax rate for large multinational enterprise groups, also known as "Pillar Two"." - Removed sentence: "16 16 16 Table of Contents Table of Contents The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 ("IRA") includes a 15% corporate alternative minimum tax for companies with modified GAAP net income in excess of $1 billion, a 1% excise tax on certain stock repurchases, and numerous environmental and green energy tax credits." - Removed sentence: "Currently, we are not subject to the corporate alternative minimum tax." - Removed sentence: "The impact of the excise tax on our stock repurchase program was immaterial for the year ended December 31, 2023." **Prior (2024):** Our future income taxes could be adversely affected by earnings being lower than anticipated in jurisdictions that have lower statutory tax rates and higher than anticipated in jurisdictions that have higher statutory tax rates, or changes in tax laws, regulations or accounting principles, as well as certain discrete items such as equity-related compensation. In particular, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ("OECD") and participating OECD member countries continue to work toward the enactment of a 15% global minimum corporate tax rate for companies with revenue above €750 million, calculated on a country-by-country basis. European Union member states have begun to enact global minimum tax rate rules into domestic law. In particular, on December 16, 2022, the Swiss parliament approved a constitutional amendment to implement the global minimum tax rate rules and the amendment was approved by public vote on June 18, 2023. On December 22, 2023, the Swiss Federal Council declared some of the rules to be in effect beginning in 2024. The global minimum tax is a significant structural change to the international tax framework, which is expected to affect the tax position of multinational or large scale domestic enterprise groups that fall under its scope, including us, beginning in 2024. Although enactment of the global minimum tax has begun, the OECD and participating OECD member countries continue to work towards defining the underlying rules and administrative procedures. We will continue to monitor these developments and evaluate the impact of the global minimum tax, which we anticipate will increase our liability for corporate taxes and our effective income tax rate. We have recorded certain tax reserves to address potential exposures involving our income tax and indirect tax positions. These potential tax liabilities result from the varying application of statutes, rules, regulations and interpretations by different jurisdictions. We are currently subject to tax audits in various jurisdictions. If the ultimate outcome of any tax audits are adverse to us, our reserves may not be adequate to cover our total actual liability, and we would need to take a financial charge. Although we believe our estimates, our reserves and the positions we have taken in all jurisdictions are reasonable, the ultimate tax outcome may differ from the amounts recorded in our financial statements and may materially affect our financial results in the period or periods for which such determination is made. 16 16 16 Table of Contents Table of Contents The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 ("IRA") includes a 15% corporate alternative minimum tax for companies with modified GAAP net income in excess of $1 billion, a 1% excise tax on certain stock repurchases, and numerous environmental and green energy tax credits. Currently, we are not subject to the corporate alternative minimum tax. The impact of the excise tax on our stock repurchase program was immaterial for the year ended December 31, 2023. **Current (2025):** Our future income taxes could be adversely affected by earnings being lower than anticipated in jurisdictions that have lower statutory tax rates and higher than anticipated in jurisdictions that have higher statutory tax rates, or changes in tax laws, regulations or accounting principles, as well as certain discrete items such as equity-related compensation. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ("OECD") and participating OECD member countries continue to work toward the enactment of a 15% global minimum corporate tax rate for large multinational enterprise groups, also known as "Pillar Two". Many of the participating countries have enacted legislation that became effective beginning in 2024, while other countries continue to work on defining the underlying rules and administrative procedures. Although the enacted and effective legislation in some countries was applicable to us as of January 1, 2024, and increased our effective income tax rate, the increase did not 17 17 17 Table of Contents Table of Contents have a material impact on our overall results of operations or cash flows. We will continue to monitor and evaluate the impacts of the developing legislation. We have recorded certain tax reserves to address potential exposures involving our income tax and indirect tax positions. These potential tax liabilities result from the varying application of statutes, rules, regulations and interpretations by different jurisdictions. We are currently subject to tax audits in various jurisdictions. If the ultimate outcome of any tax audits are adverse to us, our reserves may not be adequate to cover our total actual liability, and we would need to take a financial charge. Although we believe our estimates, our reserves and the positions we have taken in all jurisdictions are reasonable, the ultimate tax outcome may differ from the amounts recorded in our financial statements and may materially affect our financial results in the period or periods for which such determination is made. --- *Data sourced from SEC EDGAR. Last updated 2026-06-01.*