{
  "ticker": "UDR",
  "company": "UDR",
  "filing_type": "10-K",
  "year_current": "2025",
  "year_prior": "2024",
  "summary": {
    "added": 33,
    "removed": 4,
    "modified": 31,
    "unchanged": 41,
    "total_current": 105,
    "total_prior": 76
  },
  "source": "SEC EDGAR",
  "url": "https://riskdiff.com/udr/2025-vs-2024/",
  "markdown_url": "https://riskdiff.com/udr/2025-vs-2024/index.md",
  "json_url": "https://riskdiff.com/udr/2025-vs-2024/index.json",
  "generated": "2026-06-01",
  "ai_summary": null,
  "risks": [
    {
      "status": "ADDED",
      "current_title": "Declared in",
      "prior_title": null,
      "current_body": "​ Paid in ​ ​ 2024 ​ 2024 First Quarter ​ $ 0.4250 ​ $ 0.4200 Second Quarter ​ 0.4250 ​ 0.4250 Third Quarter ​ 0.4250 ​ 0.4250 Fourth Quarter ​ 0.4250 ​ 0.4250 Total ​ $ 1.7000 ​ $ 1.6950 ​ UDR was formed in 1972 as a Virginia corporation. In June 2003, we changed our state of incorporation from Virginia to Maryland. Our corporate offices are located at 1745 Shea Center Drive, Suite 200, Highlands Ranch, Colorado and our telephone number is (720) 283-6120. Our website is www.udr.com. The information contained on our website, including any information referred to in this Report as being available on our website, is not a part of or incorporated into this Report. As of December 31, 2024, there were 189.8 million units in the Operating Partnership (“OP Units”) outstanding, of which 176.6 million OP Units (including 0.1 million of general partnership units), or 93.0%, were owned by UDR and 13.2 million OP Units, or 7.0%, were owned by outside limited partners. As of December 31, 2024, there were 32.4 million units in the DownREIT Partnership (“DownREIT Units”) outstanding, of which 23.0 million, or 71.0%, were owned by UDR and its subsidiaries and 9.4 million, or 29.0%, were owned by outside limited partners. The consolidated financial statements of UDR include the noncontrolling interests of the unitholders in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership."
    },
    {
      "status": "ADDED",
      "current_title": "Human Capital Management",
      "prior_title": null,
      "current_body": "​ We strive to attract and retain high-performing talent. As of December 31, 2024, our Company had 1,419 full-time associates and 13 part-time associates, all of whom are dedicated to the success of our organization. Within this workforce, 1,007 associates are focused on roles directly associated with our communities, while the remaining associates contribute to various corporate functions. Our commitment extends to the entire employee lifecycle, encompassing recruitment, onboarding, development, engagement, and retention. Our overarching objective is to enhance the associate experience, foster diversity, and maintain a motivated and committed workforce that fuels our growth and talent retention. This dedication to our UDR culture, values, and behaviors directly influences improved engagement, productivity, and the overall success of our organization. ​ 4 4 4 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Item 1. BUSINESSGeneralUDR is a self-administered real estate investment trust, or REIT, that owns, operates, acquires, renovates, develops, redevelops, disposes of, and manages multifamily apartment communities in targeted markets located in the United States. At December 31, 2024, our consolidated real estate portfolio consisted of 169 communities located in 21 markets, consisting of 55,696 completed apartment homes, which are held directly or through our subsidiaries, including the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership, and consolidated joint ventures. In addition, we have an ownership interest in 10,860 completed or to-be-completed apartment homes through unconsolidated joint ventures or partnerships, including 6,436 apartment homes owned by entities in which we hold preferred equity investments. At December 31, 2024, the Company was not developing any communities, although the Company was incurring and capitalizing costs directly related to predevelopment activities in preparation of future development commencements. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company completed the development of two communities located in Tampa, Florida and Addison, Texas, with a total of 415 apartment homes.UDR has elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, which we refer to in this Report as the “Code.” To continue to qualify as a REIT, we must continue to meet certain tests which, among other things, generally require that our assets consist primarily of real estate assets, our income be derived primarily from real estate assets, and that we distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (other than our net capital gains) to our stockholders annually. As a REIT, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxes at the corporate level on our net income to the extent we distribute such net income to our stockholders annually. In 2024, we declared total distributions of $1.70 per common share and paid dividends of $1.695 per common share.​​​​​​​​ Dividends Dividends​​Declared in​Paid in​​2024​2024First Quarter​$ 0.4250​$ 0.4200Second Quarter​ 0.4250​ 0.4250Third Quarter​ 0.4250​ 0.4250Fourth Quarter​ 0.4250​ 0.4250Total​$ 1.7000​$ 1.6950​UDR was formed in 1972 as a Virginia corporation. In June 2003, we changed our state of incorporation from Virginia to Maryland. Our corporate offices are located at 1745 Shea Center Drive, Suite 200, Highlands Ranch, Colorado and our telephone number is (720) 283-6120. Our website is www.udr.com. The information contained on our website, including any information referred to in this Report as being available on our website, is not a part of or incorporated into this Report.As of December 31, 2024, there were 189.8 million units in the Operating Partnership (“OP Units”) outstanding, of which 176.6 million OP Units (including 0.1 million of general partnership units), or 93.0%, were owned by UDR and 13.2 million OP Units, or 7.0%, were owned by outside limited partners. As of December 31, 2024, there were 32.4 million units in the DownREIT Partnership (“DownREIT Units”) outstanding, of which 23.0 million, or 71.0%, were owned by UDR and its subsidiaries and 9.4 million, or 29.0%, were owned by outside limited partners. The consolidated financial statements of UDR include the noncontrolling interests of the unitholders in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership.Human Capital Management​We strive to attract and retain high-performing talent. As of December 31, 2024, our Company had 1,419 full-time associates and 13 part-time associates, all of whom are dedicated to the success of our organization. Within this workforce, 1,007 associates are focused on roles directly associated with our communities, while the remaining associates contribute to various corporate functions. Our commitment extends to the entire employee lifecycle, encompassing recruitment, onboarding, development, engagement, and retention. Our overarching objective is to enhance the associate experience, foster diversity, and maintain a motivated and committed workforce that fuels our growth and talent retention. This dedication to our UDR culture, values, and behaviors directly influences improved engagement, productivity, and the overall success of our organization. ​ Item 1. BUSINESSGeneralUDR is a self-administered real estate investment trust, or REIT, that owns, operates, acquires, renovates, develops, redevelops, disposes of, and manages multifamily apartment communities in targeted markets located in the United States. At December 31, 2024, our consolidated real estate portfolio consisted of 169 communities located in 21 markets, consisting of 55,696 completed apartment homes, which are held directly or through our subsidiaries, including the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership, and consolidated joint ventures. In addition, we have an ownership interest in 10,860 completed or to-be-completed apartment homes through unconsolidated joint ventures or partnerships, including 6,436 apartment homes owned by entities in which we hold preferred equity investments. At December 31, 2024, the Company was not developing any communities, although the Company was incurring and capitalizing costs directly related to predevelopment activities in preparation of future development commencements. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company completed the development of two communities located in Tampa, Florida and Addison, Texas, with a total of 415 apartment homes.UDR has elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, which we refer to in this Report as the “Code.” To continue to qualify as a REIT, we must continue to meet certain tests which, among other things, generally require that our assets consist primarily of real estate assets, our income be derived primarily from real estate assets, and that we distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (other than our net capital gains) to our stockholders annually. As a REIT, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxes at the corporate level on our net income to the extent we distribute such net income to our stockholders annually. In 2024, we declared total distributions of $1.70 per common share and paid dividends of $1.695 per common share.​​​​​​​​ Dividends Dividends​​Declared in​Paid in​​2024​2024First Quarter​$ 0.4250​$ 0.4200Second Quarter​ 0.4250​ 0.4250Third Quarter​ 0.4250​ 0.4250Fourth Quarter​ 0.4250​ 0.4250Total​$ 1.7000​$ 1.6950​UDR was formed in 1972 as a Virginia corporation. In June 2003, we changed our state of incorporation from Virginia to Maryland. Our corporate offices are located at 1745 Shea Center Drive, Suite 200, Highlands Ranch, Colorado and our telephone number is (720) 283-6120. Our website is www.udr.com. The information contained on our website, including any information referred to in this Report as being available on our website, is not a part of or incorporated into this Report.As of December 31, 2024, there were 189.8 million units in the Operating Partnership (“OP Units”) outstanding, of which 176.6 million OP Units (including 0.1 million of general partnership units), or 93.0%, were owned by UDR and 13.2 million OP Units, or 7.0%, were owned by outside limited partners. As of December 31, 2024, there were 32.4 million units in the DownREIT Partnership (“DownREIT Units”) outstanding, of which 23.0 million, or 71.0%, were owned by UDR and its subsidiaries and 9.4 million, or 29.0%, were owned by outside limited partners. The consolidated financial statements of UDR include the noncontrolling interests of the unitholders in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership.Human Capital Management​We strive to attract and retain high-performing talent. As of December 31, 2024, our Company had 1,419 full-time associates and 13 part-time associates, all of whom are dedicated to the success of our organization. Within this workforce, 1,007 associates are focused on roles directly associated with our communities, while the remaining associates contribute to various corporate functions. Our commitment extends to the entire employee lifecycle, encompassing recruitment, onboarding, development, engagement, and retention. Our overarching objective is to enhance the associate experience, foster diversity, and maintain a motivated and committed workforce that fuels our growth and talent retention. This dedication to our UDR culture, values, and behaviors directly influences improved engagement, productivity, and the overall success of our organization. ​ Item 1. BUSINESS General UDR is a self-administered real estate investment trust, or REIT, that owns, operates, acquires, renovates, develops, redevelops, disposes of, and manages multifamily apartment communities in targeted markets located in the United States. At December 31, 2024, our consolidated real estate portfolio consisted of 169 communities located in 21 markets, consisting of 55,696 completed apartment homes, which are held directly or through our subsidiaries, including the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership, and consolidated joint ventures. In addition, we have an ownership interest in 10,860 completed or to-be-completed apartment homes through unconsolidated joint ventures or partnerships, including 6,436 apartment homes owned by entities in which we hold preferred equity investments. At December 31, 2024, the Company was not developing any communities, although the Company was incurring and capitalizing costs directly related to predevelopment activities in preparation of future development commencements. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company completed the development of two communities located in Tampa, Florida and Addison, Texas, with a total of 415 apartment homes. UDR has elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, which we refer to in this Report as the “Code.” To continue to qualify as a REIT, we must continue to meet certain tests which, among other things, generally require that our assets consist primarily of real estate assets, our income be derived primarily from real estate assets, and that we distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (other than our net capital gains) to our stockholders annually. As a REIT, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxes at the corporate level on our net income to the extent we distribute such net income to our stockholders annually. In 2024, we declared total distributions of $1.70 per common share and paid dividends of $1.695 per common share. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Dividends Dividends ​ ​"
    },
    {
      "status": "ADDED",
      "current_title": "Reporting Segments",
      "prior_title": null,
      "current_body": "We report in two segments: Same-Store Communities and Non-Mature Communities/Other. Our Same-Store Communities segment represents those communities acquired, developed, and stabilized prior to January 1, 2023, and held as of December 31, 2024. These communities were owned and had stabilized occupancy and operating expenses as of the beginning of the prior year, there is no plan to conduct substantial redevelopment activities, and the communities are not classified as held for disposition at year end. A community is considered to have stabilized occupancy once it achieves 90% occupancy for at least three consecutive months. Our Non-Mature Communities/Other segment represents those communities that do not meet the criteria to be included in Same-Store Communities, including, but not limited to, recently acquired, developed and redeveloped communities, and the non-apartment components of mixed use properties. For additional information regarding our operating segments, see Note 16, Reportable Segments, in the Notes to the UDR Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Report. 6 6 6 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents As of December 31, 2024, our workforce is comprised of 61% male and 39% female associates, with an ethnic composition of 51% White, 27% Hispanic/Latino, 13% Black, 3% Asian, and 6% Other. Our management team (including resident services managers and more senior job classifications) reflects a gender balance of 59% male and 41% female, with an ethnic breakdown of 60% White and 40% non-White. Over the three-year period ending December 31, 2024, 533 promotions occurred, with 45% of those promoted to resident services manager, director, or more senior job classifications being female and 42% non-White. ​Our commitment to promoting diversity and inclusion remains as we strive to create a healthy and diverse work environment and attract candidates from all backgrounds, ethnicities, and genders. ​Associate Engagement and Outreach ​Throughout 2024, we listened to our associates through quarterly pulse surveys, and leveraging associate feedback implemented several measures aimed at improving communication, making data-driven decisions, and promoting collaboration between our operations and corporate teams. We will continue to enhance our active listening strategy to drive continuous improvement across our business. ​We believe that our associates should be active in their communities, and we support their efforts. In 2024, we introduced an enhanced volunteer policy that continues to provide associates with up to eight paid hours annually for volunteer activities. Previously, volunteer opportunities were limited to one or two company-sponsored events per year with designated organizations. The updated policy now allows associates the flexibility to volunteer at any time throughout the year with a charitable organization of their choice. Through the policy, UDR provided 1,050 hours of paid time off to associates for volunteer work with over 30 local organizations. We also organized food, clothing, and blood drives, as well as initiatives to promote non-profit organizations and causes, fostering a culture of giving back. ​Employee Health, Wellness and Benefits ​The health, wellness, and safety of our associates are paramount to UDR. We maintain an inclusive culture by prioritizing the well-being of our associates. ​In 2024, we upgraded our Employee Assistance Program (EAP) and increased enrollment by 10%. Our EAP includes counseling services, educational resources, and tools, including workshops and seminars on stress management, nutrition, and well-being for associates, partners, and teen-aged dependents. We also invested in virtual and in-person wellness fairs aimed at providing associates learning opportunities on topics ranging from stress management and mental health to financial fitness. We continue to leverage our Lifestyle Spending Account, which provides associates with $1,000 annually to spend as they choose bolstering associate wellness and satisfaction. ​Our commitment to associate benefits is underscored by a third-party benefits survey, conducted in 2024, where 84% of respondents stated they understood their benefits and 64% believed that UDR offered a benefit package that is satisfactory relative to other companies in the industry.​Reporting SegmentsWe report in two segments: Same-Store Communities and Non-Mature Communities/Other.Our Same-Store Communities segment represents those communities acquired, developed, and stabilized prior to January 1, 2023, and held as of December 31, 2024. These communities were owned and had stabilized occupancy and operating expenses as of the beginning of the prior year, there is no plan to conduct substantial redevelopment activities, and the communities are not classified as held for disposition at year end. A community is considered to have stabilized occupancy once it achieves 90% occupancy for at least three consecutive months.Our Non-Mature Communities/Other segment represents those communities that do not meet the criteria to be included in Same-Store Communities, including, but not limited to, recently acquired, developed and redeveloped communities, and the non-apartment components of mixed use properties. For additional information regarding our operating segments, see Note 16, Reportable Segments, in the Notes to the UDR Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Report. As of December 31, 2024, our workforce is comprised of 61% male and 39% female associates, with an ethnic composition of 51% White, 27% Hispanic/Latino, 13% Black, 3% Asian, and 6% Other. Our management team (including resident services managers and more senior job classifications) reflects a gender balance of 59% male and 41% female, with an ethnic breakdown of 60% White and 40% non-White. Over the three-year period ending December 31, 2024, 533 promotions occurred, with 45% of those promoted to resident services manager, director, or more senior job classifications being female and 42% non-White. ​Our commitment to promoting diversity and inclusion remains as we strive to create a healthy and diverse work environment and attract candidates from all backgrounds, ethnicities, and genders. ​Associate Engagement and Outreach ​Throughout 2024, we listened to our associates through quarterly pulse surveys, and leveraging associate feedback implemented several measures aimed at improving communication, making data-driven decisions, and promoting collaboration between our operations and corporate teams. We will continue to enhance our active listening strategy to drive continuous improvement across our business. ​We believe that our associates should be active in their communities, and we support their efforts. In 2024, we introduced an enhanced volunteer policy that continues to provide associates with up to eight paid hours annually for volunteer activities. Previously, volunteer opportunities were limited to one or two company-sponsored events per year with designated organizations. The updated policy now allows associates the flexibility to volunteer at any time throughout the year with a charitable organization of their choice. Through the policy, UDR provided 1,050 hours of paid time off to associates for volunteer work with over 30 local organizations. We also organized food, clothing, and blood drives, as well as initiatives to promote non-profit organizations and causes, fostering a culture of giving back. ​Employee Health, Wellness and Benefits ​The health, wellness, and safety of our associates are paramount to UDR. We maintain an inclusive culture by prioritizing the well-being of our associates. ​In 2024, we upgraded our Employee Assistance Program (EAP) and increased enrollment by 10%. Our EAP includes counseling services, educational resources, and tools, including workshops and seminars on stress management, nutrition, and well-being for associates, partners, and teen-aged dependents. We also invested in virtual and in-person wellness fairs aimed at providing associates learning opportunities on topics ranging from stress management and mental health to financial fitness. We continue to leverage our Lifestyle Spending Account, which provides associates with $1,000 annually to spend as they choose bolstering associate wellness and satisfaction. ​Our commitment to associate benefits is underscored by a third-party benefits survey, conducted in 2024, where 84% of respondents stated they understood their benefits and 64% believed that UDR offered a benefit package that is satisfactory relative to other companies in the industry.​Reporting SegmentsWe report in two segments: Same-Store Communities and Non-Mature Communities/Other.Our Same-Store Communities segment represents those communities acquired, developed, and stabilized prior to January 1, 2023, and held as of December 31, 2024. These communities were owned and had stabilized occupancy and operating expenses as of the beginning of the prior year, there is no plan to conduct substantial redevelopment activities, and the communities are not classified as held for disposition at year end. A community is considered to have stabilized occupancy once it achieves 90% occupancy for at least three consecutive months.Our Non-Mature Communities/Other segment represents those communities that do not meet the criteria to be included in Same-Store Communities, including, but not limited to, recently acquired, developed and redeveloped communities, and the non-apartment components of mixed use properties. For additional information regarding our operating segments, see Note 16, Reportable Segments, in the Notes to the UDR Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Report. As of December 31, 2024, our workforce is comprised of 61% male and 39% female associates, with an ethnic composition of 51% White, 27% Hispanic/Latino, 13% Black, 3% Asian, and 6% Other. Our management team (including resident services managers and more senior job classifications) reflects a gender balance of 59% male and 41% female, with an ethnic breakdown of 60% White and 40% non-White. Over the three-year period ending December 31, 2024, 533 promotions occurred, with 45% of those promoted to resident services manager, director, or more senior job classifications being female and 42% non-White. ​ Our commitment to promoting diversity and inclusion remains as we strive to create a healthy and diverse work environment and attract candidates from all backgrounds, ethnicities, and genders. ​ Associate Engagement and Outreach ​ Throughout 2024, we listened to our associates through quarterly pulse surveys, and leveraging associate feedback implemented several measures aimed at improving communication, making data-driven decisions, and promoting collaboration between our operations and corporate teams. We will continue to enhance our active listening strategy to drive continuous improvement across our business. ​ We believe that our associates should be active in their communities, and we support their efforts. In 2024, we introduced an enhanced volunteer policy that continues to provide associates with up to eight paid hours annually for volunteer activities. Previously, volunteer opportunities were limited to one or two company-sponsored events per year with designated organizations. The updated policy now allows associates the flexibility to volunteer at any time throughout the year with a charitable organization of their choice. Through the policy, UDR provided 1,050 hours of paid time off to associates for volunteer work with over 30 local organizations. We also organized food, clothing, and blood drives, as well as initiatives to promote non-profit organizations and causes, fostering a culture of giving back. ​ Employee Health, Wellness and Benefits ​ The health, wellness, and safety of our associates are paramount to UDR. We maintain an inclusive culture by prioritizing the well-being of our associates. ​ In 2024, we upgraded our Employee Assistance Program (EAP) and increased enrollment by 10%. Our EAP includes counseling services, educational resources, and tools, including workshops and seminars on stress management, nutrition, and well-being for associates, partners, and teen-aged dependents. We also invested in virtual and in-person wellness fairs aimed at providing associates learning opportunities on topics ranging from stress management and mental health to financial fitness. We continue to leverage our Lifestyle Spending Account, which provides associates with $1,000 annually to spend as they choose bolstering associate wellness and satisfaction. ​ Our commitment to associate benefits is underscored by a third-party benefits survey, conducted in 2024, where 84% of respondents stated they understood their benefits and 64% believed that UDR offered a benefit package that is satisfactory relative to other companies in the industry. ​"
    },
    {
      "status": "ADDED",
      "current_title": "Business Objectives",
      "prior_title": null,
      "current_body": "Our principal business objective is to maximize the economic returns of our apartment communities in a sustainable manner to provide our stockholders with the greatest possible total return and value. To achieve this objective, we intend to continue to pursue the following goals and strategies:"
    },
    {
      "status": "ADDED",
      "current_title": "2024 Highlights",
      "prior_title": null,
      "current_body": "Commitment to Shareholders ● In July 2024, the Company marked its 52nd year as a REIT and, in October 2024, paid its 208th consecutive quarterly dividend. The Company’s annualized declared 2024 dividend of $1.70 represented a 1.2% increase over the previous year. Earnings Results · Net income attributable to common stockholders was $84.8 million as compared to $439.5 million in the prior year. The primary drivers for the decrease were lower gains from dispositions of real estate as we sold fewer assets in 2024 when compared to the same period in 2023, and lower interest income and other income/(expense) primarily driven by a $37.3 million non-cash loan reserve partially offset by higher notes receivable balances. These were partially offset by higher total net operating income (“NOI”). · We achieved Same-Store revenue growth of 2.3% and Same-Store NOI growth of 1.5%. Investing and Developments · We completed the development of two communities located in Tampa, Florida and Addison, Texas, with a total of 415 apartment homes. · We recognized a gain of $16.9 million from the sale of an operating community located in Arlington, Virginia. · We received distributions totaling $102.4 million from the Company’s unconsolidated joint ventures and partnerships. · We funded an additional $32.2 million to two of our notes receivable investments. 7 7 7 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Business Objectives Our principal business objective is to maximize the economic returns of our apartment communities in a sustainable manner to provide our stockholders with the greatest possible total return and value. To achieve this objective, we intend to continue to pursue the following goals and strategies:●own and operate a diversified portfolio of apartments in targeted markets in the United States, which are characterized by strong total income growth, high working age population growth, relatively robust rental versus single-family home affordability and favorable demand/supply ratio for multifamily housing, thus enhancing stability and predictability of returns to our stockholders;●manage real estate cycles by taking an opportunistic approach to buying, selling, renovating, redeveloping, and developing apartment communities;●empower our associates to manage our communities efficiently and effectively to improve resident satisfaction;●measure and reward associates based on specific performance targets; and●manage our capital structure with the intent of lowering our relative cost of capital to enhance profitability and predictability of liquidity, earnings and dividends.2024 HighlightsCommitment to Shareholders● In July 2024, the Company marked its 52nd year as a REIT and, in October 2024, paid its 208th consecutive quarterly dividend. The Company’s annualized declared 2024 dividend of $1.70 represented a 1.2% increase over the previous year.Earnings Results·Net income attributable to common stockholders was $84.8 million as compared to $439.5 million in the prior year. The primary drivers for the decrease were lower gains from dispositions of real estate as we sold fewer assets in 2024 when compared to the same period in 2023, and lower interest income and other income/(expense) primarily driven by a $37.3 million non-cash loan reserve partially offset by higher notes receivable balances. These were partially offset by higher total net operating income (“NOI”).●Total revenues increased 2.7% over the prior year primarily due to overall market rent growth and communities acquired and completion of developments during 2024 and 2023, partially offset by dispositions of real estate in 2024 and 2023.· We achieved Same-Store revenue growth of 2.3% and Same-Store NOI growth of 1.5%.Investing and Developments·We completed the development of two communities located in Tampa, Florida and Addison, Texas, with a total of 415 apartment homes.·We recognized a gain of $16.9 million from the sale of an operating community located in Arlington, Virginia.·We received distributions totaling $102.4 million from the Company’s unconsolidated joint ventures and partnerships. ●We contributed $35.0 million to four joint ventures that own and operate four operating communities with a total of 818 apartment homes.·We funded an additional $32.2 million to two of our notes receivable investments. Business Objectives Our principal business objective is to maximize the economic returns of our apartment communities in a sustainable manner to provide our stockholders with the greatest possible total return and value. To achieve this objective, we intend to continue to pursue the following goals and strategies:●own and operate a diversified portfolio of apartments in targeted markets in the United States, which are characterized by strong total income growth, high working age population growth, relatively robust rental versus single-family home affordability and favorable demand/supply ratio for multifamily housing, thus enhancing stability and predictability of returns to our stockholders;●manage real estate cycles by taking an opportunistic approach to buying, selling, renovating, redeveloping, and developing apartment communities;●empower our associates to manage our communities efficiently and effectively to improve resident satisfaction;●measure and reward associates based on specific performance targets; and●manage our capital structure with the intent of lowering our relative cost of capital to enhance profitability and predictability of liquidity, earnings and dividends.2024 HighlightsCommitment to Shareholders● In July 2024, the Company marked its 52nd year as a REIT and, in October 2024, paid its 208th consecutive quarterly dividend. The Company’s annualized declared 2024 dividend of $1.70 represented a 1.2% increase over the previous year.Earnings Results·Net income attributable to common stockholders was $84.8 million as compared to $439.5 million in the prior year. The primary drivers for the decrease were lower gains from dispositions of real estate as we sold fewer assets in 2024 when compared to the same period in 2023, and lower interest income and other income/(expense) primarily driven by a $37.3 million non-cash loan reserve partially offset by higher notes receivable balances. These were partially offset by higher total net operating income (“NOI”).●Total revenues increased 2.7% over the prior year primarily due to overall market rent growth and communities acquired and completion of developments during 2024 and 2023, partially offset by dispositions of real estate in 2024 and 2023.· We achieved Same-Store revenue growth of 2.3% and Same-Store NOI growth of 1.5%.Investing and Developments·We completed the development of two communities located in Tampa, Florida and Addison, Texas, with a total of 415 apartment homes.·We recognized a gain of $16.9 million from the sale of an operating community located in Arlington, Virginia.·We received distributions totaling $102.4 million from the Company’s unconsolidated joint ventures and partnerships. ●We contributed $35.0 million to four joint ventures that own and operate four operating communities with a total of 818 apartment homes.·We funded an additional $32.2 million to two of our notes receivable investments."
    },
    {
      "status": "ADDED",
      "current_title": "Our Strategic Vision",
      "prior_title": null,
      "current_body": "Our strategic vision is to be the multifamily public REIT of choice for investors. We intend to realize this vision by executing on our strategic objectives, which are:"
    },
    {
      "status": "ADDED",
      "current_title": "Maintaining a Diversified Portfolio and Allocating Capital to Accretive Investment Opportunities",
      "prior_title": null,
      "current_body": "We believe greater portfolio diversification, as defined by geographic concentration, location within a market (i.e., urban or suburban) and property quality (i.e., A or B), reduces the volatility of our same-store growth throughout the real estate cycle, appeals to a wider renter and investor audience, lessens the market risk associated with owning a homogenous portfolio, and provides more opportunities for accretive external growth when appropriate. Diversified characteristics of our portfolio include: We are focused on increasing our presence in markets with favorable job formation and income growth, high propensity to rent, strong relative affordability for rental versus homeownership, and a favorable demand/supply ratio for multifamily housing. Portfolio investment decisions consider internal analyses and third-party research."
    },
    {
      "status": "ADDED",
      "current_title": "Acquisitions and Dispositions",
      "prior_title": null,
      "current_body": "When evaluating potential acquisitions, we consider a wide variety of factors, including: 8 8 8 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Balance Sheet·We issued $300.0 million of 5.125% medium-term notes due September 1, 2034. The net proceeds were used to pay down outstanding indebtedness under our commercial paper program.·We amended our Revolving Credit Facility to extend the maturity date to August 31, 2028, with two six-month extension options and amended our Term Loan to include a twelve-month extension option.·We amended our Working Capital Credit Facility to extend the maturity date from January 12, 2025, to January 12, 2026.ESG Report We published our 2024 ESG Report on our website, which discloses our environmental and social initiatives, programs, and performance. The report’s ESG disclosures were, to the extent applicable, prepared in accordance with the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) Standards (core), the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB) standards, and the Task Force for Climate-related Financial Disclosure (TCFD) framework.​Refer to Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, for further information on the Company’s activities in 2024.​Our Strategic Vision Our strategic vision is to be the multifamily public REIT of choice for investors. We intend to realize this vision by executing on our strategic objectives, which are:1.Maintaining a Diversified Portfolio and Allocating Capital to Accretive Investment Opportunities2.Maintaining a Strong Balance Sheet3.Consistently Driving Operating Excellence4.Advancing a Strong Corporate Culture and Striving for High Resident SatisfactionMaintaining a Diversified Portfolio and Allocating Capital to Accretive Investment OpportunitiesWe believe greater portfolio diversification, as defined by geographic concentration, location within a market (i.e., urban or suburban) and property quality (i.e., A or B), reduces the volatility of our same-store growth throughout the real estate cycle, appeals to a wider renter and investor audience, lessens the market risk associated with owning a homogenous portfolio, and provides more opportunities for accretive external growth when appropriate. Diversified characteristics of our portfolio include:●our consolidated apartment portfolio includes 169 communities located in 21 markets throughout the U.S., including both coastal and sunbelt locations;●our communities that are located proximate to each other within a market provide enhanced economics; and●our mix of urban/suburban communities is approximately 30%/70% and our mix of A/B quality properties is approximately 44%/56%.We are focused on increasing our presence in markets with favorable job formation and income growth, high propensity to rent, strong relative affordability for rental versus homeownership, and a favorable demand/supply ratio for multifamily housing. Portfolio investment decisions consider internal analyses and third-party research.Acquisitions and Dispositions When evaluating potential acquisitions, we consider a wide variety of factors, including:●high working age population growth, relatively robust rental versus single-family home affordability, measured long-term new supply growth, overall potential for strong total income growth;●the tax and regulatory environment of the market in which the property is located; Balance Sheet·We issued $300.0 million of 5.125% medium-term notes due September 1, 2034. The net proceeds were used to pay down outstanding indebtedness under our commercial paper program.·We amended our Revolving Credit Facility to extend the maturity date to August 31, 2028, with two six-month extension options and amended our Term Loan to include a twelve-month extension option.·We amended our Working Capital Credit Facility to extend the maturity date from January 12, 2025, to January 12, 2026.ESG Report We published our 2024 ESG Report on our website, which discloses our environmental and social initiatives, programs, and performance. The report’s ESG disclosures were, to the extent applicable, prepared in accordance with the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) Standards (core), the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB) standards, and the Task Force for Climate-related Financial Disclosure (TCFD) framework.​Refer to Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, for further information on the Company’s activities in 2024.​Our Strategic Vision Our strategic vision is to be the multifamily public REIT of choice for investors. We intend to realize this vision by executing on our strategic objectives, which are:1.Maintaining a Diversified Portfolio and Allocating Capital to Accretive Investment Opportunities2.Maintaining a Strong Balance Sheet3.Consistently Driving Operating Excellence4.Advancing a Strong Corporate Culture and Striving for High Resident SatisfactionMaintaining a Diversified Portfolio and Allocating Capital to Accretive Investment OpportunitiesWe believe greater portfolio diversification, as defined by geographic concentration, location within a market (i.e., urban or suburban) and property quality (i.e., A or B), reduces the volatility of our same-store growth throughout the real estate cycle, appeals to a wider renter and investor audience, lessens the market risk associated with owning a homogenous portfolio, and provides more opportunities for accretive external growth when appropriate. Diversified characteristics of our portfolio include:●our consolidated apartment portfolio includes 169 communities located in 21 markets throughout the U.S., including both coastal and sunbelt locations;●our communities that are located proximate to each other within a market provide enhanced economics; and●our mix of urban/suburban communities is approximately 30%/70% and our mix of A/B quality properties is approximately 44%/56%.We are focused on increasing our presence in markets with favorable job formation and income growth, high propensity to rent, strong relative affordability for rental versus homeownership, and a favorable demand/supply ratio for multifamily housing. Portfolio investment decisions consider internal analyses and third-party research.Acquisitions and Dispositions When evaluating potential acquisitions, we consider a wide variety of factors, including:●high working age population growth, relatively robust rental versus single-family home affordability, measured long-term new supply growth, overall potential for strong total income growth;●the tax and regulatory environment of the market in which the property is located; Balance Sheet · We issued $300.0 million of 5.125% medium-term notes due September 1, 2034. The net proceeds were used to pay down outstanding indebtedness under our commercial paper program. · We amended our Revolving Credit Facility to extend the maturity date to August 31, 2028, with two six-month extension options and amended our Term Loan to include a twelve-month extension option. · We amended our Working Capital Credit Facility to extend the maturity date from January 12, 2025, to January 12, 2026. ESG Report We published our 2024 ESG Report on our website, which discloses our environmental and social initiatives, programs, and performance. The report’s ESG disclosures were, to the extent applicable, prepared in accordance with the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) Standards (core), the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB) standards, and the Task Force for Climate-related Financial Disclosure (TCFD) framework. ​ Refer to Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, for further information on the Company’s activities in 2024. ​"
    },
    {
      "status": "ADDED",
      "current_title": "Development Activities",
      "prior_title": null,
      "current_body": "Our objective in developing a community is to create value while improving the quality of our portfolio. How demographic trends, economic drivers, and multifamily fundamentals and valuations have trended over the long-term 9 9 9 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents ●geographic location, including proximity to jobs, entertainment, transportation, and our existing communities which can deliver significant economies of scale;●our climate assessments for the market and sub-market in which the property is located;●construction quality, condition, design and sustainability features of, or the potential to implement sustainability initiatives at, the property;●current and projected cash flow of the property and the ability to increase cash flow;●ability of the property’s projected returns to exceed our cost of capital;●potential for capital appreciation of the property;●ability to increase the value and profitability of the property through operations and redevelopment;●terms of resident leases, including the potential for rent increases;●occupancy and demand by residents for properties of a similar type in the vicinity;●prospects for liquidity through sale, financing or refinancing of the property; and●competition from existing multifamily communities and the potential for the construction of new multifamily properties in the area.We regularly monitor our assets to increase the quality and performance of our portfolio. Factors we consider in deciding whether to dispose of a property include:●whether it is in a market targeted for divestment or a reduction in investment;●current market price for an asset compared to projected economics for that asset;●potential increases in new construction in the market area;●areas with low job growth prospects;●near- and long-term capital expenditure needs for the asset; and●operating efficiencies.The following table summarizes our apartment community acquisitions and dispositions and our consolidated year-end ownership position for the past five years (dollars in thousands):​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​ 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020Homes acquired ​ 173(a)​ 1,889​​ 433 ​ 5,426 ​ 1,642Homes disposed ​ 214​​ 1,604(b)​ 90 ​ 651 ​ 599Homes owned at December 31, ​ 55,696 ​ 55,550 ​ 54,999 ​ 53,229 ​ 48,283Total real estate owned, at cost​$ 16,213,363​$ 16,023,859​$ 15,570,072​$ 14,740,803​$ 13,071,472(a)In January 2024, the Company acquired its joint venture partner’s common equity interest in a 173 apartment home operating community. The community was previously owned by a consolidated joint venture of the Company.(b)Includes 1,328 apartment homes from the partial sale of four operating communities to a newly formed joint venture.Development ActivitiesOur objective in developing a community is to create value while improving the quality of our portfolio. How demographic trends, economic drivers, and multifamily fundamentals and valuations have trended over the long-term ●geographic location, including proximity to jobs, entertainment, transportation, and our existing communities which can deliver significant economies of scale;●our climate assessments for the market and sub-market in which the property is located;●construction quality, condition, design and sustainability features of, or the potential to implement sustainability initiatives at, the property;●current and projected cash flow of the property and the ability to increase cash flow;●ability of the property’s projected returns to exceed our cost of capital;●potential for capital appreciation of the property;●ability to increase the value and profitability of the property through operations and redevelopment;●terms of resident leases, including the potential for rent increases;●occupancy and demand by residents for properties of a similar type in the vicinity;●prospects for liquidity through sale, financing or refinancing of the property; and●competition from existing multifamily communities and the potential for the construction of new multifamily properties in the area.We regularly monitor our assets to increase the quality and performance of our portfolio. Factors we consider in deciding whether to dispose of a property include:●whether it is in a market targeted for divestment or a reduction in investment;●current market price for an asset compared to projected economics for that asset;●potential increases in new construction in the market area;●areas with low job growth prospects;●near- and long-term capital expenditure needs for the asset; and●operating efficiencies.The following table summarizes our apartment community acquisitions and dispositions and our consolidated year-end ownership position for the past five years (dollars in thousands):​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​ 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020Homes acquired ​ 173(a)​ 1,889​​ 433 ​ 5,426 ​ 1,642Homes disposed ​ 214​​ 1,604(b)​ 90 ​ 651 ​ 599Homes owned at December 31, ​ 55,696 ​ 55,550 ​ 54,999 ​ 53,229 ​ 48,283Total real estate owned, at cost​$ 16,213,363​$ 16,023,859​$ 15,570,072​$ 14,740,803​$ 13,071,472(a)In January 2024, the Company acquired its joint venture partner’s common equity interest in a 173 apartment home operating community. The community was previously owned by a consolidated joint venture of the Company.(b)Includes 1,328 apartment homes from the partial sale of four operating communities to a newly formed joint venture.Development ActivitiesOur objective in developing a community is to create value while improving the quality of our portfolio. How demographic trends, economic drivers, and multifamily fundamentals and valuations have trended over the long-term We regularly monitor our assets to increase the quality and performance of our portfolio. Factors we consider in deciding whether to dispose of a property include: The following table summarizes our apartment community acquisitions and dispositions and our consolidated year-end ownership position for the past five years (dollars in thousands): ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 Homes acquired ​ 173 (a) ​ 1,889 ​ ​ 433 ​ 5,426 ​ 1,642 Homes disposed ​ 214 ​ ​ 1,604 (b) ​ 90 ​ 651 ​ 599 Homes owned at December 31, ​ 55,696 ​ 55,550 ​ 54,999 ​ 53,229 ​ 48,283 Total real estate owned, at cost ​ $ 16,213,363 ​ $ 16,023,859 ​ $ 15,570,072 ​ $ 14,740,803 ​ $ 13,071,472"
    },
    {
      "status": "ADDED",
      "current_title": "Development Activities",
      "prior_title": null,
      "current_body": "Our objective in developing a community is to create value while improving the quality of our portfolio. How demographic trends, economic drivers, and multifamily fundamentals and valuations have trended over the long-term 9 9 9 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents ●geographic location, including proximity to jobs, entertainment, transportation, and our existing communities which can deliver significant economies of scale;●our climate assessments for the market and sub-market in which the property is located;●construction quality, condition, design and sustainability features of, or the potential to implement sustainability initiatives at, the property;●current and projected cash flow of the property and the ability to increase cash flow;●ability of the property’s projected returns to exceed our cost of capital;●potential for capital appreciation of the property;●ability to increase the value and profitability of the property through operations and redevelopment;●terms of resident leases, including the potential for rent increases;●occupancy and demand by residents for properties of a similar type in the vicinity;●prospects for liquidity through sale, financing or refinancing of the property; and●competition from existing multifamily communities and the potential for the construction of new multifamily properties in the area.We regularly monitor our assets to increase the quality and performance of our portfolio. Factors we consider in deciding whether to dispose of a property include:●whether it is in a market targeted for divestment or a reduction in investment;●current market price for an asset compared to projected economics for that asset;●potential increases in new construction in the market area;●areas with low job growth prospects;●near- and long-term capital expenditure needs for the asset; and●operating efficiencies.The following table summarizes our apartment community acquisitions and dispositions and our consolidated year-end ownership position for the past five years (dollars in thousands):​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​ 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020Homes acquired ​ 173(a)​ 1,889​​ 433 ​ 5,426 ​ 1,642Homes disposed ​ 214​​ 1,604(b)​ 90 ​ 651 ​ 599Homes owned at December 31, ​ 55,696 ​ 55,550 ​ 54,999 ​ 53,229 ​ 48,283Total real estate owned, at cost​$ 16,213,363​$ 16,023,859​$ 15,570,072​$ 14,740,803​$ 13,071,472(a)In January 2024, the Company acquired its joint venture partner’s common equity interest in a 173 apartment home operating community. The community was previously owned by a consolidated joint venture of the Company.(b)Includes 1,328 apartment homes from the partial sale of four operating communities to a newly formed joint venture.Development ActivitiesOur objective in developing a community is to create value while improving the quality of our portfolio. How demographic trends, economic drivers, and multifamily fundamentals and valuations have trended over the long-term ●geographic location, including proximity to jobs, entertainment, transportation, and our existing communities which can deliver significant economies of scale;●our climate assessments for the market and sub-market in which the property is located;●construction quality, condition, design and sustainability features of, or the potential to implement sustainability initiatives at, the property;●current and projected cash flow of the property and the ability to increase cash flow;●ability of the property’s projected returns to exceed our cost of capital;●potential for capital appreciation of the property;●ability to increase the value and profitability of the property through operations and redevelopment;●terms of resident leases, including the potential for rent increases;●occupancy and demand by residents for properties of a similar type in the vicinity;●prospects for liquidity through sale, financing or refinancing of the property; and●competition from existing multifamily communities and the potential for the construction of new multifamily properties in the area.We regularly monitor our assets to increase the quality and performance of our portfolio. Factors we consider in deciding whether to dispose of a property include:●whether it is in a market targeted for divestment or a reduction in investment;●current market price for an asset compared to projected economics for that asset;●potential increases in new construction in the market area;●areas with low job growth prospects;●near- and long-term capital expenditure needs for the asset; and●operating efficiencies.The following table summarizes our apartment community acquisitions and dispositions and our consolidated year-end ownership position for the past five years (dollars in thousands):​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​ 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020Homes acquired ​ 173(a)​ 1,889​​ 433 ​ 5,426 ​ 1,642Homes disposed ​ 214​​ 1,604(b)​ 90 ​ 651 ​ 599Homes owned at December 31, ​ 55,696 ​ 55,550 ​ 54,999 ​ 53,229 ​ 48,283Total real estate owned, at cost​$ 16,213,363​$ 16,023,859​$ 15,570,072​$ 14,740,803​$ 13,071,472(a)In January 2024, the Company acquired its joint venture partner’s common equity interest in a 173 apartment home operating community. The community was previously owned by a consolidated joint venture of the Company.(b)Includes 1,328 apartment homes from the partial sale of four operating communities to a newly formed joint venture.Development ActivitiesOur objective in developing a community is to create value while improving the quality of our portfolio. How demographic trends, economic drivers, and multifamily fundamentals and valuations have trended over the long-term We regularly monitor our assets to increase the quality and performance of our portfolio. Factors we consider in deciding whether to dispose of a property include: The following table summarizes our apartment community acquisitions and dispositions and our consolidated year-end ownership position for the past five years (dollars in thousands): ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 Homes acquired ​ 173 (a) ​ 1,889 ​ ​ 433 ​ 5,426 ​ 1,642 Homes disposed ​ 214 ​ ​ 1,604 (b) ​ 90 ​ 651 ​ 599 Homes owned at December 31, ​ 55,696 ​ 55,550 ​ 54,999 ​ 53,229 ​ 48,283 Total real estate owned, at cost ​ $ 16,213,363 ​ $ 16,023,859 ​ $ 15,570,072 ​ $ 14,740,803 ​ $ 13,071,472"
    },
    {
      "status": "ADDED",
      "current_title": "Development Activities",
      "prior_title": null,
      "current_body": "Our objective in developing a community is to create value while improving the quality of our portfolio. How demographic trends, economic drivers, and multifamily fundamentals and valuations have trended over the long-term 9 9 9 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents ●geographic location, including proximity to jobs, entertainment, transportation, and our existing communities which can deliver significant economies of scale;●our climate assessments for the market and sub-market in which the property is located;●construction quality, condition, design and sustainability features of, or the potential to implement sustainability initiatives at, the property;●current and projected cash flow of the property and the ability to increase cash flow;●ability of the property’s projected returns to exceed our cost of capital;●potential for capital appreciation of the property;●ability to increase the value and profitability of the property through operations and redevelopment;●terms of resident leases, including the potential for rent increases;●occupancy and demand by residents for properties of a similar type in the vicinity;●prospects for liquidity through sale, financing or refinancing of the property; and●competition from existing multifamily communities and the potential for the construction of new multifamily properties in the area.We regularly monitor our assets to increase the quality and performance of our portfolio. Factors we consider in deciding whether to dispose of a property include:●whether it is in a market targeted for divestment or a reduction in investment;●current market price for an asset compared to projected economics for that asset;●potential increases in new construction in the market area;●areas with low job growth prospects;●near- and long-term capital expenditure needs for the asset; and●operating efficiencies.The following table summarizes our apartment community acquisitions and dispositions and our consolidated year-end ownership position for the past five years (dollars in thousands):​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​ 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020Homes acquired ​ 173(a)​ 1,889​​ 433 ​ 5,426 ​ 1,642Homes disposed ​ 214​​ 1,604(b)​ 90 ​ 651 ​ 599Homes owned at December 31, ​ 55,696 ​ 55,550 ​ 54,999 ​ 53,229 ​ 48,283Total real estate owned, at cost​$ 16,213,363​$ 16,023,859​$ 15,570,072​$ 14,740,803​$ 13,071,472(a)In January 2024, the Company acquired its joint venture partner’s common equity interest in a 173 apartment home operating community. The community was previously owned by a consolidated joint venture of the Company.(b)Includes 1,328 apartment homes from the partial sale of four operating communities to a newly formed joint venture.Development ActivitiesOur objective in developing a community is to create value while improving the quality of our portfolio. How demographic trends, economic drivers, and multifamily fundamentals and valuations have trended over the long-term ●geographic location, including proximity to jobs, entertainment, transportation, and our existing communities which can deliver significant economies of scale;●our climate assessments for the market and sub-market in which the property is located;●construction quality, condition, design and sustainability features of, or the potential to implement sustainability initiatives at, the property;●current and projected cash flow of the property and the ability to increase cash flow;●ability of the property’s projected returns to exceed our cost of capital;●potential for capital appreciation of the property;●ability to increase the value and profitability of the property through operations and redevelopment;●terms of resident leases, including the potential for rent increases;●occupancy and demand by residents for properties of a similar type in the vicinity;●prospects for liquidity through sale, financing or refinancing of the property; and●competition from existing multifamily communities and the potential for the construction of new multifamily properties in the area.We regularly monitor our assets to increase the quality and performance of our portfolio. Factors we consider in deciding whether to dispose of a property include:●whether it is in a market targeted for divestment or a reduction in investment;●current market price for an asset compared to projected economics for that asset;●potential increases in new construction in the market area;●areas with low job growth prospects;●near- and long-term capital expenditure needs for the asset; and●operating efficiencies.The following table summarizes our apartment community acquisitions and dispositions and our consolidated year-end ownership position for the past five years (dollars in thousands):​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​ 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020Homes acquired ​ 173(a)​ 1,889​​ 433 ​ 5,426 ​ 1,642Homes disposed ​ 214​​ 1,604(b)​ 90 ​ 651 ​ 599Homes owned at December 31, ​ 55,696 ​ 55,550 ​ 54,999 ​ 53,229 ​ 48,283Total real estate owned, at cost​$ 16,213,363​$ 16,023,859​$ 15,570,072​$ 14,740,803​$ 13,071,472(a)In January 2024, the Company acquired its joint venture partner’s common equity interest in a 173 apartment home operating community. The community was previously owned by a consolidated joint venture of the Company.(b)Includes 1,328 apartment homes from the partial sale of four operating communities to a newly formed joint venture.Development ActivitiesOur objective in developing a community is to create value while improving the quality of our portfolio. How demographic trends, economic drivers, and multifamily fundamentals and valuations have trended over the long-term We regularly monitor our assets to increase the quality and performance of our portfolio. Factors we consider in deciding whether to dispose of a property include: The following table summarizes our apartment community acquisitions and dispositions and our consolidated year-end ownership position for the past five years (dollars in thousands): ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 Homes acquired ​ 173 (a) ​ 1,889 ​ ​ 433 ​ 5,426 ​ 1,642 Homes disposed ​ 214 ​ ​ 1,604 (b) ​ 90 ​ 651 ​ 599 Homes owned at December 31, ​ 55,696 ​ 55,550 ​ 54,999 ​ 53,229 ​ 48,283 Total real estate owned, at cost ​ $ 16,213,363 ​ $ 16,023,859 ​ $ 15,570,072 ​ $ 14,740,803 ​ $ 13,071,472"
    },
    {
      "status": "ADDED",
      "current_title": "Redevelopment Activities",
      "prior_title": null,
      "current_body": "Our objective in redeveloping a community is twofold: we aim to grow rental rates while also producing a higher yielding and more valuable asset through asset quality improvement. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we incurred $51.4 million in major renovations, which included major structural changes and/or architectural revisions to existing buildings. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had no communities at which it was conducting substantial redevelopment activities."
    },
    {
      "status": "ADDED",
      "current_title": "Joint Venture and Partnership Activities",
      "prior_title": null,
      "current_body": "We have entered into, and may continue in the future to enter into, joint ventures (including limited liability companies or partnerships) through which we own an indirect economic interest of less than 100% of the community or communities owned directly by such joint ventures. Our decision to either hold an apartment community in fee simple or have an indirect interest in the community through a joint venture is based on a variety of factors and considerations, including: (i) the economic and tax terms required by the seller of land or a community; (ii) our desire to diversify our portfolio of communities by market, submarket and product type; (iii) our desire at times to preserve our capital resources to maintain liquidity or balance sheet strength; and (iv) our projections, in some circumstances, that we will achieve higher returns on our invested capital or reduce our risk if a joint venture vehicle is used. Each joint venture agreement is individually negotiated, and our ability to operate and/or dispose of a community in our sole discretion may be limited to varying degrees depending on the terms of the joint venture agreement."
    },
    {
      "status": "ADDED",
      "current_title": "Maintaining a Strong Balance Sheet",
      "prior_title": null,
      "current_body": "We maintain a capital structure that we believe allows us to proactively source potential investment opportunities in the marketplace. We have structured our debt maturity schedule to be able to opportunistically access both secured and unsecured debt markets when appropriate. As part of our plan to finance our activities, we utilize proceeds from debt and equity offerings and refinancings to extend maturities, pay down existing debt, fund development and redevelopment activities, and acquire apartment communities."
    },
    {
      "status": "ADDED",
      "current_title": "Consistently Driving Operational Excellence",
      "prior_title": null,
      "current_body": "Investment in new technologies continues to drive operating efficiencies in our business and helps us to better meet the changing needs of our business and our residents. Our residents can conduct business with us 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, including completing online leasing applications and renewals and submitting maintenance or other requests throughout our portfolio using our web-based resident internet portal or, increasingly, a smart-device application. As a result of transforming our operations through technology, residents’ satisfaction has improved, and our operating teams have become more efficient. Web-based technologies have also resulted in declining marketing and advertising costs, improved cash management, and better pricing management of our available apartment homes."
    },
    {
      "status": "ADDED",
      "current_title": "Advancing a Strong Corporate Culture and Ensuring High Resident Satisfaction",
      "prior_title": null,
      "current_body": "Refer to Human Capital Management section above, for further information on the Company’s corporate culture. ​"
    },
    {
      "status": "ADDED",
      "current_title": "Competitive Conditions",
      "prior_title": null,
      "current_body": "Competition for new residents is generally intense across our markets. Some competing communities offer amenities that our communities do not have. Competing communities can use rental concessions or lower rents to obtain temporary competitive advantages. Also, some competing communities are larger or newer than our communities. The competitive position of each community is different depending upon many factors, including sub-market supply and 10 10 10 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents and our portfolio strategy generally govern our review process on where and when to allocate development capital. At December 31, 2024, the Company was not developing any communities, although the Company was incurring and capitalizing costs directly related to predevelopment activities in preparation of future development commencements. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company completed the development of two communities located in Tampa, Florida and Addison, Texas, with a total of 415 apartment homes.Redevelopment ActivitiesOur objective in redeveloping a community is twofold: we aim to grow rental rates while also producing a higher yielding and more valuable asset through asset quality improvement. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we incurred $51.4 million in major renovations, which included major structural changes and/or architectural revisions to existing buildings. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had no communities at which it was conducting substantial redevelopment activities.Joint Venture and Partnership ActivitiesWe have entered into, and may continue in the future to enter into, joint ventures (including limited liability companies or partnerships) through which we own an indirect economic interest of less than 100% of the community or communities owned directly by such joint ventures. Our decision to either hold an apartment community in fee simple or have an indirect interest in the community through a joint venture is based on a variety of factors and considerations, including: (i) the economic and tax terms required by the seller of land or a community; (ii) our desire to diversify our portfolio of communities by market, submarket and product type; (iii) our desire at times to preserve our capital resources to maintain liquidity or balance sheet strength; and (iv) our projections, in some circumstances, that we will achieve higher returns on our invested capital or reduce our risk if a joint venture vehicle is used. Each joint venture agreement is individually negotiated, and our ability to operate and/or dispose of a community in our sole discretion may be limited to varying degrees depending on the terms of the joint venture agreement.Maintaining a Strong Balance SheetWe maintain a capital structure that we believe allows us to proactively source potential investment opportunities in the marketplace. We have structured our debt maturity schedule to be able to opportunistically access both secured and unsecured debt markets when appropriate.As part of our plan to finance our activities, we utilize proceeds from debt and equity offerings and refinancings to extend maturities, pay down existing debt, fund development and redevelopment activities, and acquire apartment communities.Consistently Driving Operational ExcellenceInvestment in new technologies continues to drive operating efficiencies in our business and helps us to better meet the changing needs of our business and our residents. Our residents can conduct business with us 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, including completing online leasing applications and renewals and submitting maintenance or other requests throughout our portfolio using our web-based resident internet portal or, increasingly, a smart-device application.As a result of transforming our operations through technology, residents’ satisfaction has improved, and our operating teams have become more efficient. Web-based technologies have also resulted in declining marketing and advertising costs, improved cash management, and better pricing management of our available apartment homes.Advancing a Strong Corporate Culture and Ensuring High Resident SatisfactionRefer to Human Capital Management section above, for further information on the Company’s corporate culture.​Competitive ConditionsCompetition for new residents is generally intense across our markets. Some competing communities offer amenities that our communities do not have. Competing communities can use rental concessions or lower rents to obtain temporary competitive advantages. Also, some competing communities are larger or newer than our communities. The competitive position of each community is different depending upon many factors, including sub-market supply and and our portfolio strategy generally govern our review process on where and when to allocate development capital. At December 31, 2024, the Company was not developing any communities, although the Company was incurring and capitalizing costs directly related to predevelopment activities in preparation of future development commencements. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company completed the development of two communities located in Tampa, Florida and Addison, Texas, with a total of 415 apartment homes.Redevelopment ActivitiesOur objective in redeveloping a community is twofold: we aim to grow rental rates while also producing a higher yielding and more valuable asset through asset quality improvement. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we incurred $51.4 million in major renovations, which included major structural changes and/or architectural revisions to existing buildings. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had no communities at which it was conducting substantial redevelopment activities.Joint Venture and Partnership ActivitiesWe have entered into, and may continue in the future to enter into, joint ventures (including limited liability companies or partnerships) through which we own an indirect economic interest of less than 100% of the community or communities owned directly by such joint ventures. Our decision to either hold an apartment community in fee simple or have an indirect interest in the community through a joint venture is based on a variety of factors and considerations, including: (i) the economic and tax terms required by the seller of land or a community; (ii) our desire to diversify our portfolio of communities by market, submarket and product type; (iii) our desire at times to preserve our capital resources to maintain liquidity or balance sheet strength; and (iv) our projections, in some circumstances, that we will achieve higher returns on our invested capital or reduce our risk if a joint venture vehicle is used. Each joint venture agreement is individually negotiated, and our ability to operate and/or dispose of a community in our sole discretion may be limited to varying degrees depending on the terms of the joint venture agreement.Maintaining a Strong Balance SheetWe maintain a capital structure that we believe allows us to proactively source potential investment opportunities in the marketplace. We have structured our debt maturity schedule to be able to opportunistically access both secured and unsecured debt markets when appropriate.As part of our plan to finance our activities, we utilize proceeds from debt and equity offerings and refinancings to extend maturities, pay down existing debt, fund development and redevelopment activities, and acquire apartment communities.Consistently Driving Operational ExcellenceInvestment in new technologies continues to drive operating efficiencies in our business and helps us to better meet the changing needs of our business and our residents. Our residents can conduct business with us 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, including completing online leasing applications and renewals and submitting maintenance or other requests throughout our portfolio using our web-based resident internet portal or, increasingly, a smart-device application.As a result of transforming our operations through technology, residents’ satisfaction has improved, and our operating teams have become more efficient. Web-based technologies have also resulted in declining marketing and advertising costs, improved cash management, and better pricing management of our available apartment homes.Advancing a Strong Corporate Culture and Ensuring High Resident SatisfactionRefer to Human Capital Management section above, for further information on the Company’s corporate culture.​Competitive ConditionsCompetition for new residents is generally intense across our markets. Some competing communities offer amenities that our communities do not have. Competing communities can use rental concessions or lower rents to obtain temporary competitive advantages. Also, some competing communities are larger or newer than our communities. The competitive position of each community is different depending upon many factors, including sub-market supply and and our portfolio strategy generally govern our review process on where and when to allocate development capital. At December 31, 2024, the Company was not developing any communities, although the Company was incurring and capitalizing costs directly related to predevelopment activities in preparation of future development commencements. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company completed the development of two communities located in Tampa, Florida and Addison, Texas, with a total of 415 apartment homes."
    },
    {
      "status": "ADDED",
      "current_title": "Advancing a Strong Corporate Culture and Ensuring High Resident Satisfaction",
      "prior_title": null,
      "current_body": "Refer to Human Capital Management section above, for further information on the Company’s corporate culture. ​"
    },
    {
      "status": "ADDED",
      "current_title": "Competitive Conditions",
      "prior_title": null,
      "current_body": "Competition for new residents is generally intense across our markets. Some competing communities offer amenities that our communities do not have. Competing communities can use rental concessions or lower rents to obtain temporary competitive advantages. Also, some competing communities are larger or newer than our communities. The competitive position of each community is different depending upon many factors, including sub-market supply and 10 10 10 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents and our portfolio strategy generally govern our review process on where and when to allocate development capital. At December 31, 2024, the Company was not developing any communities, although the Company was incurring and capitalizing costs directly related to predevelopment activities in preparation of future development commencements. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company completed the development of two communities located in Tampa, Florida and Addison, Texas, with a total of 415 apartment homes.Redevelopment ActivitiesOur objective in redeveloping a community is twofold: we aim to grow rental rates while also producing a higher yielding and more valuable asset through asset quality improvement. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we incurred $51.4 million in major renovations, which included major structural changes and/or architectural revisions to existing buildings. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had no communities at which it was conducting substantial redevelopment activities.Joint Venture and Partnership ActivitiesWe have entered into, and may continue in the future to enter into, joint ventures (including limited liability companies or partnerships) through which we own an indirect economic interest of less than 100% of the community or communities owned directly by such joint ventures. Our decision to either hold an apartment community in fee simple or have an indirect interest in the community through a joint venture is based on a variety of factors and considerations, including: (i) the economic and tax terms required by the seller of land or a community; (ii) our desire to diversify our portfolio of communities by market, submarket and product type; (iii) our desire at times to preserve our capital resources to maintain liquidity or balance sheet strength; and (iv) our projections, in some circumstances, that we will achieve higher returns on our invested capital or reduce our risk if a joint venture vehicle is used. Each joint venture agreement is individually negotiated, and our ability to operate and/or dispose of a community in our sole discretion may be limited to varying degrees depending on the terms of the joint venture agreement.Maintaining a Strong Balance SheetWe maintain a capital structure that we believe allows us to proactively source potential investment opportunities in the marketplace. We have structured our debt maturity schedule to be able to opportunistically access both secured and unsecured debt markets when appropriate.As part of our plan to finance our activities, we utilize proceeds from debt and equity offerings and refinancings to extend maturities, pay down existing debt, fund development and redevelopment activities, and acquire apartment communities.Consistently Driving Operational ExcellenceInvestment in new technologies continues to drive operating efficiencies in our business and helps us to better meet the changing needs of our business and our residents. Our residents can conduct business with us 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, including completing online leasing applications and renewals and submitting maintenance or other requests throughout our portfolio using our web-based resident internet portal or, increasingly, a smart-device application.As a result of transforming our operations through technology, residents’ satisfaction has improved, and our operating teams have become more efficient. Web-based technologies have also resulted in declining marketing and advertising costs, improved cash management, and better pricing management of our available apartment homes.Advancing a Strong Corporate Culture and Ensuring High Resident SatisfactionRefer to Human Capital Management section above, for further information on the Company’s corporate culture.​Competitive ConditionsCompetition for new residents is generally intense across our markets. Some competing communities offer amenities that our communities do not have. Competing communities can use rental concessions or lower rents to obtain temporary competitive advantages. Also, some competing communities are larger or newer than our communities. The competitive position of each community is different depending upon many factors, including sub-market supply and and our portfolio strategy generally govern our review process on where and when to allocate development capital. At December 31, 2024, the Company was not developing any communities, although the Company was incurring and capitalizing costs directly related to predevelopment activities in preparation of future development commencements. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company completed the development of two communities located in Tampa, Florida and Addison, Texas, with a total of 415 apartment homes.Redevelopment ActivitiesOur objective in redeveloping a community is twofold: we aim to grow rental rates while also producing a higher yielding and more valuable asset through asset quality improvement. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we incurred $51.4 million in major renovations, which included major structural changes and/or architectural revisions to existing buildings. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had no communities at which it was conducting substantial redevelopment activities.Joint Venture and Partnership ActivitiesWe have entered into, and may continue in the future to enter into, joint ventures (including limited liability companies or partnerships) through which we own an indirect economic interest of less than 100% of the community or communities owned directly by such joint ventures. Our decision to either hold an apartment community in fee simple or have an indirect interest in the community through a joint venture is based on a variety of factors and considerations, including: (i) the economic and tax terms required by the seller of land or a community; (ii) our desire to diversify our portfolio of communities by market, submarket and product type; (iii) our desire at times to preserve our capital resources to maintain liquidity or balance sheet strength; and (iv) our projections, in some circumstances, that we will achieve higher returns on our invested capital or reduce our risk if a joint venture vehicle is used. Each joint venture agreement is individually negotiated, and our ability to operate and/or dispose of a community in our sole discretion may be limited to varying degrees depending on the terms of the joint venture agreement.Maintaining a Strong Balance SheetWe maintain a capital structure that we believe allows us to proactively source potential investment opportunities in the marketplace. We have structured our debt maturity schedule to be able to opportunistically access both secured and unsecured debt markets when appropriate.As part of our plan to finance our activities, we utilize proceeds from debt and equity offerings and refinancings to extend maturities, pay down existing debt, fund development and redevelopment activities, and acquire apartment communities.Consistently Driving Operational ExcellenceInvestment in new technologies continues to drive operating efficiencies in our business and helps us to better meet the changing needs of our business and our residents. Our residents can conduct business with us 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, including completing online leasing applications and renewals and submitting maintenance or other requests throughout our portfolio using our web-based resident internet portal or, increasingly, a smart-device application.As a result of transforming our operations through technology, residents’ satisfaction has improved, and our operating teams have become more efficient. Web-based technologies have also resulted in declining marketing and advertising costs, improved cash management, and better pricing management of our available apartment homes.Advancing a Strong Corporate Culture and Ensuring High Resident SatisfactionRefer to Human Capital Management section above, for further information on the Company’s corporate culture.​Competitive ConditionsCompetition for new residents is generally intense across our markets. Some competing communities offer amenities that our communities do not have. Competing communities can use rental concessions or lower rents to obtain temporary competitive advantages. Also, some competing communities are larger or newer than our communities. The competitive position of each community is different depending upon many factors, including sub-market supply and and our portfolio strategy generally govern our review process on where and when to allocate development capital. At December 31, 2024, the Company was not developing any communities, although the Company was incurring and capitalizing costs directly related to predevelopment activities in preparation of future development commencements. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company completed the development of two communities located in Tampa, Florida and Addison, Texas, with a total of 415 apartment homes."
    },
    {
      "status": "ADDED",
      "current_title": "Advancing a Strong Corporate Culture and Ensuring High Resident Satisfaction",
      "prior_title": null,
      "current_body": "Refer to Human Capital Management section above, for further information on the Company’s corporate culture. ​"
    },
    {
      "status": "ADDED",
      "current_title": "Communities",
      "prior_title": null,
      "current_body": "At December 31, 2024, our consolidated real estate portfolio included 169 communities with a total of 55,696 completed apartment homes. The overall quality of our portfolio relative to other properties generally enables us to charge higher rents and to attract residents with higher levels of disposable income who are more likely to absorb such rents. At December 31, 2024, the Company was not developing any communities, although the Company was incurring and capitalizing costs directly related to predevelopment activities in preparation of future development commencements. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company completed the development of two communities located in Tampa, Florida and Addison, Texas, with a total of 415 apartment homes. At December 31, 2024, the Company had no communities at which it was conducting substantial redevelopment activities."
    },
    {
      "status": "ADDED",
      "current_title": "Tax Matters",
      "prior_title": null,
      "current_body": "UDR has elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Code. To continue to qualify as a REIT, UDR must continue to meet certain tests that, among other things, generally require that our assets consist primarily of real estate assets, our income be derived primarily from real estate assets, and that we distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (other than net capital gains) to our stockholders annually. Provided we maintain our qualification as a REIT, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxes at the corporate level on our net income to the extent such net income is distributed to our stockholders annually. Even if we continue to qualify as a REIT, we will continue to be subject to certain federal, state and local taxes on our income and property. We may utilize our taxable REIT subsidiary (“TRS”) to engage in activities that REITs may be prohibited from performing, including the provision of management and other services to third parties and the conduct of certain nonqualifying real estate transactions. Our TRS generally is taxable as a regular corporation, and therefore, subject to federal, state and local income taxes. Inflation Inflation primarily impacts our results of operations as a result of wage pressures and increases in utilities and repair and maintenance costs. In addition, inflation could also impact our general and administrative expenses, the interest on our debt if variable or refinanced in a high-inflationary environment, our cost of capital, and our cost of development, redevelopment, maintenance or other operating activities. However, the majority of our apartment leases have initial terms of 12 months or less, which in an inflationary environment, and absent other factors such as increased supply, generally enables us to compensate for inflationary effects by increasing rents on our apartment homes. Although an extreme or sustained escalation in costs could have a negative impact on our residents and their ability to absorb rent increases, we do not believe this had a material impact on our results for the year ended December 31, 2024."
    },
    {
      "status": "ADDED",
      "current_title": "Environmental Matters",
      "prior_title": null,
      "current_body": "Various environmental laws govern certain aspects of the ongoing operation of our communities. Such environmental laws include those regulating the existence of asbestos-containing materials in buildings, management of surfaces with lead-based paint (and notices to residents about the lead-based paint), use of active underground petroleum storage tanks, and waste-management activities. The failure to comply with such requirements could subject us to a government enforcement action and/or claims for damages by a private party. To date, compliance with federal, state and local environmental protection regulations has not had a material effect on our capital expenditures, earnings or competitive position. We have a property management plan for hazardous materials. As part of the plan, Phase I environmental site investigations and reports have been completed for each property we acquire. In addition, all proposed acquisitions are inspected prior to acquisition. The inspections are conducted by qualified environmental consultants, and we review the issued report prior to the purchase or development of any property. Nevertheless, it is possible that the environmental assessments will not reveal all environmental liabilities, or that some material environmental liabilities exist of which we are unaware. In some cases, we have abandoned otherwise economically attractive acquisitions because the costs of removal or control of hazardous materials have been prohibitive or we have been unwilling to accept the potential risks involved. We do not believe we will be required to engage in any large-scale abatement at any of our properties. We believe that through professional environmental inspections and testing for asbestos, lead paint and other hazardous materials, coupled with a relatively conservative posture toward accepting known environmental risk, we can minimize our exposure to potential liability associated with environmental hazards. Federal legislation requires owners and landlords of residential housing constructed prior to 1978 to disclose to potential residents or purchasers of the communities any known lead paint hazards and imposes treble damages for failure to provide such notification. In addition, lead based paint in any of the communities may result in lead poisoning in children residing in that community if chips or particles of such lead based paint are ingested, and we may be held liable under state laws for any such injuries caused by ingestion of lead based paint by children living at the communities. 12 12 12 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Revenue growth in 2025 may be impacted by adverse developments affecting the general economy, inclusive of economic conditions as a result of a recession, reduced occupancy rates, increased rental concessions, new supply, increased bad debt and other factors which may adversely impact our ability to increase rents.Tax MattersUDR has elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Code. To continue to qualify as a REIT, UDR must continue to meet certain tests that, among other things, generally require that our assets consist primarily of real estate assets, our income be derived primarily from real estate assets, and that we distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (other than net capital gains) to our stockholders annually. Provided we maintain our qualification as a REIT, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxes at the corporate level on our net income to the extent such net income is distributed to our stockholders annually. Even if we continue to qualify as a REIT, we will continue to be subject to certain federal, state and local taxes on our income and property.We may utilize our taxable REIT subsidiary (“TRS”) to engage in activities that REITs may be prohibited from performing, including the provision of management and other services to third parties and the conduct of certain nonqualifying real estate transactions. Our TRS generally is taxable as a regular corporation, and therefore, subject to federal, state and local income taxes.InflationInflation primarily impacts our results of operations as a result of wage pressures and increases in utilities and repair and maintenance costs. In addition, inflation could also impact our general and administrative expenses, the interest on our debt if variable or refinanced in a high-inflationary environment, our cost of capital, and our cost of development, redevelopment, maintenance or other operating activities. However, the majority of our apartment leases have initial terms of 12 months or less, which in an inflationary environment, and absent other factors such as increased supply, generally enables us to compensate for inflationary effects by increasing rents on our apartment homes. Although an extreme or sustained escalation in costs could have a negative impact on our residents and their ability to absorb rent increases, we do not believe this had a material impact on our results for the year ended December 31, 2024.Environmental MattersVarious environmental laws govern certain aspects of the ongoing operation of our communities. Such environmental laws include those regulating the existence of asbestos-containing materials in buildings, management of surfaces with lead-based paint (and notices to residents about the lead-based paint), use of active underground petroleum storage tanks, and waste-management activities. The failure to comply with such requirements could subject us to a government enforcement action and/or claims for damages by a private party.To date, compliance with federal, state and local environmental protection regulations has not had a material effect on our capital expenditures, earnings or competitive position. We have a property management plan for hazardous materials. As part of the plan, Phase I environmental site investigations and reports have been completed for each property we acquire. In addition, all proposed acquisitions are inspected prior to acquisition. The inspections are conducted by qualified environmental consultants, and we review the issued report prior to the purchase or development of any property. Nevertheless, it is possible that the environmental assessments will not reveal all environmental liabilities, or that some material environmental liabilities exist of which we are unaware. In some cases, we have abandoned otherwise economically attractive acquisitions because the costs of removal or control of hazardous materials have been prohibitive or we have been unwilling to accept the potential risks involved. We do not believe we will be required to engage in any large-scale abatement at any of our properties. We believe that through professional environmental inspections and testing for asbestos, lead paint and other hazardous materials, coupled with a relatively conservative posture toward accepting known environmental risk, we can minimize our exposure to potential liability associated with environmental hazards.Federal legislation requires owners and landlords of residential housing constructed prior to 1978 to disclose to potential residents or purchasers of the communities any known lead paint hazards and imposes treble damages for failure to provide such notification. In addition, lead based paint in any of the communities may result in lead poisoning in children residing in that community if chips or particles of such lead based paint are ingested, and we may be held liable under state laws for any such injuries caused by ingestion of lead based paint by children living at the communities. Revenue growth in 2025 may be impacted by adverse developments affecting the general economy, inclusive of economic conditions as a result of a recession, reduced occupancy rates, increased rental concessions, new supply, increased bad debt and other factors which may adversely impact our ability to increase rents.Tax MattersUDR has elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Code. To continue to qualify as a REIT, UDR must continue to meet certain tests that, among other things, generally require that our assets consist primarily of real estate assets, our income be derived primarily from real estate assets, and that we distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (other than net capital gains) to our stockholders annually. Provided we maintain our qualification as a REIT, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxes at the corporate level on our net income to the extent such net income is distributed to our stockholders annually. Even if we continue to qualify as a REIT, we will continue to be subject to certain federal, state and local taxes on our income and property.We may utilize our taxable REIT subsidiary (“TRS”) to engage in activities that REITs may be prohibited from performing, including the provision of management and other services to third parties and the conduct of certain nonqualifying real estate transactions. Our TRS generally is taxable as a regular corporation, and therefore, subject to federal, state and local income taxes.InflationInflation primarily impacts our results of operations as a result of wage pressures and increases in utilities and repair and maintenance costs. In addition, inflation could also impact our general and administrative expenses, the interest on our debt if variable or refinanced in a high-inflationary environment, our cost of capital, and our cost of development, redevelopment, maintenance or other operating activities. However, the majority of our apartment leases have initial terms of 12 months or less, which in an inflationary environment, and absent other factors such as increased supply, generally enables us to compensate for inflationary effects by increasing rents on our apartment homes. Although an extreme or sustained escalation in costs could have a negative impact on our residents and their ability to absorb rent increases, we do not believe this had a material impact on our results for the year ended December 31, 2024.Environmental MattersVarious environmental laws govern certain aspects of the ongoing operation of our communities. Such environmental laws include those regulating the existence of asbestos-containing materials in buildings, management of surfaces with lead-based paint (and notices to residents about the lead-based paint), use of active underground petroleum storage tanks, and waste-management activities. The failure to comply with such requirements could subject us to a government enforcement action and/or claims for damages by a private party.To date, compliance with federal, state and local environmental protection regulations has not had a material effect on our capital expenditures, earnings or competitive position. We have a property management plan for hazardous materials. As part of the plan, Phase I environmental site investigations and reports have been completed for each property we acquire. In addition, all proposed acquisitions are inspected prior to acquisition. The inspections are conducted by qualified environmental consultants, and we review the issued report prior to the purchase or development of any property. Nevertheless, it is possible that the environmental assessments will not reveal all environmental liabilities, or that some material environmental liabilities exist of which we are unaware. In some cases, we have abandoned otherwise economically attractive acquisitions because the costs of removal or control of hazardous materials have been prohibitive or we have been unwilling to accept the potential risks involved. We do not believe we will be required to engage in any large-scale abatement at any of our properties. We believe that through professional environmental inspections and testing for asbestos, lead paint and other hazardous materials, coupled with a relatively conservative posture toward accepting known environmental risk, we can minimize our exposure to potential liability associated with environmental hazards.Federal legislation requires owners and landlords of residential housing constructed prior to 1978 to disclose to potential residents or purchasers of the communities any known lead paint hazards and imposes treble damages for failure to provide such notification. In addition, lead based paint in any of the communities may result in lead poisoning in children residing in that community if chips or particles of such lead based paint are ingested, and we may be held liable under state laws for any such injuries caused by ingestion of lead based paint by children living at the communities. Revenue growth in 2025 may be impacted by adverse developments affecting the general economy, inclusive of economic conditions as a result of a recession, reduced occupancy rates, increased rental concessions, new supply, increased bad debt and other factors which may adversely impact our ability to increase rents."
    },
    {
      "status": "ADDED",
      "current_title": "Supplemental U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations",
      "prior_title": null,
      "current_body": "​ The following discussion supplements and updates the disclosures under “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences” in the prospectus dated February 14, 2023, contained in our Registration Statement on Form S-3 filed with the SEC on February 14, 2023. Capitalized terms herein that are not otherwise defined shall have the same meaning as when used in such disclosures. ​ 13 13 13 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents We are unaware of any environmental hazards at any of our properties that individually or in the aggregate may have a material adverse impact on our operations or financial position. We have not been notified by any governmental authority, and we are not otherwise aware, of any material non-compliance, liability, or claim relating to environmental liabilities in connection with any of our properties. We do not believe that the cost of continued compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations will have a material adverse effect on us or our financial condition or results of operations. Future environmental laws, regulations, or ordinances, however, may require additional remediation of existing conditions that are not currently actionable. Also, if more stringent requirements are imposed on us in the future, the costs of compliance could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and our financial condition.InsuranceWe carry comprehensive general liability coverage on our communities, with limits of liability we believe to be customary within the multi-family apartment industry to insure against liability claims and related defense costs. We are also insured, with limits of liability we believe to be customary within the multi-family apartment industry, against the risk of direct physical damage on a replacement cost basis, including loss of rental income during the reconstruction period.Supplemental U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations​The following discussion supplements and updates the disclosures under “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences” in the prospectus dated February 14, 2023, contained in our Registration Statement on Form S-3 filed with the SEC on February 14, 2023. Capitalized terms herein that are not otherwise defined shall have the same meaning as when used in such disclosures.​●The second bullet in the second paragraph under the heading “Taxation of UDR - Income Tests” is clarified to acknowledge an exception to the related party tenant test for a tenant that is a taxable REIT subsidiary and either (i) at least 90% of the total leased space of the property is leased to unrelated tenants and the rent paid by the taxable REIT subsidiary is substantially comparable to the rent paid by the unrelated tenants for comparable space, or (ii) the property leased to the taxable REIT subsidiary is a lodging facility or a health care facility and certain other requirements are satisfied.●The third prong of the definition of “hedging transaction” in the fourth paragraph under the heading “Taxation of UDR - Income Tests” is hereby clarified to establish that in order to qualify as a “hedging transaction” that will be excluded from gross income for purposes of the 75% and 95% gross income tests, a new transaction entered into to hedge the income or loss from prior hedging transactions where the property or indebtedness which was the subject of the prior hedging transaction was extinguished or disposed of must be clearly identified as specified in Treasury regulations before the close of the day on which it was acquired, originated, or entered into.●The penultimate paragraph under the heading “Taxation of UDR - Asset Tests” is clarified to acknowledge that the cure provision for de minimis violations applies to violations of the 5% asset test as well.●The second sentence of the third paragraph under the heading “Taxation of Stockholders - Taxation of Non-U.S. Stockholders - Capital Gains Dividends” and the entirety of the fourth paragraph under the heading “Taxation of Stockholders - Taxation of Non-U.S. Stockholders - Dispositions of UDR Stock” are hereby clarified to establish that the exemption from FIRPTA for a “qualified foreign pension fund” also may apply to a “qualified controlled entity,” but in each case only if the qualified foreign pension fund or qualified controlled entity satisfies certain requirements to be a “qualified holder.” Moreover, Treasury regulations provide that a foreign partnership of which all of the interests are held by qualified holders, including through one or more partnerships, may certify its status as such and will generally not be treated as a non-U.S. person for purposes of withholding under FIRPTA.●The second and third sentences of first paragraph under the heading “Taxation of Stockholders -Taxation of Tax-Exempt Stockholders” are hereby clarified to establish that dividend distributions from a REIT to a U.S. tax-exempt entity generally should not give rise to UBTI unless, (i) the tax-exempt entity hold its shares in the REIT as “debt-financed property,” or (ii) the tax-exempt entity is a “qualified trust” that holds more than 10% by value of the interests in the REIT and the REIT is a “pension-held REIT.” Additionally, income from the sale of our stock generally shall not give rise to UBTI unless the tax-exempt entity holds We are unaware of any environmental hazards at any of our properties that individually or in the aggregate may have a material adverse impact on our operations or financial position. We have not been notified by any governmental authority, and we are not otherwise aware, of any material non-compliance, liability, or claim relating to environmental liabilities in connection with any of our properties. We do not believe that the cost of continued compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations will have a material adverse effect on us or our financial condition or results of operations. Future environmental laws, regulations, or ordinances, however, may require additional remediation of existing conditions that are not currently actionable. Also, if more stringent requirements are imposed on us in the future, the costs of compliance could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and our financial condition.InsuranceWe carry comprehensive general liability coverage on our communities, with limits of liability we believe to be customary within the multi-family apartment industry to insure against liability claims and related defense costs. We are also insured, with limits of liability we believe to be customary within the multi-family apartment industry, against the risk of direct physical damage on a replacement cost basis, including loss of rental income during the reconstruction period.Supplemental U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations​The following discussion supplements and updates the disclosures under “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences” in the prospectus dated February 14, 2023, contained in our Registration Statement on Form S-3 filed with the SEC on February 14, 2023. Capitalized terms herein that are not otherwise defined shall have the same meaning as when used in such disclosures.​●The second bullet in the second paragraph under the heading “Taxation of UDR - Income Tests” is clarified to acknowledge an exception to the related party tenant test for a tenant that is a taxable REIT subsidiary and either (i) at least 90% of the total leased space of the property is leased to unrelated tenants and the rent paid by the taxable REIT subsidiary is substantially comparable to the rent paid by the unrelated tenants for comparable space, or (ii) the property leased to the taxable REIT subsidiary is a lodging facility or a health care facility and certain other requirements are satisfied.●The third prong of the definition of “hedging transaction” in the fourth paragraph under the heading “Taxation of UDR - Income Tests” is hereby clarified to establish that in order to qualify as a “hedging transaction” that will be excluded from gross income for purposes of the 75% and 95% gross income tests, a new transaction entered into to hedge the income or loss from prior hedging transactions where the property or indebtedness which was the subject of the prior hedging transaction was extinguished or disposed of must be clearly identified as specified in Treasury regulations before the close of the day on which it was acquired, originated, or entered into.●The penultimate paragraph under the heading “Taxation of UDR - Asset Tests” is clarified to acknowledge that the cure provision for de minimis violations applies to violations of the 5% asset test as well.●The second sentence of the third paragraph under the heading “Taxation of Stockholders - Taxation of Non-U.S. Stockholders - Capital Gains Dividends” and the entirety of the fourth paragraph under the heading “Taxation of Stockholders - Taxation of Non-U.S. Stockholders - Dispositions of UDR Stock” are hereby clarified to establish that the exemption from FIRPTA for a “qualified foreign pension fund” also may apply to a “qualified controlled entity,” but in each case only if the qualified foreign pension fund or qualified controlled entity satisfies certain requirements to be a “qualified holder.” Moreover, Treasury regulations provide that a foreign partnership of which all of the interests are held by qualified holders, including through one or more partnerships, may certify its status as such and will generally not be treated as a non-U.S. person for purposes of withholding under FIRPTA.●The second and third sentences of first paragraph under the heading “Taxation of Stockholders -Taxation of Tax-Exempt Stockholders” are hereby clarified to establish that dividend distributions from a REIT to a U.S. tax-exempt entity generally should not give rise to UBTI unless, (i) the tax-exempt entity hold its shares in the REIT as “debt-financed property,” or (ii) the tax-exempt entity is a “qualified trust” that holds more than 10% by value of the interests in the REIT and the REIT is a “pension-held REIT.” Additionally, income from the sale of our stock generally shall not give rise to UBTI unless the tax-exempt entity holds We are unaware of any environmental hazards at any of our properties that individually or in the aggregate may have a material adverse impact on our operations or financial position. We have not been notified by any governmental authority, and we are not otherwise aware, of any material non-compliance, liability, or claim relating to environmental liabilities in connection with any of our properties. We do not believe that the cost of continued compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations will have a material adverse effect on us or our financial condition or results of operations. Future environmental laws, regulations, or ordinances, however, may require additional remediation of existing conditions that are not currently actionable. Also, if more stringent requirements are imposed on us in the future, the costs of compliance could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and our financial condition. Insurance We carry comprehensive general liability coverage on our communities, with limits of liability we believe to be customary within the multi-family apartment industry to insure against liability claims and related defense costs. We are also insured, with limits of liability we believe to be customary within the multi-family apartment industry, against the risk of direct physical damage on a replacement cost basis, including loss of rental income during the reconstruction period."
    },
    {
      "status": "ADDED",
      "current_title": "Supplemental U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations",
      "prior_title": null,
      "current_body": "​ The following discussion supplements and updates the disclosures under “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences” in the prospectus dated February 14, 2023, contained in our Registration Statement on Form S-3 filed with the SEC on February 14, 2023. Capitalized terms herein that are not otherwise defined shall have the same meaning as when used in such disclosures. ​ 13 13 13 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents We are unaware of any environmental hazards at any of our properties that individually or in the aggregate may have a material adverse impact on our operations or financial position. We have not been notified by any governmental authority, and we are not otherwise aware, of any material non-compliance, liability, or claim relating to environmental liabilities in connection with any of our properties. We do not believe that the cost of continued compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations will have a material adverse effect on us or our financial condition or results of operations. Future environmental laws, regulations, or ordinances, however, may require additional remediation of existing conditions that are not currently actionable. Also, if more stringent requirements are imposed on us in the future, the costs of compliance could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and our financial condition.InsuranceWe carry comprehensive general liability coverage on our communities, with limits of liability we believe to be customary within the multi-family apartment industry to insure against liability claims and related defense costs. We are also insured, with limits of liability we believe to be customary within the multi-family apartment industry, against the risk of direct physical damage on a replacement cost basis, including loss of rental income during the reconstruction period.Supplemental U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations​The following discussion supplements and updates the disclosures under “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences” in the prospectus dated February 14, 2023, contained in our Registration Statement on Form S-3 filed with the SEC on February 14, 2023. Capitalized terms herein that are not otherwise defined shall have the same meaning as when used in such disclosures.​●The second bullet in the second paragraph under the heading “Taxation of UDR - Income Tests” is clarified to acknowledge an exception to the related party tenant test for a tenant that is a taxable REIT subsidiary and either (i) at least 90% of the total leased space of the property is leased to unrelated tenants and the rent paid by the taxable REIT subsidiary is substantially comparable to the rent paid by the unrelated tenants for comparable space, or (ii) the property leased to the taxable REIT subsidiary is a lodging facility or a health care facility and certain other requirements are satisfied.●The third prong of the definition of “hedging transaction” in the fourth paragraph under the heading “Taxation of UDR - Income Tests” is hereby clarified to establish that in order to qualify as a “hedging transaction” that will be excluded from gross income for purposes of the 75% and 95% gross income tests, a new transaction entered into to hedge the income or loss from prior hedging transactions where the property or indebtedness which was the subject of the prior hedging transaction was extinguished or disposed of must be clearly identified as specified in Treasury regulations before the close of the day on which it was acquired, originated, or entered into.●The penultimate paragraph under the heading “Taxation of UDR - Asset Tests” is clarified to acknowledge that the cure provision for de minimis violations applies to violations of the 5% asset test as well.●The second sentence of the third paragraph under the heading “Taxation of Stockholders - Taxation of Non-U.S. Stockholders - Capital Gains Dividends” and the entirety of the fourth paragraph under the heading “Taxation of Stockholders - Taxation of Non-U.S. Stockholders - Dispositions of UDR Stock” are hereby clarified to establish that the exemption from FIRPTA for a “qualified foreign pension fund” also may apply to a “qualified controlled entity,” but in each case only if the qualified foreign pension fund or qualified controlled entity satisfies certain requirements to be a “qualified holder.” Moreover, Treasury regulations provide that a foreign partnership of which all of the interests are held by qualified holders, including through one or more partnerships, may certify its status as such and will generally not be treated as a non-U.S. person for purposes of withholding under FIRPTA.●The second and third sentences of first paragraph under the heading “Taxation of Stockholders -Taxation of Tax-Exempt Stockholders” are hereby clarified to establish that dividend distributions from a REIT to a U.S. tax-exempt entity generally should not give rise to UBTI unless, (i) the tax-exempt entity hold its shares in the REIT as “debt-financed property,” or (ii) the tax-exempt entity is a “qualified trust” that holds more than 10% by value of the interests in the REIT and the REIT is a “pension-held REIT.” Additionally, income from the sale of our stock generally shall not give rise to UBTI unless the tax-exempt entity holds We are unaware of any environmental hazards at any of our properties that individually or in the aggregate may have a material adverse impact on our operations or financial position. We have not been notified by any governmental authority, and we are not otherwise aware, of any material non-compliance, liability, or claim relating to environmental liabilities in connection with any of our properties. We do not believe that the cost of continued compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations will have a material adverse effect on us or our financial condition or results of operations. Future environmental laws, regulations, or ordinances, however, may require additional remediation of existing conditions that are not currently actionable. Also, if more stringent requirements are imposed on us in the future, the costs of compliance could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and our financial condition.InsuranceWe carry comprehensive general liability coverage on our communities, with limits of liability we believe to be customary within the multi-family apartment industry to insure against liability claims and related defense costs. We are also insured, with limits of liability we believe to be customary within the multi-family apartment industry, against the risk of direct physical damage on a replacement cost basis, including loss of rental income during the reconstruction period.Supplemental U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations​The following discussion supplements and updates the disclosures under “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences” in the prospectus dated February 14, 2023, contained in our Registration Statement on Form S-3 filed with the SEC on February 14, 2023. Capitalized terms herein that are not otherwise defined shall have the same meaning as when used in such disclosures.​●The second bullet in the second paragraph under the heading “Taxation of UDR - Income Tests” is clarified to acknowledge an exception to the related party tenant test for a tenant that is a taxable REIT subsidiary and either (i) at least 90% of the total leased space of the property is leased to unrelated tenants and the rent paid by the taxable REIT subsidiary is substantially comparable to the rent paid by the unrelated tenants for comparable space, or (ii) the property leased to the taxable REIT subsidiary is a lodging facility or a health care facility and certain other requirements are satisfied.●The third prong of the definition of “hedging transaction” in the fourth paragraph under the heading “Taxation of UDR - Income Tests” is hereby clarified to establish that in order to qualify as a “hedging transaction” that will be excluded from gross income for purposes of the 75% and 95% gross income tests, a new transaction entered into to hedge the income or loss from prior hedging transactions where the property or indebtedness which was the subject of the prior hedging transaction was extinguished or disposed of must be clearly identified as specified in Treasury regulations before the close of the day on which it was acquired, originated, or entered into.●The penultimate paragraph under the heading “Taxation of UDR - Asset Tests” is clarified to acknowledge that the cure provision for de minimis violations applies to violations of the 5% asset test as well.●The second sentence of the third paragraph under the heading “Taxation of Stockholders - Taxation of Non-U.S. Stockholders - Capital Gains Dividends” and the entirety of the fourth paragraph under the heading “Taxation of Stockholders - Taxation of Non-U.S. Stockholders - Dispositions of UDR Stock” are hereby clarified to establish that the exemption from FIRPTA for a “qualified foreign pension fund” also may apply to a “qualified controlled entity,” but in each case only if the qualified foreign pension fund or qualified controlled entity satisfies certain requirements to be a “qualified holder.” Moreover, Treasury regulations provide that a foreign partnership of which all of the interests are held by qualified holders, including through one or more partnerships, may certify its status as such and will generally not be treated as a non-U.S. person for purposes of withholding under FIRPTA.●The second and third sentences of first paragraph under the heading “Taxation of Stockholders -Taxation of Tax-Exempt Stockholders” are hereby clarified to establish that dividend distributions from a REIT to a U.S. tax-exempt entity generally should not give rise to UBTI unless, (i) the tax-exempt entity hold its shares in the REIT as “debt-financed property,” or (ii) the tax-exempt entity is a “qualified trust” that holds more than 10% by value of the interests in the REIT and the REIT is a “pension-held REIT.” Additionally, income from the sale of our stock generally shall not give rise to UBTI unless the tax-exempt entity holds We are unaware of any environmental hazards at any of our properties that individually or in the aggregate may have a material adverse impact on our operations or financial position. We have not been notified by any governmental authority, and we are not otherwise aware, of any material non-compliance, liability, or claim relating to environmental liabilities in connection with any of our properties. We do not believe that the cost of continued compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations will have a material adverse effect on us or our financial condition or results of operations. Future environmental laws, regulations, or ordinances, however, may require additional remediation of existing conditions that are not currently actionable. Also, if more stringent requirements are imposed on us in the future, the costs of compliance could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and our financial condition. Insurance We carry comprehensive general liability coverage on our communities, with limits of liability we believe to be customary within the multi-family apartment industry to insure against liability claims and related defense costs. We are also insured, with limits of liability we believe to be customary within the multi-family apartment industry, against the risk of direct physical damage on a replacement cost basis, including loss of rental income during the reconstruction period."
    },
    {
      "status": "ADDED",
      "current_title": "Supplemental U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations",
      "prior_title": null,
      "current_body": "​ The following discussion supplements and updates the disclosures under “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences” in the prospectus dated February 14, 2023, contained in our Registration Statement on Form S-3 filed with the SEC on February 14, 2023. Capitalized terms herein that are not otherwise defined shall have the same meaning as when used in such disclosures. ​ 13 13 13 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents We are unaware of any environmental hazards at any of our properties that individually or in the aggregate may have a material adverse impact on our operations or financial position. We have not been notified by any governmental authority, and we are not otherwise aware, of any material non-compliance, liability, or claim relating to environmental liabilities in connection with any of our properties. We do not believe that the cost of continued compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations will have a material adverse effect on us or our financial condition or results of operations. Future environmental laws, regulations, or ordinances, however, may require additional remediation of existing conditions that are not currently actionable. Also, if more stringent requirements are imposed on us in the future, the costs of compliance could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and our financial condition.InsuranceWe carry comprehensive general liability coverage on our communities, with limits of liability we believe to be customary within the multi-family apartment industry to insure against liability claims and related defense costs. We are also insured, with limits of liability we believe to be customary within the multi-family apartment industry, against the risk of direct physical damage on a replacement cost basis, including loss of rental income during the reconstruction period.Supplemental U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations​The following discussion supplements and updates the disclosures under “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences” in the prospectus dated February 14, 2023, contained in our Registration Statement on Form S-3 filed with the SEC on February 14, 2023. Capitalized terms herein that are not otherwise defined shall have the same meaning as when used in such disclosures.​●The second bullet in the second paragraph under the heading “Taxation of UDR - Income Tests” is clarified to acknowledge an exception to the related party tenant test for a tenant that is a taxable REIT subsidiary and either (i) at least 90% of the total leased space of the property is leased to unrelated tenants and the rent paid by the taxable REIT subsidiary is substantially comparable to the rent paid by the unrelated tenants for comparable space, or (ii) the property leased to the taxable REIT subsidiary is a lodging facility or a health care facility and certain other requirements are satisfied.●The third prong of the definition of “hedging transaction” in the fourth paragraph under the heading “Taxation of UDR - Income Tests” is hereby clarified to establish that in order to qualify as a “hedging transaction” that will be excluded from gross income for purposes of the 75% and 95% gross income tests, a new transaction entered into to hedge the income or loss from prior hedging transactions where the property or indebtedness which was the subject of the prior hedging transaction was extinguished or disposed of must be clearly identified as specified in Treasury regulations before the close of the day on which it was acquired, originated, or entered into.●The penultimate paragraph under the heading “Taxation of UDR - Asset Tests” is clarified to acknowledge that the cure provision for de minimis violations applies to violations of the 5% asset test as well.●The second sentence of the third paragraph under the heading “Taxation of Stockholders - Taxation of Non-U.S. Stockholders - Capital Gains Dividends” and the entirety of the fourth paragraph under the heading “Taxation of Stockholders - Taxation of Non-U.S. Stockholders - Dispositions of UDR Stock” are hereby clarified to establish that the exemption from FIRPTA for a “qualified foreign pension fund” also may apply to a “qualified controlled entity,” but in each case only if the qualified foreign pension fund or qualified controlled entity satisfies certain requirements to be a “qualified holder.” Moreover, Treasury regulations provide that a foreign partnership of which all of the interests are held by qualified holders, including through one or more partnerships, may certify its status as such and will generally not be treated as a non-U.S. person for purposes of withholding under FIRPTA.●The second and third sentences of first paragraph under the heading “Taxation of Stockholders -Taxation of Tax-Exempt Stockholders” are hereby clarified to establish that dividend distributions from a REIT to a U.S. tax-exempt entity generally should not give rise to UBTI unless, (i) the tax-exempt entity hold its shares in the REIT as “debt-financed property,” or (ii) the tax-exempt entity is a “qualified trust” that holds more than 10% by value of the interests in the REIT and the REIT is a “pension-held REIT.” Additionally, income from the sale of our stock generally shall not give rise to UBTI unless the tax-exempt entity holds We are unaware of any environmental hazards at any of our properties that individually or in the aggregate may have a material adverse impact on our operations or financial position. We have not been notified by any governmental authority, and we are not otherwise aware, of any material non-compliance, liability, or claim relating to environmental liabilities in connection with any of our properties. We do not believe that the cost of continued compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations will have a material adverse effect on us or our financial condition or results of operations. Future environmental laws, regulations, or ordinances, however, may require additional remediation of existing conditions that are not currently actionable. Also, if more stringent requirements are imposed on us in the future, the costs of compliance could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and our financial condition.InsuranceWe carry comprehensive general liability coverage on our communities, with limits of liability we believe to be customary within the multi-family apartment industry to insure against liability claims and related defense costs. We are also insured, with limits of liability we believe to be customary within the multi-family apartment industry, against the risk of direct physical damage on a replacement cost basis, including loss of rental income during the reconstruction period.Supplemental U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations​The following discussion supplements and updates the disclosures under “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences” in the prospectus dated February 14, 2023, contained in our Registration Statement on Form S-3 filed with the SEC on February 14, 2023. Capitalized terms herein that are not otherwise defined shall have the same meaning as when used in such disclosures.​●The second bullet in the second paragraph under the heading “Taxation of UDR - Income Tests” is clarified to acknowledge an exception to the related party tenant test for a tenant that is a taxable REIT subsidiary and either (i) at least 90% of the total leased space of the property is leased to unrelated tenants and the rent paid by the taxable REIT subsidiary is substantially comparable to the rent paid by the unrelated tenants for comparable space, or (ii) the property leased to the taxable REIT subsidiary is a lodging facility or a health care facility and certain other requirements are satisfied.●The third prong of the definition of “hedging transaction” in the fourth paragraph under the heading “Taxation of UDR - Income Tests” is hereby clarified to establish that in order to qualify as a “hedging transaction” that will be excluded from gross income for purposes of the 75% and 95% gross income tests, a new transaction entered into to hedge the income or loss from prior hedging transactions where the property or indebtedness which was the subject of the prior hedging transaction was extinguished or disposed of must be clearly identified as specified in Treasury regulations before the close of the day on which it was acquired, originated, or entered into.●The penultimate paragraph under the heading “Taxation of UDR - Asset Tests” is clarified to acknowledge that the cure provision for de minimis violations applies to violations of the 5% asset test as well.●The second sentence of the third paragraph under the heading “Taxation of Stockholders - Taxation of Non-U.S. Stockholders - Capital Gains Dividends” and the entirety of the fourth paragraph under the heading “Taxation of Stockholders - Taxation of Non-U.S. Stockholders - Dispositions of UDR Stock” are hereby clarified to establish that the exemption from FIRPTA for a “qualified foreign pension fund” also may apply to a “qualified controlled entity,” but in each case only if the qualified foreign pension fund or qualified controlled entity satisfies certain requirements to be a “qualified holder.” Moreover, Treasury regulations provide that a foreign partnership of which all of the interests are held by qualified holders, including through one or more partnerships, may certify its status as such and will generally not be treated as a non-U.S. person for purposes of withholding under FIRPTA.●The second and third sentences of first paragraph under the heading “Taxation of Stockholders -Taxation of Tax-Exempt Stockholders” are hereby clarified to establish that dividend distributions from a REIT to a U.S. tax-exempt entity generally should not give rise to UBTI unless, (i) the tax-exempt entity hold its shares in the REIT as “debt-financed property,” or (ii) the tax-exempt entity is a “qualified trust” that holds more than 10% by value of the interests in the REIT and the REIT is a “pension-held REIT.” Additionally, income from the sale of our stock generally shall not give rise to UBTI unless the tax-exempt entity holds We are unaware of any environmental hazards at any of our properties that individually or in the aggregate may have a material adverse impact on our operations or financial position. We have not been notified by any governmental authority, and we are not otherwise aware, of any material non-compliance, liability, or claim relating to environmental liabilities in connection with any of our properties. We do not believe that the cost of continued compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations will have a material adverse effect on us or our financial condition or results of operations. Future environmental laws, regulations, or ordinances, however, may require additional remediation of existing conditions that are not currently actionable. Also, if more stringent requirements are imposed on us in the future, the costs of compliance could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and our financial condition. Insurance We carry comprehensive general liability coverage on our communities, with limits of liability we believe to be customary within the multi-family apartment industry to insure against liability claims and related defense costs. We are also insured, with limits of liability we believe to be customary within the multi-family apartment industry, against the risk of direct physical damage on a replacement cost basis, including loss of rental income during the reconstruction period."
    },
    {
      "status": "ADDED",
      "current_title": "Available Information",
      "prior_title": null,
      "current_body": "We file electronically with the Securities and Exchange Commission our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, and current reports on Form 8-K, pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. You may obtain a free copy of our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, and current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports on the day of filing with the SEC on our website at www.udr.com, or by sending an e-mail message to ir@udr.com. ​ 14 14 14 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents our stock as (i) “debt-financed property” or (ii) inventory or property held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business.●The second paragraph under the heading “Taxation of Stockholders - Taxation of Tax-Exempt Stockholders” is hereby revised to apply to just tax-exempt stockholders that are exempt from U.S. federal income taxation under Sections 501(c) (7), (c)(9) and (c)(17) of the Code.Available InformationWe file electronically with the Securities and Exchange Commission our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, and current reports on Form 8-K, pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. You may obtain a free copy of our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, and current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports on the day of filing with the SEC on our website at www.udr.com, or by sending an e-mail message to ir@udr.com.​ our stock as (i) “debt-financed property” or (ii) inventory or property held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business.●The second paragraph under the heading “Taxation of Stockholders - Taxation of Tax-Exempt Stockholders” is hereby revised to apply to just tax-exempt stockholders that are exempt from U.S. federal income taxation under Sections 501(c) (7), (c)(9) and (c)(17) of the Code.Available InformationWe file electronically with the Securities and Exchange Commission our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, and current reports on Form 8-K, pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. You may obtain a free copy of our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, and current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports on the day of filing with the SEC on our website at www.udr.com, or by sending an e-mail message to ir@udr.com.​"
    },
    {
      "status": "ADDED",
      "current_title": "Available Information",
      "prior_title": null,
      "current_body": "We file electronically with the Securities and Exchange Commission our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, and current reports on Form 8-K, pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. You may obtain a free copy of our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, and current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports on the day of filing with the SEC on our website at www.udr.com, or by sending an e-mail message to ir@udr.com. ​ 14 14 14 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents our stock as (i) “debt-financed property” or (ii) inventory or property held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business.●The second paragraph under the heading “Taxation of Stockholders - Taxation of Tax-Exempt Stockholders” is hereby revised to apply to just tax-exempt stockholders that are exempt from U.S. federal income taxation under Sections 501(c) (7), (c)(9) and (c)(17) of the Code.Available InformationWe file electronically with the Securities and Exchange Commission our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, and current reports on Form 8-K, pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. You may obtain a free copy of our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, and current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports on the day of filing with the SEC on our website at www.udr.com, or by sending an e-mail message to ir@udr.com.​ our stock as (i) “debt-financed property” or (ii) inventory or property held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business.●The second paragraph under the heading “Taxation of Stockholders - Taxation of Tax-Exempt Stockholders” is hereby revised to apply to just tax-exempt stockholders that are exempt from U.S. federal income taxation under Sections 501(c) (7), (c)(9) and (c)(17) of the Code.Available InformationWe file electronically with the Securities and Exchange Commission our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, and current reports on Form 8-K, pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. You may obtain a free copy of our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, and current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports on the day of filing with the SEC on our website at www.udr.com, or by sending an e-mail message to ir@udr.com.​"
    },
    {
      "status": "ADDED",
      "current_title": "RISK FACTORS",
      "prior_title": null,
      "current_body": "There are many factors that affect the business and the results of operations of the Company, some of which are beyond its control. The following is a description of important factors that may cause the Company’s actual results in future periods to differ materially from those currently expected or discussed in forward-looking statements set forth in this Report relating to our financial results, operations and business prospects. Forward-looking statements and such risks, uncertainties and other factors speak only as of the date of this Report, and we expressly disclaim any obligation or undertaking to update or revise any forward-looking statement contained herein, to reflect any change in our expectations with regard thereto, or any other change in events, conditions or circumstances on which any such statement is based, except to the extent otherwise required by law. These risks are not all of the risks we face and other factors not presently known to us or that we currently believe are immaterial may also affect our business if they occur."
    },
    {
      "status": "ADDED",
      "current_title": "Risks Related to Our Real Estate Investments and Our Operations",
      "prior_title": null,
      "current_body": "Unfavorable Apartment Market and Economic Conditions Could Adversely Affect Occupancy Levels, Rental Revenues and the Value of Our Real Estate Assets. Unfavorable market conditions in the areas in which we operate or unfavorable economic conditions generally, may significantly affect our occupancy levels, our rental rates and collections, the value of our properties and our ability to acquire or dispose of apartment communities on economically favorable terms. Our ability to lease our properties at favorable rates is adversely affected by increases in supply in the multifamily and other rental markets and is dependent upon the overall level in the economy, which is adversely affected by, among other things, job losses and unemployment levels, recession, debt levels, housing markets, stock market volatility and uncertainty about the future. Our major expenses generally do not decline when related rents decline. We would expect that declines in our occupancy levels and rental and other revenues would cause us to have less cash available to pay our indebtedness and to distribute to our stockholders, which could adversely affect our financial condition or the market value of our securities. Factors that have in the past and may in the future affect our occupancy levels, our rental revenues, and/or the value of our properties include the following, among others: The Geographic Concentration of Our Communities in Certain Markets Could Have an Adverse Effect on Our Operations if a Particular Market is Adversely Impacted by Economic or Other Conditions. For the year ended December 31, 2024, approximately 73.1% of our total NOI was generated from communities located in Metropolitan D.C. (15.4%), Boston, MA (11.7%), Orange County, CA (10.9%), the San Francisco Bay Area, CA (8.4%), Dallas, TX (8.3%), New York, NY (6.5%), Seattle, WA (6.2%) and Tampa, FL (5.7%). As a result, if any one or more of these markets is adversely impacted by regional or local economic conditions or real estate market conditions, including new supply, such conditions may have a greater adverse impact on our results of operations than if our portfolio was more geographically diverse. In addition, if one or more of these markets is adversely affected by changes in regional or local regulations, including those related to rent control or stabilization, such regulations may have a greater adverse impact on our results of operations than if our portfolio was more geographically diverse. 15 15 15 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Item 1A.RISK FACTORS There are many factors that affect the business and the results of operations of the Company, some of which are beyond its control. The following is a description of important factors that may cause the Company’s actual results in future periods to differ materially from those currently expected or discussed in forward-looking statements set forth in this Report relating to our financial results, operations and business prospects. Forward-looking statements and such risks, uncertainties and other factors speak only as of the date of this Report, and we expressly disclaim any obligation or undertaking to update or revise any forward-looking statement contained herein, to reflect any change in our expectations with regard thereto, or any other change in events, conditions or circumstances on which any such statement is based, except to the extent otherwise required by law. These risks are not all of the risks we face and other factors not presently known to us or that we currently believe are immaterial may also affect our business if they occur.Risks Related to Our Real Estate Investments and Our OperationsUnfavorable Apartment Market and Economic Conditions Could Adversely Affect Occupancy Levels, Rental Revenues and the Value of Our Real Estate Assets. Unfavorable market conditions in the areas in which we operate or unfavorable economic conditions generally, may significantly affect our occupancy levels, our rental rates and collections, the value of our properties and our ability to acquire or dispose of apartment communities on economically favorable terms. Our ability to lease our properties at favorable rates is adversely affected by increases in supply in the multifamily and other rental markets and is dependent upon the overall level in the economy, which is adversely affected by, among other things, job losses and unemployment levels, recession, debt levels, housing markets, stock market volatility and uncertainty about the future. Our major expenses generally do not decline when related rents decline. We would expect that declines in our occupancy levels and rental and other revenues would cause us to have less cash available to pay our indebtedness and to distribute to our stockholders, which could adversely affect our financial condition or the market value of our securities. Factors that have in the past and may in the future affect our occupancy levels, our rental revenues, and/or the value of our properties include the following, among others:●downturns in global, national, regional and local economic conditions, particularly increases in unemployment;●declines in mortgage interest rates, making alternative housing options more affordable;●government or builder incentives with respect to home ownership, making alternative housing options more attractive;●local real estate market conditions, including oversupply of, or reduced demand for, apartment homes;●declines in the financial condition of our tenants, which may make it more difficult for us to collect rents from some tenants;●changes in market rental rates;●our ability to renew leases or re-lease space on favorable terms;●the timing and costs associated with property improvements, repairs or renovations;●changes in household formation; and●rent control or stabilization laws, or other laws regulating or impacting rental housing, which could prevent us from raising rents to offset increases in operating costs or otherwise impact us.The Geographic Concentration of Our Communities in Certain Markets Could Have an Adverse Effect on Our Operations if a Particular Market is Adversely Impacted by Economic or Other Conditions. For the year ended December 31, 2024, approximately 73.1% of our total NOI was generated from communities located in Metropolitan D.C. (15.4%), Boston, MA (11.7%), Orange County, CA (10.9%), the San Francisco Bay Area, CA (8.4%), Dallas, TX (8.3%), New York, NY (6.5%), Seattle, WA (6.2%) and Tampa, FL (5.7%). As a result, if any one or more of these markets is adversely impacted by regional or local economic conditions or real estate market conditions, including new supply, such conditions may have a greater adverse impact on our results of operations than if our portfolio was more geographically diverse. In addition, if one or more of these markets is adversely affected by changes in regional or local regulations, including those related to rent control or stabilization, such regulations may have a greater adverse impact on our results of operations than if our portfolio was more geographically diverse. Item 1A.RISK FACTORS There are many factors that affect the business and the results of operations of the Company, some of which are beyond its control. The following is a description of important factors that may cause the Company’s actual results in future periods to differ materially from those currently expected or discussed in forward-looking statements set forth in this Report relating to our financial results, operations and business prospects. Forward-looking statements and such risks, uncertainties and other factors speak only as of the date of this Report, and we expressly disclaim any obligation or undertaking to update or revise any forward-looking statement contained herein, to reflect any change in our expectations with regard thereto, or any other change in events, conditions or circumstances on which any such statement is based, except to the extent otherwise required by law. These risks are not all of the risks we face and other factors not presently known to us or that we currently believe are immaterial may also affect our business if they occur.Risks Related to Our Real Estate Investments and Our OperationsUnfavorable Apartment Market and Economic Conditions Could Adversely Affect Occupancy Levels, Rental Revenues and the Value of Our Real Estate Assets. Unfavorable market conditions in the areas in which we operate or unfavorable economic conditions generally, may significantly affect our occupancy levels, our rental rates and collections, the value of our properties and our ability to acquire or dispose of apartment communities on economically favorable terms. Our ability to lease our properties at favorable rates is adversely affected by increases in supply in the multifamily and other rental markets and is dependent upon the overall level in the economy, which is adversely affected by, among other things, job losses and unemployment levels, recession, debt levels, housing markets, stock market volatility and uncertainty about the future. Our major expenses generally do not decline when related rents decline. We would expect that declines in our occupancy levels and rental and other revenues would cause us to have less cash available to pay our indebtedness and to distribute to our stockholders, which could adversely affect our financial condition or the market value of our securities. Factors that have in the past and may in the future affect our occupancy levels, our rental revenues, and/or the value of our properties include the following, among others:●downturns in global, national, regional and local economic conditions, particularly increases in unemployment;●declines in mortgage interest rates, making alternative housing options more affordable;●government or builder incentives with respect to home ownership, making alternative housing options more attractive;●local real estate market conditions, including oversupply of, or reduced demand for, apartment homes;●declines in the financial condition of our tenants, which may make it more difficult for us to collect rents from some tenants;●changes in market rental rates;●our ability to renew leases or re-lease space on favorable terms;●the timing and costs associated with property improvements, repairs or renovations;●changes in household formation; and●rent control or stabilization laws, or other laws regulating or impacting rental housing, which could prevent us from raising rents to offset increases in operating costs or otherwise impact us.The Geographic Concentration of Our Communities in Certain Markets Could Have an Adverse Effect on Our Operations if a Particular Market is Adversely Impacted by Economic or Other Conditions. For the year ended December 31, 2024, approximately 73.1% of our total NOI was generated from communities located in Metropolitan D.C. (15.4%), Boston, MA (11.7%), Orange County, CA (10.9%), the San Francisco Bay Area, CA (8.4%), Dallas, TX (8.3%), New York, NY (6.5%), Seattle, WA (6.2%) and Tampa, FL (5.7%). As a result, if any one or more of these markets is adversely impacted by regional or local economic conditions or real estate market conditions, including new supply, such conditions may have a greater adverse impact on our results of operations than if our portfolio was more geographically diverse. In addition, if one or more of these markets is adversely affected by changes in regional or local regulations, including those related to rent control or stabilization, such regulations may have a greater adverse impact on our results of operations than if our portfolio was more geographically diverse. Item 1A."
    },
    {
      "status": "ADDED",
      "current_title": "Risks Related to Our Indebtedness and Financings",
      "prior_title": null,
      "current_body": "Changing Interest Rates Could Increase Interest Costs and Adversely Affect Our Cash Flows and the Market Price of Our Common Stock. We currently have, and expect to incur in the future, interest-bearing debt, including unsecured commercial paper, at rates that vary with market interest rates. As of December 31, 2024, we had approximately $501.3 million of variable rate indebtedness outstanding, which constitutes approximately 8.6% of total outstanding indebtedness as of such date, and we have from time to time experienced increases in the interest rates on such indebtedness, which has increased our interest expense and adversely impacted our results of operations and cash flows. In addition, as a result of higher interest rates, the costs of hedging transactions have increased significantly and may continue to increase. Continued increases in interest rates would further increase our interest expenses and increase the costs of refinancing existing indebtedness and of issuing new debt, including unsecured commercial paper. The effect of any prolonged interest rate increases could negatively impact our ability to service our indebtedness, make distributions to security holders, make acquisitions and develop properties. Insufficient Cash Flow Could Affect Our Debt Financing and Create Refinancing Risk. We are subject to the risks normally associated with debt financing, including the risk that our operating income and cash flow could be insufficient to make required payments of principal and interest, could restrict or limit our ability to incur additional debt, or could restrict our borrowing capacity under our line of credit due to debt covenant restraints. Sufficient cash flow may not be available to make all required debt payments and satisfy our distribution requirements to maintain our status as a REIT for federal income tax purposes. In addition, the amounts under our line of credit may not be available to us and we may not be able to access the commercial paper market if our operating performance falls outside the constraints of our debt covenants. We are also likely to need to refinance substantially all of our outstanding debt as it matures. We may not be able to refinance existing debt, or the terms of any refinancing may not be as favorable as the terms of the existing debt, which could create pressure to sell assets or to issue additional equity when we would otherwise not choose to do so. In addition, our failure to comply with our debt covenants could result in a requirement to repay our indebtedness prior to its maturity, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and cash flow, increase our financing costs and impact our ability to make distributions to our stockholders. Failure to Generate Sufficient Income Could Impair Debt Service Payments and Distributions to Stockholders. If our apartment communities do not generate sufficient revenue to meet rental expenses, our ability to make required payments of interest and principal on our debt and to pay dividends or distributions to our stockholders will be adversely affected. The following factors, among others, may affect the income generated by our apartment communities: Expenses associated with our investment in an apartment community, such as debt service, real estate taxes, insurance, labor costs and maintenance costs, are generally not reduced when circumstances cause a reduction in revenue from that community. If a community is mortgaged to secure payment of debt and we are unable to make the mortgage payments, we could sustain a loss as a result of foreclosure on the community or the exercise of other remedies by the mortgage holder. 26 26 26 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents existing buildings. If we fail to satisfy the expectations of investors, tenants and other stakeholders, our initiatives are not executed as planned, we are unable to comply with regulations or we do not satisfy our goals, our reputation and financial results could be adversely affected.Risks Related to Our Indebtedness and FinancingsChanging Interest Rates Could Increase Interest Costs and Adversely Affect Our Cash Flows and the Market Price of Our Common Stock. We currently have, and expect to incur in the future, interest-bearing debt, including unsecured commercial paper, at rates that vary with market interest rates. As of December 31, 2024, we had approximately $501.3 million of variable rate indebtedness outstanding, which constitutes approximately 8.6% of total outstanding indebtedness as of such date, and we have from time to time experienced increases in the interest rates on such indebtedness, which has increased our interest expense and adversely impacted our results of operations and cash flows. In addition, as a result of higher interest rates, the costs of hedging transactions have increased significantly and may continue to increase. Continued increases in interest rates would further increase our interest expenses and increase the costs of refinancing existing indebtedness and of issuing new debt, including unsecured commercial paper. The effect of any prolonged interest rate increases could negatively impact our ability to service our indebtedness, make distributions to security holders, make acquisitions and develop properties. Insufficient Cash Flow Could Affect Our Debt Financing and Create Refinancing Risk. We are subject to the risks normally associated with debt financing, including the risk that our operating income and cash flow could be insufficient to make required payments of principal and interest, could restrict or limit our ability to incur additional debt, or could restrict our borrowing capacity under our line of credit due to debt covenant restraints. Sufficient cash flow may not be available to make all required debt payments and satisfy our distribution requirements to maintain our status as a REIT for federal income tax purposes. In addition, the amounts under our line of credit may not be available to us and we may not be able to access the commercial paper market if our operating performance falls outside the constraints of our debt covenants. We are also likely to need to refinance substantially all of our outstanding debt as it matures. We may not be able to refinance existing debt, or the terms of any refinancing may not be as favorable as the terms of the existing debt, which could create pressure to sell assets or to issue additional equity when we would otherwise not choose to do so. In addition, our failure to comply with our debt covenants could result in a requirement to repay our indebtedness prior to its maturity, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and cash flow, increase our financing costs and impact our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.Failure to Generate Sufficient Income Could Impair Debt Service Payments and Distributions to Stockholders. If our apartment communities do not generate sufficient revenue to meet rental expenses, our ability to make required payments of interest and principal on our debt and to pay dividends or distributions to our stockholders will be adversely affected. The following factors, among others, may affect the income generated by our apartment communities:●the national and local economies;●local real estate market conditions, such as an oversupply or increasing supply of apartment homes;●tenants’ or prospective tenants’ perceptions of the safety, convenience, and attractiveness of our communities and the neighborhoods where they are located;●our ability to provide adequate management, maintenance and insurance;●rental expenses, including real estate taxes and utilities;●competition from other apartment communities or alternative housing options;●changes in interest rates and the availability of financing;●changes in governmental regulations and the related costs of compliance; and●changes in tax and housing laws, including the enactment of rent control laws or other laws regulating multifamily housing.Expenses associated with our investment in an apartment community, such as debt service, real estate taxes, insurance, labor costs and maintenance costs, are generally not reduced when circumstances cause a reduction in revenue from that community. If a community is mortgaged to secure payment of debt and we are unable to make the mortgage payments, we could sustain a loss as a result of foreclosure on the community or the exercise of other remedies by the mortgage holder. existing buildings. If we fail to satisfy the expectations of investors, tenants and other stakeholders, our initiatives are not executed as planned, we are unable to comply with regulations or we do not satisfy our goals, our reputation and financial results could be adversely affected.Risks Related to Our Indebtedness and FinancingsChanging Interest Rates Could Increase Interest Costs and Adversely Affect Our Cash Flows and the Market Price of Our Common Stock. We currently have, and expect to incur in the future, interest-bearing debt, including unsecured commercial paper, at rates that vary with market interest rates. As of December 31, 2024, we had approximately $501.3 million of variable rate indebtedness outstanding, which constitutes approximately 8.6% of total outstanding indebtedness as of such date, and we have from time to time experienced increases in the interest rates on such indebtedness, which has increased our interest expense and adversely impacted our results of operations and cash flows. In addition, as a result of higher interest rates, the costs of hedging transactions have increased significantly and may continue to increase. Continued increases in interest rates would further increase our interest expenses and increase the costs of refinancing existing indebtedness and of issuing new debt, including unsecured commercial paper. The effect of any prolonged interest rate increases could negatively impact our ability to service our indebtedness, make distributions to security holders, make acquisitions and develop properties. Insufficient Cash Flow Could Affect Our Debt Financing and Create Refinancing Risk. We are subject to the risks normally associated with debt financing, including the risk that our operating income and cash flow could be insufficient to make required payments of principal and interest, could restrict or limit our ability to incur additional debt, or could restrict our borrowing capacity under our line of credit due to debt covenant restraints. Sufficient cash flow may not be available to make all required debt payments and satisfy our distribution requirements to maintain our status as a REIT for federal income tax purposes. In addition, the amounts under our line of credit may not be available to us and we may not be able to access the commercial paper market if our operating performance falls outside the constraints of our debt covenants. We are also likely to need to refinance substantially all of our outstanding debt as it matures. We may not be able to refinance existing debt, or the terms of any refinancing may not be as favorable as the terms of the existing debt, which could create pressure to sell assets or to issue additional equity when we would otherwise not choose to do so. In addition, our failure to comply with our debt covenants could result in a requirement to repay our indebtedness prior to its maturity, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and cash flow, increase our financing costs and impact our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.Failure to Generate Sufficient Income Could Impair Debt Service Payments and Distributions to Stockholders. If our apartment communities do not generate sufficient revenue to meet rental expenses, our ability to make required payments of interest and principal on our debt and to pay dividends or distributions to our stockholders will be adversely affected. The following factors, among others, may affect the income generated by our apartment communities:●the national and local economies;●local real estate market conditions, such as an oversupply or increasing supply of apartment homes;●tenants’ or prospective tenants’ perceptions of the safety, convenience, and attractiveness of our communities and the neighborhoods where they are located;●our ability to provide adequate management, maintenance and insurance;●rental expenses, including real estate taxes and utilities;●competition from other apartment communities or alternative housing options;●changes in interest rates and the availability of financing;●changes in governmental regulations and the related costs of compliance; and●changes in tax and housing laws, including the enactment of rent control laws or other laws regulating multifamily housing.Expenses associated with our investment in an apartment community, such as debt service, real estate taxes, insurance, labor costs and maintenance costs, are generally not reduced when circumstances cause a reduction in revenue from that community. If a community is mortgaged to secure payment of debt and we are unable to make the mortgage payments, we could sustain a loss as a result of foreclosure on the community or the exercise of other remedies by the mortgage holder. existing buildings. If we fail to satisfy the expectations of investors, tenants and other stakeholders, our initiatives are not executed as planned, we are unable to comply with regulations or we do not satisfy our goals, our reputation and financial results could be adversely affected."
    },
    {
      "status": "ADDED",
      "current_title": "Risks Related to Tax Laws",
      "prior_title": null,
      "current_body": "We Would Incur Adverse Tax Consequences if We Failed to Qualify as a REIT. We have elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Code. Our qualification as a REIT requires us to satisfy numerous requirements, some on an annual and quarterly basis, established under highly technical and complex Code provisions for which there are only limited judicial or administrative interpretations, and involves the determination of various factual matters and circumstances not entirely within our control. We intend that our current organization and method of operation will enable us to continue to qualify as a REIT, but we may not so qualify or we may not be able to remain so qualified in the future. In addition, U.S. federal income tax laws governing REITs and other corporations and the administrative interpretations of those laws may be amended at any time, potentially with retroactive effect. Future legislation, new regulations, administrative interpretations or court decisions could adversely affect our ability to qualify as a REIT or adversely affect our stockholders. If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, we would be subject to federal income tax on our taxable income at regular corporate rates, and would not be allowed to deduct dividends paid to our stockholders in computing our taxable income. Also, unless the Internal Revenue Service granted us relief under certain statutory provisions, we could not re-elect REIT status until the fifth calendar year after the year in which we first failed to qualify as a REIT. The additional tax liability from the failure to qualify as a REIT would reduce or eliminate the amount of cash available for investment or distribution to our stockholders. This would likely have a significant adverse effect on the value of our securities and our ability to raise additional capital. In addition, we would no longer be required to make distributions to our stockholders. Even if we continue to qualify as a REIT, we will continue to be subject to certain federal, state and local taxes on our income and property. Certain of our subsidiaries have also elected to be taxed as REITs under the Code, and are therefore subject to the same risks in the event that any such subsidiary fails to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year. Dividends Paid by REITs Generally Do Not Qualify for Reduced Tax Rates. In general, qualified dividends paid to individual U.S. stockholders are eligible for a reduced 20% U.S. federal income tax rate. However, unlike dividends received from a corporation that is not a REIT, our regular dividends (i.e., dividends other than capital gain dividends) paid to individual U.S. stockholders generally are not eligible for the reduced rates on qualified dividends and are instead taxed at ordinary income rates. However, individual U.S. stockholders generally may deduct 20% of our regular 28 28 28 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents The Soundness of Financial Institutions Could Adversely Affect Us. We have relationships with many financial institutions, including lenders under our credit facilities, and, from time to time, we execute transactions with counterparties in the financial services industry. Actual events involving limited liquidity, defaults, non-performance or other adverse developments that affect financial institutions, transactional counterparties or other companies in the financial services industry generally, or concerns or rumors about any events of these kinds or other similar risks, could result in losses or defaults by these institutions or counterparties or could lead to market-wide liquidity problems. Disruptions and uncertainty with respect to financial institutions, including as a result of bank failures and liquidity concerns, may negatively impact our ability to refinance existing indebtedness and access additional financing for acquisitions, development of our properties and other purposes at reasonable terms or at all, which may negatively affect our business and the market price of our common stock. In addition, in the event that the volatility of the financial markets adversely affects our financial institutions or other counterparties, we or other parties to the transactions with us may be unable to complete transactions as intended, which could adversely affect our results of operations.Interest Rate Hedging Contracts May Be Ineffective and May Result in Material Charges. From time to time when we anticipate issuing debt securities, we may seek to limit our exposure to fluctuations in interest rates during the period prior to the pricing of the securities by entering into interest rate hedging contracts. We may do this to increase the predictability of our financing costs. Also, from time to time we may rely on interest rate hedging contracts to limit our exposure under variable rate debt to unfavorable changes in market interest rates. If the terms of new debt securities are not within the parameters of, or market interest rates fall below that which we incur under a particular interest rate hedging contract, the contract is ineffective. Furthermore, the settlement of interest rate hedging contracts has involved and may in the future involve material charges. In addition, our use of interest rate hedging arrangements may expose us to additional risks, including a risk that a counterparty to a hedging arrangement may fail to honor its obligations. Developing an effective interest rate risk strategy is complex and no strategy can completely insulate us from risks associated with interest rate fluctuations. There can be no assurance that our hedging activities will have the desired beneficial impact on our results of operations or financial condition. Termination of these hedging agreements typically involves costs, such as transaction fees or breakage costs.Risks Related to Tax LawsWe Would Incur Adverse Tax Consequences if We Failed to Qualify as a REIT. We have elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Code. Our qualification as a REIT requires us to satisfy numerous requirements, some on an annual and quarterly basis, established under highly technical and complex Code provisions for which there are only limited judicial or administrative interpretations, and involves the determination of various factual matters and circumstances not entirely within our control. We intend that our current organization and method of operation will enable us to continue to qualify as a REIT, but we may not so qualify or we may not be able to remain so qualified in the future. In addition, U.S. federal income tax laws governing REITs and other corporations and the administrative interpretations of those laws may be amended at any time, potentially with retroactive effect. Future legislation, new regulations, administrative interpretations or court decisions could adversely affect our ability to qualify as a REIT or adversely affect our stockholders.If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, we would be subject to federal income tax on our taxable income at regular corporate rates, and would not be allowed to deduct dividends paid to our stockholders in computing our taxable income. Also, unless the Internal Revenue Service granted us relief under certain statutory provisions, we could not re-elect REIT status until the fifth calendar year after the year in which we first failed to qualify as a REIT. The additional tax liability from the failure to qualify as a REIT would reduce or eliminate the amount of cash available for investment or distribution to our stockholders. This would likely have a significant adverse effect on the value of our securities and our ability to raise additional capital. In addition, we would no longer be required to make distributions to our stockholders. Even if we continue to qualify as a REIT, we will continue to be subject to certain federal, state and local taxes on our income and property.Certain of our subsidiaries have also elected to be taxed as REITs under the Code, and are therefore subject to the same risks in the event that any such subsidiary fails to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year.Dividends Paid by REITs Generally Do Not Qualify for Reduced Tax Rates. In general, qualified dividends paid to individual U.S. stockholders are eligible for a reduced 20% U.S. federal income tax rate. However, unlike dividends received from a corporation that is not a REIT, our regular dividends (i.e., dividends other than capital gain dividends) paid to individual U.S. stockholders generally are not eligible for the reduced rates on qualified dividends and are instead taxed at ordinary income rates. However, individual U.S. stockholders generally may deduct 20% of our regular The Soundness of Financial Institutions Could Adversely Affect Us. We have relationships with many financial institutions, including lenders under our credit facilities, and, from time to time, we execute transactions with counterparties in the financial services industry. Actual events involving limited liquidity, defaults, non-performance or other adverse developments that affect financial institutions, transactional counterparties or other companies in the financial services industry generally, or concerns or rumors about any events of these kinds or other similar risks, could result in losses or defaults by these institutions or counterparties or could lead to market-wide liquidity problems. Disruptions and uncertainty with respect to financial institutions, including as a result of bank failures and liquidity concerns, may negatively impact our ability to refinance existing indebtedness and access additional financing for acquisitions, development of our properties and other purposes at reasonable terms or at all, which may negatively affect our business and the market price of our common stock. In addition, in the event that the volatility of the financial markets adversely affects our financial institutions or other counterparties, we or other parties to the transactions with us may be unable to complete transactions as intended, which could adversely affect our results of operations.Interest Rate Hedging Contracts May Be Ineffective and May Result in Material Charges. From time to time when we anticipate issuing debt securities, we may seek to limit our exposure to fluctuations in interest rates during the period prior to the pricing of the securities by entering into interest rate hedging contracts. We may do this to increase the predictability of our financing costs. Also, from time to time we may rely on interest rate hedging contracts to limit our exposure under variable rate debt to unfavorable changes in market interest rates. If the terms of new debt securities are not within the parameters of, or market interest rates fall below that which we incur under a particular interest rate hedging contract, the contract is ineffective. Furthermore, the settlement of interest rate hedging contracts has involved and may in the future involve material charges. In addition, our use of interest rate hedging arrangements may expose us to additional risks, including a risk that a counterparty to a hedging arrangement may fail to honor its obligations. Developing an effective interest rate risk strategy is complex and no strategy can completely insulate us from risks associated with interest rate fluctuations. There can be no assurance that our hedging activities will have the desired beneficial impact on our results of operations or financial condition. Termination of these hedging agreements typically involves costs, such as transaction fees or breakage costs.Risks Related to Tax LawsWe Would Incur Adverse Tax Consequences if We Failed to Qualify as a REIT. We have elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Code. Our qualification as a REIT requires us to satisfy numerous requirements, some on an annual and quarterly basis, established under highly technical and complex Code provisions for which there are only limited judicial or administrative interpretations, and involves the determination of various factual matters and circumstances not entirely within our control. We intend that our current organization and method of operation will enable us to continue to qualify as a REIT, but we may not so qualify or we may not be able to remain so qualified in the future. In addition, U.S. federal income tax laws governing REITs and other corporations and the administrative interpretations of those laws may be amended at any time, potentially with retroactive effect. Future legislation, new regulations, administrative interpretations or court decisions could adversely affect our ability to qualify as a REIT or adversely affect our stockholders.If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, we would be subject to federal income tax on our taxable income at regular corporate rates, and would not be allowed to deduct dividends paid to our stockholders in computing our taxable income. Also, unless the Internal Revenue Service granted us relief under certain statutory provisions, we could not re-elect REIT status until the fifth calendar year after the year in which we first failed to qualify as a REIT. The additional tax liability from the failure to qualify as a REIT would reduce or eliminate the amount of cash available for investment or distribution to our stockholders. This would likely have a significant adverse effect on the value of our securities and our ability to raise additional capital. In addition, we would no longer be required to make distributions to our stockholders. Even if we continue to qualify as a REIT, we will continue to be subject to certain federal, state and local taxes on our income and property.Certain of our subsidiaries have also elected to be taxed as REITs under the Code, and are therefore subject to the same risks in the event that any such subsidiary fails to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year.Dividends Paid by REITs Generally Do Not Qualify for Reduced Tax Rates. In general, qualified dividends paid to individual U.S. stockholders are eligible for a reduced 20% U.S. federal income tax rate. However, unlike dividends received from a corporation that is not a REIT, our regular dividends (i.e., dividends other than capital gain dividends) paid to individual U.S. stockholders generally are not eligible for the reduced rates on qualified dividends and are instead taxed at ordinary income rates. However, individual U.S. stockholders generally may deduct 20% of our regular The Soundness of Financial Institutions Could Adversely Affect Us. We have relationships with many financial institutions, including lenders under our credit facilities, and, from time to time, we execute transactions with counterparties in the financial services industry. Actual events involving limited liquidity, defaults, non-performance or other adverse developments that affect financial institutions, transactional counterparties or other companies in the financial services industry generally, or concerns or rumors about any events of these kinds or other similar risks, could result in losses or defaults by these institutions or counterparties or could lead to market-wide liquidity problems. Disruptions and uncertainty with respect to financial institutions, including as a result of bank failures and liquidity concerns, may negatively impact our ability to refinance existing indebtedness and access additional financing for acquisitions, development of our properties and other purposes at reasonable terms or at all, which may negatively affect our business and the market price of our common stock. In addition, in the event that the volatility of the financial markets adversely affects our financial institutions or other counterparties, we or other parties to the transactions with us may be unable to complete transactions as intended, which could adversely affect our results of operations. Interest Rate Hedging Contracts May Be Ineffective and May Result in Material Charges. From time to time when we anticipate issuing debt securities, we may seek to limit our exposure to fluctuations in interest rates during the period prior to the pricing of the securities by entering into interest rate hedging contracts. We may do this to increase the predictability of our financing costs. Also, from time to time we may rely on interest rate hedging contracts to limit our exposure under variable rate debt to unfavorable changes in market interest rates. If the terms of new debt securities are not within the parameters of, or market interest rates fall below that which we incur under a particular interest rate hedging contract, the contract is ineffective. Furthermore, the settlement of interest rate hedging contracts has involved and may in the future involve material charges. In addition, our use of interest rate hedging arrangements may expose us to additional risks, including a risk that a counterparty to a hedging arrangement may fail to honor its obligations. Developing an effective interest rate risk strategy is complex and no strategy can completely insulate us from risks associated with interest rate fluctuations. There can be no assurance that our hedging activities will have the desired beneficial impact on our results of operations or financial condition. Termination of these hedging agreements typically involves costs, such as transaction fees or breakage costs."
    },
    {
      "status": "ADDED",
      "current_title": "Risks Related to Our Organization and Ownership of Our Stock",
      "prior_title": null,
      "current_body": "Changes in Market Conditions and Volatility of Stock Prices Could Adversely Affect the Market Price of Our Common Stock. The stock markets, including the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”), on which we list our common stock, have experienced significant price and volume fluctuations. As a result, the market price of our common stock has been, and in the future could be similarly volatile, and investors in our common stock may experience a decrease in the value of their shares, including decreases unrelated to our operating performance or prospects. In addition to the risks listed in this “Risk Factors” section, a number of factors could negatively affect the price per share of our common stock, including: 30 30 30 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents state or local tax audits. If we (or such entities) become subject to federal, state or local tax audits, the ultimate result of such audits could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.The Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership Intend to Qualify as Partnerships, but Cannot Guarantee That They Will Qualify. The Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership intend to qualify as partnerships for federal income tax purposes, and we intend to take that position for all income tax reporting purposes. If classified as partnerships, the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership generally will not be taxable entities and will not incur federal income tax liability. However, the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership would be treated as corporations for federal income tax purposes if they were “publicly traded partnerships,” unless at least 90% of their income was qualifying income as defined in the Code. A “publicly traded partnership” is a partnership whose partnership interests are traded on an established securities market or are readily tradable on a secondary market (or the substantial equivalent thereof). Although neither the Operating Partnership’s nor the DownREIT Partnership’s partnership units are traded on an established securities market, because of the redemption rights of their limited partners, the Operating Partnership’s and DownREIT Partnership’s units held by limited partners could be viewed as readily tradable on a secondary market (or the substantial equivalent thereof), and the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership may not qualify for one of the “safe harbors” under the applicable tax regulations. Qualifying income for the 90% test generally includes passive income, such as real property rents, dividends and interest. The income requirements applicable to REITs and the definition of qualifying income for purposes of this 90% test are similar in most respects. The Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership may not meet this qualifying income test. If either the Operating Partnership or the DownREIT Partnership were to be taxed as a corporation, unless it qualified for relief under certain statutory savings provisions, such partnership would incur substantial tax liabilities, and we would then fail to qualify as a REIT for tax purposes and our ability to raise additional capital would be impaired. In addition, even if the 90% test were met if the Operating Partnership or the DownREIT Partnership were a publicly traded partnership, there could be adverse tax impacts for certain limited partners.Qualifying as a REIT Involves Highly Technical and Complex Provisions of the Code. Our qualification as a REIT involves the application of highly technical and complex Code provisions for which only limited judicial and administrative authorities exist. Even a technical or inadvertent violation could jeopardize our REIT qualification. Moreover, new legislation, court decisions or administrative guidance, in each case possibly with retroactive effect, may make it more difficult or impossible for us to qualify as a REIT. Our qualification as a REIT will depend on our satisfaction of certain asset, income, organizational, distribution, stockholder ownership and other requirements on a continuing basis. Our ability to satisfy the REIT income and asset tests depends upon our analysis of the characterization and fair market values of our assets, some of which are not susceptible to a precise determination and for which we will not obtain independent appraisals, and upon our ability to successfully manage the composition of our income and assets on an ongoing basis. In addition, our ability to satisfy the requirements to qualify as a REIT depends in part on the actions of third parties over which we have no control or only limited influence, including in cases where we own an equity interest in an entity that is classified as a partnership for federal income tax purposes.Risks Related to Our Organization and Ownership of Our StockChanges in Market Conditions and Volatility of Stock Prices Could Adversely Affect the Market Price of Our Common Stock. The stock markets, including the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”), on which we list our common stock, have experienced significant price and volume fluctuations. As a result, the market price of our common stock has been, and in the future could be similarly volatile, and investors in our common stock may experience a decrease in the value of their shares, including decreases unrelated to our operating performance or prospects. In addition to the risks listed in this “Risk Factors” section, a number of factors could negatively affect the price per share of our common stock, including:●general market and economic conditions;●actual or anticipated variations in our quarterly operating results or dividends or our payment of dividends in shares of our stock;●changes in our funds from operations or earnings estimates;●difficulties or inability to access capital or extend or refinance existing debt;●decreasing (or uncertainty in) real estate valuations;●changes in market valuations of similar companies; state or local tax audits. If we (or such entities) become subject to federal, state or local tax audits, the ultimate result of such audits could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.The Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership Intend to Qualify as Partnerships, but Cannot Guarantee That They Will Qualify. The Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership intend to qualify as partnerships for federal income tax purposes, and we intend to take that position for all income tax reporting purposes. If classified as partnerships, the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership generally will not be taxable entities and will not incur federal income tax liability. However, the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership would be treated as corporations for federal income tax purposes if they were “publicly traded partnerships,” unless at least 90% of their income was qualifying income as defined in the Code. A “publicly traded partnership” is a partnership whose partnership interests are traded on an established securities market or are readily tradable on a secondary market (or the substantial equivalent thereof). Although neither the Operating Partnership’s nor the DownREIT Partnership’s partnership units are traded on an established securities market, because of the redemption rights of their limited partners, the Operating Partnership’s and DownREIT Partnership’s units held by limited partners could be viewed as readily tradable on a secondary market (or the substantial equivalent thereof), and the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership may not qualify for one of the “safe harbors” under the applicable tax regulations. Qualifying income for the 90% test generally includes passive income, such as real property rents, dividends and interest. The income requirements applicable to REITs and the definition of qualifying income for purposes of this 90% test are similar in most respects. The Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership may not meet this qualifying income test. If either the Operating Partnership or the DownREIT Partnership were to be taxed as a corporation, unless it qualified for relief under certain statutory savings provisions, such partnership would incur substantial tax liabilities, and we would then fail to qualify as a REIT for tax purposes and our ability to raise additional capital would be impaired. In addition, even if the 90% test were met if the Operating Partnership or the DownREIT Partnership were a publicly traded partnership, there could be adverse tax impacts for certain limited partners.Qualifying as a REIT Involves Highly Technical and Complex Provisions of the Code. Our qualification as a REIT involves the application of highly technical and complex Code provisions for which only limited judicial and administrative authorities exist. Even a technical or inadvertent violation could jeopardize our REIT qualification. Moreover, new legislation, court decisions or administrative guidance, in each case possibly with retroactive effect, may make it more difficult or impossible for us to qualify as a REIT. Our qualification as a REIT will depend on our satisfaction of certain asset, income, organizational, distribution, stockholder ownership and other requirements on a continuing basis. Our ability to satisfy the REIT income and asset tests depends upon our analysis of the characterization and fair market values of our assets, some of which are not susceptible to a precise determination and for which we will not obtain independent appraisals, and upon our ability to successfully manage the composition of our income and assets on an ongoing basis. In addition, our ability to satisfy the requirements to qualify as a REIT depends in part on the actions of third parties over which we have no control or only limited influence, including in cases where we own an equity interest in an entity that is classified as a partnership for federal income tax purposes.Risks Related to Our Organization and Ownership of Our StockChanges in Market Conditions and Volatility of Stock Prices Could Adversely Affect the Market Price of Our Common Stock. The stock markets, including the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”), on which we list our common stock, have experienced significant price and volume fluctuations. As a result, the market price of our common stock has been, and in the future could be similarly volatile, and investors in our common stock may experience a decrease in the value of their shares, including decreases unrelated to our operating performance or prospects. In addition to the risks listed in this “Risk Factors” section, a number of factors could negatively affect the price per share of our common stock, including:●general market and economic conditions;●actual or anticipated variations in our quarterly operating results or dividends or our payment of dividends in shares of our stock;●changes in our funds from operations or earnings estimates;●difficulties or inability to access capital or extend or refinance existing debt;●decreasing (or uncertainty in) real estate valuations;●changes in market valuations of similar companies; state or local tax audits. If we (or such entities) become subject to federal, state or local tax audits, the ultimate result of such audits could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. The Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership Intend to Qualify as Partnerships, but Cannot Guarantee That They Will Qualify. The Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership intend to qualify as partnerships for federal income tax purposes, and we intend to take that position for all income tax reporting purposes. If classified as partnerships, the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership generally will not be taxable entities and will not incur federal income tax liability. However, the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership would be treated as corporations for federal income tax purposes if they were “publicly traded partnerships,” unless at least 90% of their income was qualifying income as defined in the Code. A “publicly traded partnership” is a partnership whose partnership interests are traded on an established securities market or are readily tradable on a secondary market (or the substantial equivalent thereof). Although neither the Operating Partnership’s nor the DownREIT Partnership’s partnership units are traded on an established securities market, because of the redemption rights of their limited partners, the Operating Partnership’s and DownREIT Partnership’s units held by limited partners could be viewed as readily tradable on a secondary market (or the substantial equivalent thereof), and the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership may not qualify for one of the “safe harbors” under the applicable tax regulations. Qualifying income for the 90% test generally includes passive income, such as real property rents, dividends and interest. The income requirements applicable to REITs and the definition of qualifying income for purposes of this 90% test are similar in most respects. The Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership may not meet this qualifying income test. If either the Operating Partnership or the DownREIT Partnership were to be taxed as a corporation, unless it qualified for relief under certain statutory savings provisions, such partnership would incur substantial tax liabilities, and we would then fail to qualify as a REIT for tax purposes and our ability to raise additional capital would be impaired. In addition, even if the 90% test were met if the Operating Partnership or the DownREIT Partnership were a publicly traded partnership, there could be adverse tax impacts for certain limited partners. Qualifying as a REIT Involves Highly Technical and Complex Provisions of the Code. Our qualification as a REIT involves the application of highly technical and complex Code provisions for which only limited judicial and administrative authorities exist. Even a technical or inadvertent violation could jeopardize our REIT qualification. Moreover, new legislation, court decisions or administrative guidance, in each case possibly with retroactive effect, may make it more difficult or impossible for us to qualify as a REIT. Our qualification as a REIT will depend on our satisfaction of certain asset, income, organizational, distribution, stockholder ownership and other requirements on a continuing basis. Our ability to satisfy the REIT income and asset tests depends upon our analysis of the characterization and fair market values of our assets, some of which are not susceptible to a precise determination and for which we will not obtain independent appraisals, and upon our ability to successfully manage the composition of our income and assets on an ongoing basis. In addition, our ability to satisfy the requirements to qualify as a REIT depends in part on the actions of third parties over which we have no control or only limited influence, including in cases where we own an equity interest in an entity that is classified as a partnership for federal income tax purposes."
    },
    {
      "status": "REMOVED",
      "current_title": null,
      "prior_title": "Development Activities",
      "prior_body": "Our objective in developing a community is to create value while improving the quality of our portfolio. How demographic trends, economic drivers, and multifamily fundamentals and valuations have trended over the long-term and our portfolio strategy generally govern our review process on where and when to allocate development capital. At December 31, 2023, the Company was developing two wholly-owned communities located in Addison, Texas and Tampa, Florida, totaling 415 homes, of which 56 have been completed, with a budget of $187.5 million, in which we have an investment of $160.4 million. The communities are estimated to be completed in the second quarter of 2024."
    },
    {
      "status": "REMOVED",
      "current_title": null,
      "prior_title": "Development Activities",
      "prior_body": "Our objective in developing a community is to create value while improving the quality of our portfolio. How demographic trends, economic drivers, and multifamily fundamentals and valuations have trended over the long-term and our portfolio strategy generally govern our review process on where and when to allocate development capital. At December 31, 2023, the Company was developing two wholly-owned communities located in Addison, Texas and Tampa, Florida, totaling 415 homes, of which 56 have been completed, with a budget of $187.5 million, in which we have an investment of $160.4 million. The communities are estimated to be completed in the second quarter of 2024."
    },
    {
      "status": "REMOVED",
      "current_title": null,
      "prior_title": "Development Activities",
      "prior_body": "Our objective in developing a community is to create value while improving the quality of our portfolio. How demographic trends, economic drivers, and multifamily fundamentals and valuations have trended over the long-term and our portfolio strategy generally govern our review process on where and when to allocate development capital. At December 31, 2023, the Company was developing two wholly-owned communities located in Addison, Texas and Tampa, Florida, totaling 415 homes, of which 56 have been completed, with a budget of $187.5 million, in which we have an investment of $160.4 million. The communities are estimated to be completed in the second quarter of 2024."
    },
    {
      "status": "REMOVED",
      "current_title": null,
      "prior_title": "Competitive Conditions",
      "prior_body": "Competition for new residents is generally intense across our markets. Some competing communities offer amenities that our communities do not have. Competing communities can use rental concessions or lower rents to obtain temporary competitive advantages. Also, some competing communities are larger or newer than our communities. The competitive position of each community is different depending upon many factors, including sub-market supply and demand. In addition, other real estate investors compete with us to acquire existing properties, redevelop existing properties, and to develop new properties. These competitors include insurance companies, pension and investment funds, public and private real estate companies, investment companies and other public and private apartment REITs, some of which may have greater resources, or lower capital costs, than we do. We believe that, in general, we are well-positioned to compete effectively for residents and investments. We believe our competitive advantages include: Moving forward, we will continue to improve lease management, improve expense control, increase resident retention efforts and align employee incentive plans with metrics that impact our bottom-line performance. We believe this plan of operation, coupled with the portfolio’s strengths in targeting renters across a geographically diverse platform, should position us for continued operational upside."
    },
    {
      "status": "MODIFIED",
      "current_title": "Summary of Risk Factors",
      "prior_title": "Summary of Risk Factors",
      "similarity_score": 0.911,
      "confidence": "high",
      "key_changes": [
        "Reworded sentence: \"These risks include, but are not limited to, the following: 2 2 2 2 2 2 Table of Contents●We Could Incur Significant Insurance Costs and Some Potential Losses May Not Be Adequately Covered by Insurance.●The Adoption of, or Changes to, Rent Control, Rent Stabilization, Eviction, Tenants’ Rights and Similar Laws and Regulations in Our Markets Could Have an Adverse Effect on Our Results of Operations and Property Values.●Risks of Litigation.●A Breach of Information Technology Systems On Which We Rely Could Materially and Adversely Impact Our Business, Financial Condition, Results of Operations and Reputation.●Changing Interest Rates Could Increase Interest Costs and Adversely Affect Our Cash Flows and the Market Price of Our Common Stock.●Insufficient Cash Flow Could Affect Our Debt Financing and Create Refinancing Risk.●Failure to Generate Sufficient Income Could Impair Debt Service Payments and Distributions to Stockholders.●Failure To Maintain Our Current Credit Ratings Could Adversely Affect Our Cost of Funds, Related Margins, Liquidity, and Access to Capital Markets.●Disruptions in Financial Markets May Adversely Impact the Availability and Cost of Credit and Have Other Adverse Effects on Us and the Market Price of Our Common Stock.●We Would Incur Adverse Tax Consequences if We Failed to Qualify as a REIT.●Changes in Market Conditions and Volatility of Stock Prices Could Adversely Affect the Market Price of Our Common Stock.●We May Change the Dividend Policy for Our Common Stock in the Future.●Limitations on Share Ownership and Limitations on the Ability of Our Stockholders to Effect a Change in Control of Our Company Restrict the Transferability of Our Stock and May Prevent Takeovers That are Beneficial to Our Stockholders.​​3 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents ●We Could Incur Significant Insurance Costs and Some Potential Losses May Not Be Adequately Covered by Insurance.●The Adoption of, or Changes to, Rent Control, Rent Stabilization, Eviction, Tenants’ Rights and Similar Laws and Regulations in Our Markets Could Have an Adverse Effect on Our Results of Operations and Property Values.●Risks of Litigation.●A Breach of Information Technology Systems On Which We Rely Could Materially and Adversely Impact Our Business, Financial Condition, Results of Operations and Reputation.●Changing Interest Rates Could Increase Interest Costs and Adversely Affect Our Cash Flows and the Market Price of Our Common Stock.●Insufficient Cash Flow Could Affect Our Debt Financing and Create Refinancing Risk.●Failure to Generate Sufficient Income Could Impair Debt Service Payments and Distributions to Stockholders.●Failure To Maintain Our Current Credit Ratings Could Adversely Affect Our Cost of Funds, Related Margins, Liquidity, and Access to Capital Markets.●Disruptions in Financial Markets May Adversely Impact the Availability and Cost of Credit and Have Other Adverse Effects on Us and the Market Price of Our Common Stock.●We Would Incur Adverse Tax Consequences if We Failed to Qualify as a REIT.●Changes in Market Conditions and Volatility of Stock Prices Could Adversely Affect the Market Price of Our Common Stock.●We May Change the Dividend Policy for Our Common Stock in the Future.●Limitations on Share Ownership and Limitations on the Ability of Our Stockholders to Effect a Change in Control of Our Company Restrict the Transferability of Our Stock and May Prevent Takeovers That are Beneficial to Our Stockholders.​​ ●We Could Incur Significant Insurance Costs and Some Potential Losses May Not Be Adequately Covered by Insurance.●The Adoption of, or Changes to, Rent Control, Rent Stabilization, Eviction, Tenants’ Rights and Similar Laws and Regulations in Our Markets Could Have an Adverse Effect on Our Results of Operations and Property Values.●Risks of Litigation.●A Breach of Information Technology Systems On Which We Rely Could Materially and Adversely Impact Our Business, Financial Condition, Results of Operations and Reputation.●Changing Interest Rates Could Increase Interest Costs and Adversely Affect Our Cash Flows and the Market Price of Our Common Stock.●Insufficient Cash Flow Could Affect Our Debt Financing and Create Refinancing Risk.●Failure to Generate Sufficient Income Could Impair Debt Service Payments and Distributions to Stockholders.●Failure To Maintain Our Current Credit Ratings Could Adversely Affect Our Cost of Funds, Related Margins, Liquidity, and Access to Capital Markets.●Disruptions in Financial Markets May Adversely Impact the Availability and Cost of Credit and Have Other Adverse Effects on Us and the Market Price of Our Common Stock.●We Would Incur Adverse Tax Consequences if We Failed to Qualify as a REIT.●Changes in Market Conditions and Volatility of Stock Prices Could Adversely Affect the Market Price of Our Common Stock.●We May Change the Dividend Policy for Our Common Stock in the Future.●Limitations on Share Ownership and Limitations on the Ability of Our Stockholders to Effect a Change in Control of Our Company Restrict the Transferability of Our Stock and May Prevent Takeovers That are Beneficial to Our Stockholders.​​ ​ ​ 3 3 3 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents ●We Could Incur Significant Insurance Costs and Some Potential Losses May Not Be Adequately Covered by Insurance.●The Adoption of, or Changes to, Rent Control, Rent Stabilization, Eviction, Tenants’ Rights and Similar Laws and Regulations in Our Markets Could Have an Adverse Effect on Our Results of Operations and Property Values.●Risks of Litigation.●A Breach of Information Technology Systems On Which We Rely Could Materially and Adversely Impact Our Business, Financial Condition, Results of Operations and Reputation.●Changing Interest Rates Could Increase Interest Costs and Adversely Affect Our Cash Flows and the Market Price of Our Common Stock.●Insufficient Cash Flow Could Affect Our Debt Financing and Create Refinancing Risk.●Failure to Generate Sufficient Income Could Impair Debt Service Payments and Distributions to Stockholders.●Failure To Maintain Our Current Credit Ratings Could Adversely Affect Our Cost of Funds, Related Margins, Liquidity, and Access to Capital Markets.●Disruptions in Financial Markets May Adversely Impact the Availability and Cost of Credit and Have Other Adverse Effects on Us and the Market Price of Our Common Stock.●We Would Incur Adverse Tax Consequences if We Failed to Qualify as a REIT.●Changes in Market Conditions and Volatility of Stock Prices Could Adversely Affect the Market Price of Our Common Stock.●We May Change the Dividend Policy for Our Common Stock in the Future.●Limitations on Share Ownership and Limitations on the Ability of Our Stockholders to Effect a Change in Control of Our Company Restrict the Transferability of Our Stock and May Prevent Takeovers That are Beneficial to Our Stockholders.​​ ●We Could Incur Significant Insurance Costs and Some Potential Losses May Not Be Adequately Covered by Insurance.●The Adoption of, or Changes to, Rent Control, Rent Stabilization, Eviction, Tenants’ Rights and Similar Laws and Regulations in Our Markets Could Have an Adverse Effect on Our Results of Operations and Property Values.●Risks of Litigation.●A Breach of Information Technology Systems On Which We Rely Could Materially and Adversely Impact Our Business, Financial Condition, Results of Operations and Reputation.●Changing Interest Rates Could Increase Interest Costs and Adversely Affect Our Cash Flows and the Market Price of Our Common Stock.●Insufficient Cash Flow Could Affect Our Debt Financing and Create Refinancing Risk.●Failure to Generate Sufficient Income Could Impair Debt Service Payments and Distributions to Stockholders.●Failure To Maintain Our Current Credit Ratings Could Adversely Affect Our Cost of Funds, Related Margins, Liquidity, and Access to Capital Markets.●Disruptions in Financial Markets May Adversely Impact the Availability and Cost of Credit and Have Other Adverse Effects on Us and the Market Price of Our Common Stock.●We Would Incur Adverse Tax Consequences if We Failed to Qualify as a REIT.●Changes in Market Conditions and Volatility of Stock Prices Could Adversely Affect the Market Price of Our Common Stock.●We May Change the Dividend Policy for Our Common Stock in the Future.●Limitations on Share Ownership and Limitations on the Ability of Our Stockholders to Effect a Change in Control of Our Company Restrict the Transferability of Our Stock and May Prevent Takeovers That are Beneficial to Our Stockholders.​​ ​ ​ ●We Could Incur Significant Insurance Costs and Some Potential Losses May Not Be Adequately Covered by Insurance.●The Adoption of, or Changes to, Rent Control, Rent Stabilization, Eviction, Tenants’ Rights and Similar Laws and Regulations in Our Markets Could Have an Adverse Effect on Our Results of Operations and Property Values.●Risks of Litigation.●A Breach of Information Technology Systems On Which We Rely Could Materially and Adversely Impact Our Business, Financial Condition, Results of Operations and Reputation.●Changing Interest Rates Could Increase Interest Costs and Adversely Affect Our Cash Flows and the Market Price of Our Common Stock.●Insufficient Cash Flow Could Affect Our Debt Financing and Create Refinancing Risk.●Failure to Generate Sufficient Income Could Impair Debt Service Payments and Distributions to Stockholders.●Failure To Maintain Our Current Credit Ratings Could Adversely Affect Our Cost of Funds, Related Margins, Liquidity, and Access to Capital Markets.●Disruptions in Financial Markets May Adversely Impact the Availability and Cost of Credit and Have Other Adverse Effects on Us and the Market Price of Our Common Stock.●We Would Incur Adverse Tax Consequences if We Failed to Qualify as a REIT.●Changes in Market Conditions and Volatility of Stock Prices Could Adversely Affect the Market Price of Our Common Stock.●We May Change the Dividend Policy for Our Common Stock in the Future.●Limitations on Share Ownership and Limitations on the Ability of Our Stockholders to Effect a Change in Control of Our Company Restrict the Transferability of Our Stock and May Prevent Takeovers That are Beneficial to Our Stockholders.​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 3 3 3 3 3 3 Table of ContentsItem 1.\"",
        "Reworded sentence: \"At December 31, 2024, our consolidated real estate portfolio consisted of 169 communities located in 21 markets, consisting of 55,696 completed apartment homes, which are held directly or through our subsidiaries, including the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership, and consolidated joint ventures.\"",
        "Reworded sentence: \"In 2024, we declared total distributions of $1.70 per common share and paid dividends of $1.695 per common share.​​​​​​​​ Dividends Dividends​​Declared in​Paid in​​2024​2024First Quarter​$ 0.4250​$ 0.4200Second Quarter​ 0.4250​ 0.4250Third Quarter​ 0.4250​ 0.4250Fourth Quarter​ 0.4250​ 0.4250Total​$ 1.7000​$ 1.6950​UDR was formed in 1972 as a Virginia corporation.\"",
        "Reworded sentence: \"The information contained on our website, including any information referred to in this Report as being available on our website, is not a part of or incorporated into this Report.As of December 31, 2024, there were 189.8 million units in the Operating Partnership (“OP Units”) outstanding, of which 176.6 million OP Units (including 0.1 million of general partnership units), or 93.0%, were owned by UDR and 13.2 million OP Units, or 7.0%, were owned by outside limited partners.\"",
        "Reworded sentence: \"At December 31, 2024, our consolidated real estate portfolio consisted of 169 communities located in 21 markets, consisting of 55,696 completed apartment homes, which are held directly or through our subsidiaries, including the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership, and consolidated joint ventures.\""
      ],
      "current_body": "Our business is subject to a number of risks, including risks that may prevent us from achieving our business objectives or may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and prospects. These risks are discussed more fully in Item 1A. Risk Factors herein. These risks include, but are not limited to, the following: 2 2 2 2 2 2 Table of Contents●We Could Incur Significant Insurance Costs and Some Potential Losses May Not Be Adequately Covered by Insurance.●The Adoption of, or Changes to, Rent Control, Rent Stabilization, Eviction, Tenants’ Rights and Similar Laws and Regulations in Our Markets Could Have an Adverse Effect on Our Results of Operations and Property Values.●Risks of Litigation.●A Breach of Information Technology Systems On Which We Rely Could Materially and Adversely Impact Our Business, Financial Condition, Results of Operations and Reputation.●Changing Interest Rates Could Increase Interest Costs and Adversely Affect Our Cash Flows and the Market Price of Our Common Stock.●Insufficient Cash Flow Could Affect Our Debt Financing and Create Refinancing Risk.●Failure to Generate Sufficient Income Could Impair Debt Service Payments and Distributions to Stockholders.●Failure To Maintain Our Current Credit Ratings Could Adversely Affect Our Cost of Funds, Related Margins, Liquidity, and Access to Capital Markets.●Disruptions in Financial Markets May Adversely Impact the Availability and Cost of Credit and Have Other Adverse Effects on Us and the Market Price of Our Common Stock.●We Would Incur Adverse Tax Consequences if We Failed to Qualify as a REIT.●Changes in Market Conditions and Volatility of Stock Prices Could Adversely Affect the Market Price of Our Common Stock.●We May Change the Dividend Policy for Our Common Stock in the Future.●Limitations on Share Ownership and Limitations on the Ability of Our Stockholders to Effect a Change in Control of Our Company Restrict the Transferability of Our Stock and May Prevent Takeovers That are Beneficial to Our Stockholders.​​3 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents ●We Could Incur Significant Insurance Costs and Some Potential Losses May Not Be Adequately Covered by Insurance.●The Adoption of, or Changes to, Rent Control, Rent Stabilization, Eviction, Tenants’ Rights and Similar Laws and Regulations in Our Markets Could Have an Adverse Effect on Our Results of Operations and Property Values.●Risks of Litigation.●A Breach of Information Technology Systems On Which We Rely Could Materially and Adversely Impact Our Business, Financial Condition, Results of Operations and Reputation.●Changing Interest Rates Could Increase Interest Costs and Adversely Affect Our Cash Flows and the Market Price of Our Common Stock.●Insufficient Cash Flow Could Affect Our Debt Financing and Create Refinancing Risk.●Failure to Generate Sufficient Income Could Impair Debt Service Payments and Distributions to Stockholders.●Failure To Maintain Our Current Credit Ratings Could Adversely Affect Our Cost of Funds, Related Margins, Liquidity, and Access to Capital Markets.●Disruptions in Financial Markets May Adversely Impact the Availability and Cost of Credit and Have Other Adverse Effects on Us and the Market Price of Our Common Stock.●We Would Incur Adverse Tax Consequences if We Failed to Qualify as a REIT.●Changes in Market Conditions and Volatility of Stock Prices Could Adversely Affect the Market Price of Our Common Stock.●We May Change the Dividend Policy for Our Common Stock in the Future.●Limitations on Share Ownership and Limitations on the Ability of Our Stockholders to Effect a Change in Control of Our Company Restrict the Transferability of Our Stock and May Prevent Takeovers That are Beneficial to Our Stockholders.​​ ●We Could Incur Significant Insurance Costs and Some Potential Losses May Not Be Adequately Covered by Insurance.●The Adoption of, or Changes to, Rent Control, Rent Stabilization, Eviction, Tenants’ Rights and Similar Laws and Regulations in Our Markets Could Have an Adverse Effect on Our Results of Operations and Property Values.●Risks of Litigation.●A Breach of Information Technology Systems On Which We Rely Could Materially and Adversely Impact Our Business, Financial Condition, Results of Operations and Reputation.●Changing Interest Rates Could Increase Interest Costs and Adversely Affect Our Cash Flows and the Market Price of Our Common Stock.●Insufficient Cash Flow Could Affect Our Debt Financing and Create Refinancing Risk.●Failure to Generate Sufficient Income Could Impair Debt Service Payments and Distributions to Stockholders.●Failure To Maintain Our Current Credit Ratings Could Adversely Affect Our Cost of Funds, Related Margins, Liquidity, and Access to Capital Markets.●Disruptions in Financial Markets May Adversely Impact the Availability and Cost of Credit and Have Other Adverse Effects on Us and the Market Price of Our Common Stock.●We Would Incur Adverse Tax Consequences if We Failed to Qualify as a REIT.●Changes in Market Conditions and Volatility of Stock Prices Could Adversely Affect the Market Price of Our Common Stock.●We May Change the Dividend Policy for Our Common Stock in the Future.●Limitations on Share Ownership and Limitations on the Ability of Our Stockholders to Effect a Change in Control of Our Company Restrict the Transferability of Our Stock and May Prevent Takeovers That are Beneficial to Our Stockholders.​​ ​ ​ 3 3 3 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents ●We Could Incur Significant Insurance Costs and Some Potential Losses May Not Be Adequately Covered by Insurance.●The Adoption of, or Changes to, Rent Control, Rent Stabilization, Eviction, Tenants’ Rights and Similar Laws and Regulations in Our Markets Could Have an Adverse Effect on Our Results of Operations and Property Values.●Risks of Litigation.●A Breach of Information Technology Systems On Which We Rely Could Materially and Adversely Impact Our Business, Financial Condition, Results of Operations and Reputation.●Changing Interest Rates Could Increase Interest Costs and Adversely Affect Our Cash Flows and the Market Price of Our Common Stock.●Insufficient Cash Flow Could Affect Our Debt Financing and Create Refinancing Risk.●Failure to Generate Sufficient Income Could Impair Debt Service Payments and Distributions to Stockholders.●Failure To Maintain Our Current Credit Ratings Could Adversely Affect Our Cost of Funds, Related Margins, Liquidity, and Access to Capital Markets.●Disruptions in Financial Markets May Adversely Impact the Availability and Cost of Credit and Have Other Adverse Effects on Us and the Market Price of Our Common Stock.●We Would Incur Adverse Tax Consequences if We Failed to Qualify as a REIT.●Changes in Market Conditions and Volatility of Stock Prices Could Adversely Affect the Market Price of Our Common Stock.●We May Change the Dividend Policy for Our Common Stock in the Future.●Limitations on Share Ownership and Limitations on the Ability of Our Stockholders to Effect a Change in Control of Our Company Restrict the Transferability of Our Stock and May Prevent Takeovers That are Beneficial to Our Stockholders.​​ ●We Could Incur Significant Insurance Costs and Some Potential Losses May Not Be Adequately Covered by Insurance.●The Adoption of, or Changes to, Rent Control, Rent Stabilization, Eviction, Tenants’ Rights and Similar Laws and Regulations in Our Markets Could Have an Adverse Effect on Our Results of Operations and Property Values.●Risks of Litigation.●A Breach of Information Technology Systems On Which We Rely Could Materially and Adversely Impact Our Business, Financial Condition, Results of Operations and Reputation.●Changing Interest Rates Could Increase Interest Costs and Adversely Affect Our Cash Flows and the Market Price of Our Common Stock.●Insufficient Cash Flow Could Affect Our Debt Financing and Create Refinancing Risk.●Failure to Generate Sufficient Income Could Impair Debt Service Payments and Distributions to Stockholders.●Failure To Maintain Our Current Credit Ratings Could Adversely Affect Our Cost of Funds, Related Margins, Liquidity, and Access to Capital Markets.●Disruptions in Financial Markets May Adversely Impact the Availability and Cost of Credit and Have Other Adverse Effects on Us and the Market Price of Our Common Stock.●We Would Incur Adverse Tax Consequences if We Failed to Qualify as a REIT.●Changes in Market Conditions and Volatility of Stock Prices Could Adversely Affect the Market Price of Our Common Stock.●We May Change the Dividend Policy for Our Common Stock in the Future.●Limitations on Share Ownership and Limitations on the Ability of Our Stockholders to Effect a Change in Control of Our Company Restrict the Transferability of Our Stock and May Prevent Takeovers That are Beneficial to Our Stockholders.​​ ​ ​ ●We Could Incur Significant Insurance Costs and Some Potential Losses May Not Be Adequately Covered by Insurance.●The Adoption of, or Changes to, Rent Control, Rent Stabilization, Eviction, Tenants’ Rights and Similar Laws and Regulations in Our Markets Could Have an Adverse Effect on Our Results of Operations and Property Values.●Risks of Litigation.●A Breach of Information Technology Systems On Which We Rely Could Materially and Adversely Impact Our Business, Financial Condition, Results of Operations and Reputation.●Changing Interest Rates Could Increase Interest Costs and Adversely Affect Our Cash Flows and the Market Price of Our Common Stock.●Insufficient Cash Flow Could Affect Our Debt Financing and Create Refinancing Risk.●Failure to Generate Sufficient Income Could Impair Debt Service Payments and Distributions to Stockholders.●Failure To Maintain Our Current Credit Ratings Could Adversely Affect Our Cost of Funds, Related Margins, Liquidity, and Access to Capital Markets.●Disruptions in Financial Markets May Adversely Impact the Availability and Cost of Credit and Have Other Adverse Effects on Us and the Market Price of Our Common Stock.●We Would Incur Adverse Tax Consequences if We Failed to Qualify as a REIT.●Changes in Market Conditions and Volatility of Stock Prices Could Adversely Affect the Market Price of Our Common Stock.●We May Change the Dividend Policy for Our Common Stock in the Future.●Limitations on Share Ownership and Limitations on the Ability of Our Stockholders to Effect a Change in Control of Our Company Restrict the Transferability of Our Stock and May Prevent Takeovers That are Beneficial to Our Stockholders.​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 3 3 3 3 3 3 Table of ContentsItem 1. BUSINESSGeneralUDR is a self-administered real estate investment trust, or REIT, that owns, operates, acquires, renovates, develops, redevelops, disposes of, and manages multifamily apartment communities in targeted markets located in the United States. At December 31, 2024, our consolidated real estate portfolio consisted of 169 communities located in 21 markets, consisting of 55,696 completed apartment homes, which are held directly or through our subsidiaries, including the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership, and consolidated joint ventures. In addition, we have an ownership interest in 10,860 completed or to-be-completed apartment homes through unconsolidated joint ventures or partnerships, including 6,436 apartment homes owned by entities in which we hold preferred equity investments. At December 31, 2024, the Company was not developing any communities, although the Company was incurring and capitalizing costs directly related to predevelopment activities in preparation of future development commencements. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company completed the development of two communities located in Tampa, Florida and Addison, Texas, with a total of 415 apartment homes.UDR has elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, which we refer to in this Report as the “Code.” To continue to qualify as a REIT, we must continue to meet certain tests which, among other things, generally require that our assets consist primarily of real estate assets, our income be derived primarily from real estate assets, and that we distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (other than our net capital gains) to our stockholders annually. As a REIT, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxes at the corporate level on our net income to the extent we distribute such net income to our stockholders annually. In 2024, we declared total distributions of $1.70 per common share and paid dividends of $1.695 per common share.​​​​​​​​ Dividends Dividends​​Declared in​Paid in​​2024​2024First Quarter​$ 0.4250​$ 0.4200Second Quarter​ 0.4250​ 0.4250Third Quarter​ 0.4250​ 0.4250Fourth Quarter​ 0.4250​ 0.4250Total​$ 1.7000​$ 1.6950​UDR was formed in 1972 as a Virginia corporation. In June 2003, we changed our state of incorporation from Virginia to Maryland. Our corporate offices are located at 1745 Shea Center Drive, Suite 200, Highlands Ranch, Colorado and our telephone number is (720) 283-6120. Our website is www.udr.com. The information contained on our website, including any information referred to in this Report as being available on our website, is not a part of or incorporated into this Report.As of December 31, 2024, there were 189.8 million units in the Operating Partnership (“OP Units”) outstanding, of which 176.6 million OP Units (including 0.1 million of general partnership units), or 93.0%, were owned by UDR and 13.2 million OP Units, or 7.0%, were owned by outside limited partners. As of December 31, 2024, there were 32.4 million units in the DownREIT Partnership (“DownREIT Units”) outstanding, of which 23.0 million, or 71.0%, were owned by UDR and its subsidiaries and 9.4 million, or 29.0%, were owned by outside limited partners. The consolidated financial statements of UDR include the noncontrolling interests of the unitholders in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership.Human Capital Management​We strive to attract and retain high-performing talent. As of December 31, 2024, our Company had 1,419 full-time associates and 13 part-time associates, all of whom are dedicated to the success of our organization. Within this workforce, 1,007 associates are focused on roles directly associated with our communities, while the remaining associates contribute to various corporate functions. Our commitment extends to the entire employee lifecycle, encompassing recruitment, onboarding, development, engagement, and retention. Our overarching objective is to enhance the associate experience, foster diversity, and maintain a motivated and committed workforce that fuels our growth and talent retention. This dedication to our UDR culture, values, and behaviors directly influences improved engagement, productivity, and the overall success of our organization. ​4 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Item 1. BUSINESSGeneralUDR is a self-administered real estate investment trust, or REIT, that owns, operates, acquires, renovates, develops, redevelops, disposes of, and manages multifamily apartment communities in targeted markets located in the United States. At December 31, 2024, our consolidated real estate portfolio consisted of 169 communities located in 21 markets, consisting of 55,696 completed apartment homes, which are held directly or through our subsidiaries, including the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership, and consolidated joint ventures. In addition, we have an ownership interest in 10,860 completed or to-be-completed apartment homes through unconsolidated joint ventures or partnerships, including 6,436 apartment homes owned by entities in which we hold preferred equity investments. At December 31, 2024, the Company was not developing any communities, although the Company was incurring and capitalizing costs directly related to predevelopment activities in preparation of future development commencements. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company completed the development of two communities located in Tampa, Florida and Addison, Texas, with a total of 415 apartment homes.UDR has elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, which we refer to in this Report as the “Code.” To continue to qualify as a REIT, we must continue to meet certain tests which, among other things, generally require that our assets consist primarily of real estate assets, our income be derived primarily from real estate assets, and that we distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (other than our net capital gains) to our stockholders annually. As a REIT, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxes at the corporate level on our net income to the extent we distribute such net income to our stockholders annually. In 2024, we declared total distributions of $1.70 per common share and paid dividends of $1.695 per common share.​​​​​​​​ Dividends Dividends​​Declared in​Paid in​​2024​2024First Quarter​$ 0.4250​$ 0.4200Second Quarter​ 0.4250​ 0.4250Third Quarter​ 0.4250​ 0.4250Fourth Quarter​ 0.4250​ 0.4250Total​$ 1.7000​$ 1.6950​UDR was formed in 1972 as a Virginia corporation. In June 2003, we changed our state of incorporation from Virginia to Maryland. Our corporate offices are located at 1745 Shea Center Drive, Suite 200, Highlands Ranch, Colorado and our telephone number is (720) 283-6120. Our website is www.udr.com. The information contained on our website, including any information referred to in this Report as being available on our website, is not a part of or incorporated into this Report.As of December 31, 2024, there were 189.8 million units in the Operating Partnership (“OP Units”) outstanding, of which 176.6 million OP Units (including 0.1 million of general partnership units), or 93.0%, were owned by UDR and 13.2 million OP Units, or 7.0%, were owned by outside limited partners. As of December 31, 2024, there were 32.4 million units in the DownREIT Partnership (“DownREIT Units”) outstanding, of which 23.0 million, or 71.0%, were owned by UDR and its subsidiaries and 9.4 million, or 29.0%, were owned by outside limited partners. The consolidated financial statements of UDR include the noncontrolling interests of the unitholders in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership.Human Capital Management​We strive to attract and retain high-performing talent. As of December 31, 2024, our Company had 1,419 full-time associates and 13 part-time associates, all of whom are dedicated to the success of our organization. Within this workforce, 1,007 associates are focused on roles directly associated with our communities, while the remaining associates contribute to various corporate functions. Our commitment extends to the entire employee lifecycle, encompassing recruitment, onboarding, development, engagement, and retention. Our overarching objective is to enhance the associate experience, foster diversity, and maintain a motivated and committed workforce that fuels our growth and talent retention. This dedication to our UDR culture, values, and behaviors directly influences improved engagement, productivity, and the overall success of our organization. ​ Item 1. BUSINESSGeneralUDR is a self-administered real estate investment trust, or REIT, that owns, operates, acquires, renovates, develops, redevelops, disposes of, and manages multifamily apartment communities in targeted markets located in the United States. At December 31, 2024, our consolidated real estate portfolio consisted of 169 communities located in 21 markets, consisting of 55,696 completed apartment homes, which are held directly or through our subsidiaries, including the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership, and consolidated joint ventures. In addition, we have an ownership interest in 10,860 completed or to-be-completed apartment homes through unconsolidated joint ventures or partnerships, including 6,436 apartment homes owned by entities in which we hold preferred equity investments. At December 31, 2024, the Company was not developing any communities, although the Company was incurring and capitalizing costs directly related to predevelopment activities in preparation of future development commencements. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company completed the development of two communities located in Tampa, Florida and Addison, Texas, with a total of 415 apartment homes.UDR has elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, which we refer to in this Report as the “Code.” To continue to qualify as a REIT, we must continue to meet certain tests which, among other things, generally require that our assets consist primarily of real estate assets, our income be derived primarily from real estate assets, and that we distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (other than our net capital gains) to our stockholders annually. As a REIT, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxes at the corporate level on our net income to the extent we distribute such net income to our stockholders annually. In 2024, we declared total distributions of $1.70 per common share and paid dividends of $1.695 per common share.​​​​​​​​ Dividends Dividends​​Declared in​Paid in​​2024​2024First Quarter​$ 0.4250​$ 0.4200Second Quarter​ 0.4250​ 0.4250Third Quarter​ 0.4250​ 0.4250Fourth Quarter​ 0.4250​ 0.4250Total​$ 1.7000​$ 1.6950​UDR was formed in 1972 as a Virginia corporation. In June 2003, we changed our state of incorporation from Virginia to Maryland. Our corporate offices are located at 1745 Shea Center Drive, Suite 200, Highlands Ranch, Colorado and our telephone number is (720) 283-6120. Our website is www.udr.com. The information contained on our website, including any information referred to in this Report as being available on our website, is not a part of or incorporated into this Report.As of December 31, 2024, there were 189.8 million units in the Operating Partnership (“OP Units”) outstanding, of which 176.6 million OP Units (including 0.1 million of general partnership units), or 93.0%, were owned by UDR and 13.2 million OP Units, or 7.0%, were owned by outside limited partners. As of December 31, 2024, there were 32.4 million units in the DownREIT Partnership (“DownREIT Units”) outstanding, of which 23.0 million, or 71.0%, were owned by UDR and its subsidiaries and 9.4 million, or 29.0%, were owned by outside limited partners. The consolidated financial statements of UDR include the noncontrolling interests of the unitholders in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership.Human Capital Management​We strive to attract and retain high-performing talent. As of December 31, 2024, our Company had 1,419 full-time associates and 13 part-time associates, all of whom are dedicated to the success of our organization. Within this workforce, 1,007 associates are focused on roles directly associated with our communities, while the remaining associates contribute to various corporate functions. Our commitment extends to the entire employee lifecycle, encompassing recruitment, onboarding, development, engagement, and retention. Our overarching objective is to enhance the associate experience, foster diversity, and maintain a motivated and committed workforce that fuels our growth and talent retention. This dedication to our UDR culture, values, and behaviors directly influences improved engagement, productivity, and the overall success of our organization. ​ Item 1. BUSINESS General UDR is a self-administered real estate investment trust, or REIT, that owns, operates, acquires, renovates, develops, redevelops, disposes of, and manages multifamily apartment communities in targeted markets located in the United States. At December 31, 2024, our consolidated real estate portfolio consisted of 169 communities located in 21 markets, consisting of 55,696 completed apartment homes, which are held directly or through our subsidiaries, including the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership, and consolidated joint ventures. In addition, we have an ownership interest in 10,860 completed or to-be-completed apartment homes through unconsolidated joint ventures or partnerships, including 6,436 apartment homes owned by entities in which we hold preferred equity investments. At December 31, 2024, the Company was not developing any communities, although the Company was incurring and capitalizing costs directly related to predevelopment activities in preparation of future development commencements. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company completed the development of two communities located in Tampa, Florida and Addison, Texas, with a total of 415 apartment homes. UDR has elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, which we refer to in this Report as the “Code.” To continue to qualify as a REIT, we must continue to meet certain tests which, among other things, generally require that our assets consist primarily of real estate assets, our income be derived primarily from real estate assets, and that we distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (other than our net capital gains) to our stockholders annually. As a REIT, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxes at the corporate level on our net income to the extent we distribute such net income to our stockholders annually. In 2024, we declared total distributions of $1.70 per common share and paid dividends of $1.695 per common share. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Dividends Dividends ​ ​",
      "prior_body": "Our business is subject to a number of risks, including risks that may prevent us from achieving our business objectives or may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and prospects. These risks are discussed more fully in Item 1A. Risk Factors herein. These risks include, but are not limited to, the following: 2 2 2 2 2 2 Table of Contents●We Could Incur Significant Insurance Costs and Some Potential Losses May Not Be Adequately Covered by Insurance.●The Adoption of, or Changes to, Rent Control, Rent Stabilization, Eviction, Tenants’ Rights and Similar Laws and Regulations in Our Markets Could Have an Adverse Effect on Our Results of Operations and Property Values.●A Breach of Information Technology Systems On Which We Rely Could Materially and Adversely Impact Our Business, Financial Condition, Results of Operations and Reputation.●Changing Interest Rates Could Increase Interest Costs and Adversely Affect Our Cash Flows and the Market Price of Our Common Stock.●Insufficient Cash Flow Could Affect Our Debt Financing and Create Refinancing Risk.●Failure to Generate Sufficient Income Could Impair Debt Service Payments and Distributions to Stockholders.●Failure To Maintain Our Current Credit Ratings Could Adversely Affect Our Cost of Funds, Related Margins, Liquidity, and Access to Capital Markets.●Disruptions in Financial Markets May Adversely Impact the Availability and Cost of Credit and Have Other Adverse Effects on Us and the Market Price of Our Common Stock.●We Would Incur Adverse Tax Consequences if We Failed to Qualify as a REIT.●Changes in Market Conditions and Volatility of Stock Prices Could Adversely Affect the Market Price of Our Common Stock.●We May Change the Dividend Policy for Our Common Stock in the Future.●Limitations on Share Ownership and Limitations on the Ability of Our Stockholders to Effect a Change in Control of Our Company Restrict the Transferability of Our Stock and May Prevent Takeovers That are Beneficial to Our Stockholders.​​3 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents ●We Could Incur Significant Insurance Costs and Some Potential Losses May Not Be Adequately Covered by Insurance.●The Adoption of, or Changes to, Rent Control, Rent Stabilization, Eviction, Tenants’ Rights and Similar Laws and Regulations in Our Markets Could Have an Adverse Effect on Our Results of Operations and Property Values.●A Breach of Information Technology Systems On Which We Rely Could Materially and Adversely Impact Our Business, Financial Condition, Results of Operations and Reputation.●Changing Interest Rates Could Increase Interest Costs and Adversely Affect Our Cash Flows and the Market Price of Our Common Stock.●Insufficient Cash Flow Could Affect Our Debt Financing and Create Refinancing Risk.●Failure to Generate Sufficient Income Could Impair Debt Service Payments and Distributions to Stockholders.●Failure To Maintain Our Current Credit Ratings Could Adversely Affect Our Cost of Funds, Related Margins, Liquidity, and Access to Capital Markets.●Disruptions in Financial Markets May Adversely Impact the Availability and Cost of Credit and Have Other Adverse Effects on Us and the Market Price of Our Common Stock.●We Would Incur Adverse Tax Consequences if We Failed to Qualify as a REIT.●Changes in Market Conditions and Volatility of Stock Prices Could Adversely Affect the Market Price of Our Common Stock.●We May Change the Dividend Policy for Our Common Stock in the Future.●Limitations on Share Ownership and Limitations on the Ability of Our Stockholders to Effect a Change in Control of Our Company Restrict the Transferability of Our Stock and May Prevent Takeovers That are Beneficial to Our Stockholders.​​ ​ ​ 3 3 3 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents ●We Could Incur Significant Insurance Costs and Some Potential Losses May Not Be Adequately Covered by Insurance.●The Adoption of, or Changes to, Rent Control, Rent Stabilization, Eviction, Tenants’ Rights and Similar Laws and Regulations in Our Markets Could Have an Adverse Effect on Our Results of Operations and Property Values.●A Breach of Information Technology Systems On Which We Rely Could Materially and Adversely Impact Our Business, Financial Condition, Results of Operations and Reputation.●Changing Interest Rates Could Increase Interest Costs and Adversely Affect Our Cash Flows and the Market Price of Our Common Stock.●Insufficient Cash Flow Could Affect Our Debt Financing and Create Refinancing Risk.●Failure to Generate Sufficient Income Could Impair Debt Service Payments and Distributions to Stockholders.●Failure To Maintain Our Current Credit Ratings Could Adversely Affect Our Cost of Funds, Related Margins, Liquidity, and Access to Capital Markets.●Disruptions in Financial Markets May Adversely Impact the Availability and Cost of Credit and Have Other Adverse Effects on Us and the Market Price of Our Common Stock.●We Would Incur Adverse Tax Consequences if We Failed to Qualify as a REIT.●Changes in Market Conditions and Volatility of Stock Prices Could Adversely Affect the Market Price of Our Common Stock.●We May Change the Dividend Policy for Our Common Stock in the Future.●Limitations on Share Ownership and Limitations on the Ability of Our Stockholders to Effect a Change in Control of Our Company Restrict the Transferability of Our Stock and May Prevent Takeovers That are Beneficial to Our Stockholders.​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 3 3 3 3 3 3 Table of ContentsItem 1. BUSINESSGeneralUDR is a self-administered real estate investment trust, or REIT, that owns, operates, acquires, renovates, develops, redevelops, disposes of, and manages multifamily apartment communities in targeted markets located in the United States. At December 31, 2023, our consolidated real estate portfolio consisted of 168 communities located in 21 markets, consisting of 55,550 completed apartment homes, which are held directly or through our subsidiaries, including the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership, and consolidated joint ventures. In addition, we have an ownership interest in 10,045 completed or to-be-completed apartment homes through unconsolidated joint ventures or partnerships, including 5,618 apartment homes owned by entities in which we hold preferred equity investments. At December 31, 2023, the Company was developing two wholly-owned communities totaling 415 homes, of which 56 have been completed.UDR has elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, which we refer to in this Report as the “Code.” To continue to qualify as a REIT, we must continue to meet certain tests which, among other things, generally require that our assets consist primarily of real estate assets, our income be derived primarily from real estate assets, and that we distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (other than our net capital gains) to our stockholders annually. As a REIT, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxes at the corporate level on our net income to the extent we distribute such net income to our stockholders annually. In 2023, we declared total distributions of $1.68 per common share and paid dividends of $1.64 per common share.​​​​​​​​ Dividends Dividends​​Declared in​Paid in​​2023​2023First Quarter​$ 0.4200​$ 0.3800Second Quarter​ 0.4200​ 0.4200Third Quarter​ 0.4200​ 0.4200Fourth Quarter​ 0.4200​ 0.4200Total​$ 1.6800​$ 1.6400​UDR was formed in 1972 as a Virginia corporation. In June 2003, we changed our state of incorporation from Virginia to Maryland. Our corporate offices are located at 1745 Shea Center Drive, Suite 200, Highlands Ranch, Colorado and our telephone number is (720) 283-6120. Our website is www.udr.com. The information contained on our website, including any information referred to in this Report as being available on our website, is not a part of or incorporated into this Report.As of December 31, 2023, there were 189.9 million units in the Operating Partnership (“OP Units”) outstanding, of which 176.4 million OP Units (including 0.1 million of general partnership units), or 92.9%, were owned by UDR and 13.5 million OP Units, or 7.1%, were owned by outside limited partners. As of December 31, 2023, there were 32.4 million units in the DownREIT Partnership (“DownREIT Units”) outstanding, of which 21.4 million, or 66.0%, were owned by UDR and its subsidiaries and 11.0 million, or 34.0%, were owned by outside limited partners. The consolidated financial statements of UDR include the noncontrolling interests of the unitholders in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership.Human Capital Management​As of December 31, 2023, our team at UDR comprises 1,397 full-time associates and 13 part-time associates, all of whom are dedicated to the success of our organization. Within this workforce, 991 associates are focused on roles directly associated with our communities, while the remaining associates contribute to various corporate functions. Our commitment to social responsibility extends to the entire employee lifecycle, encompassing recruitment, onboarding, development, engagement, and retention. Our overarching objective is to enhance the associate experience, foster diversity, and maintain a motivated workforce that fuels our growth and talent retention. This dedication to our UDR culture and values directly influences improved engagement, productivity, and the overall success of our organization.​Our UDR culture is defined by choice, transparency, and trust, empowering our associates to make decisions that align with their individual interests and benefit the Company as a whole. By prioritizing and enhancing the associate experience, we hope to enhance engagement levels, leading to increased customer satisfaction, higher employee 4 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Item 1. BUSINESSGeneralUDR is a self-administered real estate investment trust, or REIT, that owns, operates, acquires, renovates, develops, redevelops, disposes of, and manages multifamily apartment communities in targeted markets located in the United States. At December 31, 2023, our consolidated real estate portfolio consisted of 168 communities located in 21 markets, consisting of 55,550 completed apartment homes, which are held directly or through our subsidiaries, including the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership, and consolidated joint ventures. In addition, we have an ownership interest in 10,045 completed or to-be-completed apartment homes through unconsolidated joint ventures or partnerships, including 5,618 apartment homes owned by entities in which we hold preferred equity investments. At December 31, 2023, the Company was developing two wholly-owned communities totaling 415 homes, of which 56 have been completed.UDR has elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, which we refer to in this Report as the “Code.” To continue to qualify as a REIT, we must continue to meet certain tests which, among other things, generally require that our assets consist primarily of real estate assets, our income be derived primarily from real estate assets, and that we distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (other than our net capital gains) to our stockholders annually. As a REIT, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxes at the corporate level on our net income to the extent we distribute such net income to our stockholders annually. In 2023, we declared total distributions of $1.68 per common share and paid dividends of $1.64 per common share.​​​​​​​​ Dividends Dividends​​Declared in​Paid in​​2023​2023First Quarter​$ 0.4200​$ 0.3800Second Quarter​ 0.4200​ 0.4200Third Quarter​ 0.4200​ 0.4200Fourth Quarter​ 0.4200​ 0.4200Total​$ 1.6800​$ 1.6400​UDR was formed in 1972 as a Virginia corporation. In June 2003, we changed our state of incorporation from Virginia to Maryland. Our corporate offices are located at 1745 Shea Center Drive, Suite 200, Highlands Ranch, Colorado and our telephone number is (720) 283-6120. Our website is www.udr.com. The information contained on our website, including any information referred to in this Report as being available on our website, is not a part of or incorporated into this Report.As of December 31, 2023, there were 189.9 million units in the Operating Partnership (“OP Units”) outstanding, of which 176.4 million OP Units (including 0.1 million of general partnership units), or 92.9%, were owned by UDR and 13.5 million OP Units, or 7.1%, were owned by outside limited partners. As of December 31, 2023, there were 32.4 million units in the DownREIT Partnership (“DownREIT Units”) outstanding, of which 21.4 million, or 66.0%, were owned by UDR and its subsidiaries and 11.0 million, or 34.0%, were owned by outside limited partners. The consolidated financial statements of UDR include the noncontrolling interests of the unitholders in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership.Human Capital Management​As of December 31, 2023, our team at UDR comprises 1,397 full-time associates and 13 part-time associates, all of whom are dedicated to the success of our organization. Within this workforce, 991 associates are focused on roles directly associated with our communities, while the remaining associates contribute to various corporate functions. Our commitment to social responsibility extends to the entire employee lifecycle, encompassing recruitment, onboarding, development, engagement, and retention. Our overarching objective is to enhance the associate experience, foster diversity, and maintain a motivated workforce that fuels our growth and talent retention. This dedication to our UDR culture and values directly influences improved engagement, productivity, and the overall success of our organization.​Our UDR culture is defined by choice, transparency, and trust, empowering our associates to make decisions that align with their individual interests and benefit the Company as a whole. By prioritizing and enhancing the associate experience, we hope to enhance engagement levels, leading to increased customer satisfaction, higher employee Item 1. BUSINESS General UDR is a self-administered real estate investment trust, or REIT, that owns, operates, acquires, renovates, develops, redevelops, disposes of, and manages multifamily apartment communities in targeted markets located in the United States. At December 31, 2023, our consolidated real estate portfolio consisted of 168 communities located in 21 markets, consisting of 55,550 completed apartment homes, which are held directly or through our subsidiaries, including the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership, and consolidated joint ventures. In addition, we have an ownership interest in 10,045 completed or to-be-completed apartment homes through unconsolidated joint ventures or partnerships, including 5,618 apartment homes owned by entities in which we hold preferred equity investments. At December 31, 2023, the Company was developing two wholly-owned communities totaling 415 homes, of which 56 have been completed. UDR has elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, which we refer to in this Report as the “Code.” To continue to qualify as a REIT, we must continue to meet certain tests which, among other things, generally require that our assets consist primarily of real estate assets, our income be derived primarily from real estate assets, and that we distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (other than our net capital gains) to our stockholders annually. As a REIT, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxes at the corporate level on our net income to the extent we distribute such net income to our stockholders annually. In 2023, we declared total distributions of $1.68 per common share and paid dividends of $1.64 per common share. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Dividends Dividends ​ ​"
    },
    {
      "status": "MODIFIED",
      "current_title": "Same-Store Community Comparison",
      "prior_title": "Environmental Matters",
      "similarity_score": 0.872,
      "confidence": "high",
      "key_changes": [
        "Reworded sentence: \"We believe that one pertinent quantitative measurement of the performance of our portfolio is tracking the results of our Same-Store Communities’ NOI, which is total rental revenue, less rental and other operating expenses excluding property management.\"",
        "Reworded sentence: \"Although an extreme or sustained escalation in costs could have a negative impact on our residents and their ability to absorb rent increases, we do not believe this had a material impact on our results for the year ended December 31, 2024.Environmental MattersVarious environmental laws govern certain aspects of the ongoing operation of our communities.\"",
        "Reworded sentence: \"We believe that through professional environmental inspections and testing for asbestos, lead paint and other hazardous materials, coupled with a relatively conservative posture toward accepting known environmental risk, we can minimize our exposure to potential liability associated with environmental hazards.Federal legislation requires owners and landlords of residential housing constructed prior to 1978 to disclose to potential residents or purchasers of the communities any known lead paint hazards and imposes treble damages for failure to provide such notification.\""
      ],
      "current_body": "We believe that one pertinent quantitative measurement of the performance of our portfolio is tracking the results of our Same-Store Communities’ NOI, which is total rental revenue, less rental and other operating expenses excluding property management. Our Same-Store Community population is comprised of operating communities which we own and have stabilized occupancy, revenues and expenses as of the beginning of the prior year. Net income attributable to common stockholders was $84.8 million as compared to $439.5 million in the prior year. The primary drivers for the decrease were lower gains from dispositions of real estate as we sold fewer assets in 2024 when compared to the same period in 2023, and lower interest income and other income/(expense) primarily driven by a $37.3 million non-cash loan reserve partially offset by higher notes receivable balances. These were partially offset by higher total net operating income (“NOI”). For the year ended December 31, 2024, our Same-Store NOI increased by $15.3 million compared to the prior year. Our Same-Store Community properties provided 92.4% of our total NOI for the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase in NOI for the 51,428 Same-Store apartment homes, or 92.3% of our portfolio, was primarily driven by an increase in market rental rates and an increase in reimbursement, ancillary and fee income, partially offset by higher personnel costs, higher repair and maintenance expense, higher utilities expense, higher administration and marketing costs, and higher real estate tax expense. 11 11 11 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents demand. In addition, other real estate investors compete with us to acquire existing properties, redevelop existing properties, and to develop new properties. These competitors include insurance companies, pension and investment funds, public and private real estate companies, investment companies and other public and private apartment REITs, some of which may have greater resources, or lower capital costs, than we do.We believe that, in general, we are well-positioned to compete effectively for residents and investments. We believe our competitive advantages include:●a fully integrated organization with property management, development, redevelopment, acquisition, marketing, sales and financing expertise;●scalable operating and support systems, which include automated systems to meet the changing needs of our residents and to effectively focus on our internet-based marketing efforts;●access to diversified sources of capital;●geographic diversification with a presence in 21 markets across the country; and●significant presence in many of our major markets that allows us to be a local operating expert.Moving forward, we will continue to improve lease management, improve expense control, increase resident retention efforts and align employee incentive plans with metrics that impact our bottom-line performance. We believe this plan of operation, coupled with the portfolio’s strengths in targeting renters across a geographically diverse platform, should position us for continued operational upside.CommunitiesAt December 31, 2024, our consolidated real estate portfolio included 169 communities with a total of 55,696 completed apartment homes. The overall quality of our portfolio relative to other properties generally enables us to charge higher rents and to attract residents with higher levels of disposable income who are more likely to absorb such rents.At December 31, 2024, the Company was not developing any communities, although the Company was incurring and capitalizing costs directly related to predevelopment activities in preparation of future development commencements. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company completed the development of two communities located in Tampa, Florida and Addison, Texas, with a total of 415 apartment homes.At December 31, 2024, the Company had no communities at which it was conducting substantial redevelopment activities.Same-Store Community ComparisonWe believe that one pertinent quantitative measurement of the performance of our portfolio is tracking the results of our Same-Store Communities’ NOI, which is total rental revenue, less rental and other operating expenses excluding property management. Our Same-Store Community population is comprised of operating communities which we own and have stabilized occupancy, revenues and expenses as of the beginning of the prior year.Net income attributable to common stockholders was $84.8 million as compared to $439.5 million in the prior year. The primary drivers for the decrease were lower gains from dispositions of real estate as we sold fewer assets in 2024 when compared to the same period in 2023, and lower interest income and other income/(expense) primarily driven by a $37.3 million non-cash loan reserve partially offset by higher notes receivable balances. These were partially offset by higher total net operating income (“NOI”).For the year ended December 31, 2024, our Same-Store NOI increased by $15.3 million compared to the prior year. Our Same-Store Community properties provided 92.4% of our total NOI for the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase in NOI for the 51,428 Same-Store apartment homes, or 92.3% of our portfolio, was primarily driven by an increase in market rental rates and an increase in reimbursement, ancillary and fee income, partially offset by higher personnel costs, higher repair and maintenance expense, higher utilities expense, higher administration and marketing costs, and higher real estate tax expense. demand. In addition, other real estate investors compete with us to acquire existing properties, redevelop existing properties, and to develop new properties. These competitors include insurance companies, pension and investment funds, public and private real estate companies, investment companies and other public and private apartment REITs, some of which may have greater resources, or lower capital costs, than we do.We believe that, in general, we are well-positioned to compete effectively for residents and investments. We believe our competitive advantages include:●a fully integrated organization with property management, development, redevelopment, acquisition, marketing, sales and financing expertise;●scalable operating and support systems, which include automated systems to meet the changing needs of our residents and to effectively focus on our internet-based marketing efforts;●access to diversified sources of capital;●geographic diversification with a presence in 21 markets across the country; and●significant presence in many of our major markets that allows us to be a local operating expert.Moving forward, we will continue to improve lease management, improve expense control, increase resident retention efforts and align employee incentive plans with metrics that impact our bottom-line performance. We believe this plan of operation, coupled with the portfolio’s strengths in targeting renters across a geographically diverse platform, should position us for continued operational upside.CommunitiesAt December 31, 2024, our consolidated real estate portfolio included 169 communities with a total of 55,696 completed apartment homes. The overall quality of our portfolio relative to other properties generally enables us to charge higher rents and to attract residents with higher levels of disposable income who are more likely to absorb such rents.At December 31, 2024, the Company was not developing any communities, although the Company was incurring and capitalizing costs directly related to predevelopment activities in preparation of future development commencements. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company completed the development of two communities located in Tampa, Florida and Addison, Texas, with a total of 415 apartment homes.At December 31, 2024, the Company had no communities at which it was conducting substantial redevelopment activities.Same-Store Community ComparisonWe believe that one pertinent quantitative measurement of the performance of our portfolio is tracking the results of our Same-Store Communities’ NOI, which is total rental revenue, less rental and other operating expenses excluding property management. Our Same-Store Community population is comprised of operating communities which we own and have stabilized occupancy, revenues and expenses as of the beginning of the prior year.Net income attributable to common stockholders was $84.8 million as compared to $439.5 million in the prior year. The primary drivers for the decrease were lower gains from dispositions of real estate as we sold fewer assets in 2024 when compared to the same period in 2023, and lower interest income and other income/(expense) primarily driven by a $37.3 million non-cash loan reserve partially offset by higher notes receivable balances. These were partially offset by higher total net operating income (“NOI”).For the year ended December 31, 2024, our Same-Store NOI increased by $15.3 million compared to the prior year. Our Same-Store Community properties provided 92.4% of our total NOI for the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase in NOI for the 51,428 Same-Store apartment homes, or 92.3% of our portfolio, was primarily driven by an increase in market rental rates and an increase in reimbursement, ancillary and fee income, partially offset by higher personnel costs, higher repair and maintenance expense, higher utilities expense, higher administration and marketing costs, and higher real estate tax expense. demand. In addition, other real estate investors compete with us to acquire existing properties, redevelop existing properties, and to develop new properties. These competitors include insurance companies, pension and investment funds, public and private real estate companies, investment companies and other public and private apartment REITs, some of which may have greater resources, or lower capital costs, than we do. We believe that, in general, we are well-positioned to compete effectively for residents and investments. We believe our competitive advantages include: Moving forward, we will continue to improve lease management, improve expense control, increase resident retention efforts and align employee incentive plans with metrics that impact our bottom-line performance. We believe this plan of operation, coupled with the portfolio’s strengths in targeting renters across a geographically diverse platform, should position us for continued operational upside.",
      "prior_body": "Various environmental laws govern certain aspects of the ongoing operation of our communities. Such environmental laws include those regulating the existence of asbestos-containing materials in buildings, management of surfaces with lead-based paint (and notices to residents about the lead-based paint), use of active underground petroleum storage tanks, and waste-management activities. The failure to comply with such requirements could subject us to a government enforcement action and/or claims for damages by a private party. To date, compliance with federal, state and local environmental protection regulations has not had a material effect on our capital expenditures, earnings or competitive position. We have a property management plan for hazardous materials. As part of the plan, Phase I environmental site investigations and reports have been completed for each property we acquire. In addition, all proposed acquisitions are inspected prior to acquisition. The inspections are conducted by qualified environmental consultants, and we review the issued report prior to the purchase or development of any property. Nevertheless, it is possible that the environmental assessments will not reveal all environmental liabilities, or that some material environmental liabilities exist of which we are unaware. In some cases, we have abandoned otherwise economically attractive acquisitions because the costs of removal or control of hazardous materials have been prohibitive or we have been unwilling to accept the potential risks involved. We do not believe we will be required to engage in any large-scale abatement at any of our properties. We believe that through professional environmental inspections and testing for asbestos, lead paint and other hazardous materials, coupled with a relatively conservative posture toward accepting known environmental risk, we can minimize our exposure to potential liability associated with environmental hazards. 12 12 12 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents For the year ended December 31, 2023, our Same-Store NOI increased by $58.8 million compared to the prior year. Our Same-Store Community properties provided 93.1% of our total NOI for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase in NOI for the 51,368 Same-Store apartment homes, or 92.5% of our portfolio, was primarily driven by an increase in market rental rates, an increase in reimbursement, ancillary and fee income and a decrease in insurance expense, partially offset by the impact from rent concessions, higher bad debt, higher vacancy loss, higher repair and maintenance expense, higher utility expense and higher real estate tax expense.Revenue growth in 2024 may be impacted by adverse developments affecting the general economy, inclusive of economic conditions as a result of a recession, reduced occupancy rates, increased rental concessions, new supply, increased bad debt and other factors which may adversely impact our ability to increase rents.Tax MattersUDR has elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Code. To continue to qualify as a REIT, UDR must continue to meet certain tests that, among other things, generally require that our assets consist primarily of real estate assets, our income be derived primarily from real estate assets, and that we distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (other than net capital gains) to our stockholders annually. Provided we maintain our qualification as a REIT, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxes at the corporate level on our net income to the extent such net income is distributed to our stockholders annually. Even if we continue to qualify as a REIT, we will continue to be subject to certain federal, state and local taxes on our income and property.We may utilize our taxable REIT subsidiary (“TRS”) to engage in activities that REITs may be prohibited from performing, including the provision of management and other services to third parties and the conduct of certain nonqualifying real estate transactions. Our TRS generally is taxable as a regular corporation, and therefore, subject to federal, state and local income taxes.InflationInflation primarily impacts our results of operations as a result of wage pressures and increases in utilities and repair and maintenance costs. In addition, inflation could also impact our general and administrative expenses, the interest on our debt if variable or refinanced in a high-inflationary environment, our cost of capital, and our cost of development, redevelopment, maintenance or other operating activities. However, the majority of our apartment leases have initial terms of 12 months or less, which in an inflationary environment, and absent other factors such as increased supply, generally enables us to compensate for inflationary effects by increasing rents on our apartment homes. Although an extreme or sustained escalation in costs could have a negative impact on our residents and their ability to absorb rent increases, we do not believe this had a material impact on our results for the year ended December 31, 2023.Environmental MattersVarious environmental laws govern certain aspects of the ongoing operation of our communities. Such environmental laws include those regulating the existence of asbestos-containing materials in buildings, management of surfaces with lead-based paint (and notices to residents about the lead-based paint), use of active underground petroleum storage tanks, and waste-management activities. The failure to comply with such requirements could subject us to a government enforcement action and/or claims for damages by a private party.To date, compliance with federal, state and local environmental protection regulations has not had a material effect on our capital expenditures, earnings or competitive position. We have a property management plan for hazardous materials. As part of the plan, Phase I environmental site investigations and reports have been completed for each property we acquire. In addition, all proposed acquisitions are inspected prior to acquisition. The inspections are conducted by qualified environmental consultants, and we review the issued report prior to the purchase or development of any property. Nevertheless, it is possible that the environmental assessments will not reveal all environmental liabilities, or that some material environmental liabilities exist of which we are unaware. In some cases, we have abandoned otherwise economically attractive acquisitions because the costs of removal or control of hazardous materials have been prohibitive or we have been unwilling to accept the potential risks involved. We do not believe we will be required to engage in any large-scale abatement at any of our properties. We believe that through professional environmental inspections and testing for asbestos, lead paint and other hazardous materials, coupled with a relatively conservative posture toward accepting known environmental risk, we can minimize our exposure to potential liability associated with environmental hazards. For the year ended December 31, 2023, our Same-Store NOI increased by $58.8 million compared to the prior year. Our Same-Store Community properties provided 93.1% of our total NOI for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase in NOI for the 51,368 Same-Store apartment homes, or 92.5% of our portfolio, was primarily driven by an increase in market rental rates, an increase in reimbursement, ancillary and fee income and a decrease in insurance expense, partially offset by the impact from rent concessions, higher bad debt, higher vacancy loss, higher repair and maintenance expense, higher utility expense and higher real estate tax expense. Revenue growth in 2024 may be impacted by adverse developments affecting the general economy, inclusive of economic conditions as a result of a recession, reduced occupancy rates, increased rental concessions, new supply, increased bad debt and other factors which may adversely impact our ability to increase rents."
    },
    {
      "status": "MODIFIED",
      "current_title": "Development Activities",
      "prior_title": "Advancing a Strong Corporate Culture and Ensuring High Resident Satisfaction",
      "similarity_score": 0.831,
      "confidence": "high",
      "key_changes": [
        "Reworded sentence: \"Our objective in developing a community is to create value while improving the quality of our portfolio.\"",
        "Reworded sentence: \"Web-based technologies have also resulted in declining marketing and advertising costs, improved cash management, and better pricing management of our available apartment homes.Advancing a Strong Corporate Culture and Ensuring High Resident SatisfactionRefer to Human Capital Management section above, for further information on the Company’s corporate culture.​Competitive ConditionsCompetition for new residents is generally intense across our markets.\""
      ],
      "current_body": "Our objective in developing a community is to create value while improving the quality of our portfolio. How demographic trends, economic drivers, and multifamily fundamentals and valuations have trended over the long-term 9 9 9 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents ●geographic location, including proximity to jobs, entertainment, transportation, and our existing communities which can deliver significant economies of scale;●our climate assessments for the market and sub-market in which the property is located;●construction quality, condition, design and sustainability features of, or the potential to implement sustainability initiatives at, the property;●current and projected cash flow of the property and the ability to increase cash flow;●ability of the property’s projected returns to exceed our cost of capital;●potential for capital appreciation of the property;●ability to increase the value and profitability of the property through operations and redevelopment;●terms of resident leases, including the potential for rent increases;●occupancy and demand by residents for properties of a similar type in the vicinity;●prospects for liquidity through sale, financing or refinancing of the property; and●competition from existing multifamily communities and the potential for the construction of new multifamily properties in the area.We regularly monitor our assets to increase the quality and performance of our portfolio. Factors we consider in deciding whether to dispose of a property include:●whether it is in a market targeted for divestment or a reduction in investment;●current market price for an asset compared to projected economics for that asset;●potential increases in new construction in the market area;●areas with low job growth prospects;●near- and long-term capital expenditure needs for the asset; and●operating efficiencies.The following table summarizes our apartment community acquisitions and dispositions and our consolidated year-end ownership position for the past five years (dollars in thousands):​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​ 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020Homes acquired ​ 173(a)​ 1,889​​ 433 ​ 5,426 ​ 1,642Homes disposed ​ 214​​ 1,604(b)​ 90 ​ 651 ​ 599Homes owned at December 31, ​ 55,696 ​ 55,550 ​ 54,999 ​ 53,229 ​ 48,283Total real estate owned, at cost​$ 16,213,363​$ 16,023,859​$ 15,570,072​$ 14,740,803​$ 13,071,472(a)In January 2024, the Company acquired its joint venture partner’s common equity interest in a 173 apartment home operating community. The community was previously owned by a consolidated joint venture of the Company.(b)Includes 1,328 apartment homes from the partial sale of four operating communities to a newly formed joint venture.Development ActivitiesOur objective in developing a community is to create value while improving the quality of our portfolio. How demographic trends, economic drivers, and multifamily fundamentals and valuations have trended over the long-term ●geographic location, including proximity to jobs, entertainment, transportation, and our existing communities which can deliver significant economies of scale;●our climate assessments for the market and sub-market in which the property is located;●construction quality, condition, design and sustainability features of, or the potential to implement sustainability initiatives at, the property;●current and projected cash flow of the property and the ability to increase cash flow;●ability of the property’s projected returns to exceed our cost of capital;●potential for capital appreciation of the property;●ability to increase the value and profitability of the property through operations and redevelopment;●terms of resident leases, including the potential for rent increases;●occupancy and demand by residents for properties of a similar type in the vicinity;●prospects for liquidity through sale, financing or refinancing of the property; and●competition from existing multifamily communities and the potential for the construction of new multifamily properties in the area.We regularly monitor our assets to increase the quality and performance of our portfolio. Factors we consider in deciding whether to dispose of a property include:●whether it is in a market targeted for divestment or a reduction in investment;●current market price for an asset compared to projected economics for that asset;●potential increases in new construction in the market area;●areas with low job growth prospects;●near- and long-term capital expenditure needs for the asset; and●operating efficiencies.The following table summarizes our apartment community acquisitions and dispositions and our consolidated year-end ownership position for the past five years (dollars in thousands):​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​ 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020Homes acquired ​ 173(a)​ 1,889​​ 433 ​ 5,426 ​ 1,642Homes disposed ​ 214​​ 1,604(b)​ 90 ​ 651 ​ 599Homes owned at December 31, ​ 55,696 ​ 55,550 ​ 54,999 ​ 53,229 ​ 48,283Total real estate owned, at cost​$ 16,213,363​$ 16,023,859​$ 15,570,072​$ 14,740,803​$ 13,071,472(a)In January 2024, the Company acquired its joint venture partner’s common equity interest in a 173 apartment home operating community. The community was previously owned by a consolidated joint venture of the Company.(b)Includes 1,328 apartment homes from the partial sale of four operating communities to a newly formed joint venture.Development ActivitiesOur objective in developing a community is to create value while improving the quality of our portfolio. How demographic trends, economic drivers, and multifamily fundamentals and valuations have trended over the long-term We regularly monitor our assets to increase the quality and performance of our portfolio. Factors we consider in deciding whether to dispose of a property include: The following table summarizes our apartment community acquisitions and dispositions and our consolidated year-end ownership position for the past five years (dollars in thousands): ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 Homes acquired ​ 173 (a) ​ 1,889 ​ ​ 433 ​ 5,426 ​ 1,642 Homes disposed ​ 214 ​ ​ 1,604 (b) ​ 90 ​ 651 ​ 599 Homes owned at December 31, ​ 55,696 ​ 55,550 ​ 54,999 ​ 53,229 ​ 48,283 Total real estate owned, at cost ​ $ 16,213,363 ​ $ 16,023,859 ​ $ 15,570,072 ​ $ 14,740,803 ​ $ 13,071,472",
      "prior_body": "Refer to Human Capital Management section above, for further information on the Company’s corporate culture. ​ 10 10 10 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Development ActivitiesOur objective in developing a community is to create value while improving the quality of our portfolio. How demographic trends, economic drivers, and multifamily fundamentals and valuations have trended over the long-term and our portfolio strategy generally govern our review process on where and when to allocate development capital. At December 31, 2023, the Company was developing two wholly-owned communities located in Addison, Texas and Tampa, Florida, totaling 415 homes, of which 56 have been completed, with a budget of $187.5 million, in which we have an investment of $160.4 million. The communities are estimated to be completed in the second quarter of 2024. Redevelopment ActivitiesOur objective in redeveloping a community is twofold: we aim to grow rental rates while also producing a higher yielding and more valuable asset through asset quality improvement. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we incurred $123.3 million in major renovations, which included major structural changes and/or architectural revisions to existing buildings. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had no communities at which it was conducting substantial redevelopment activities.Joint Venture and Partnership ActivitiesWe have entered into, and may continue in the future to enter into, joint ventures (including limited liability companies or partnerships) through which we own an indirect economic interest of less than 100% of the community or communities owned directly by such joint ventures. Our decision to either hold an apartment community in fee simple or have an indirect interest in the community through a joint venture is based on a variety of factors and considerations, including: (i) the economic and tax terms required by the seller of land or a community; (ii) our desire to diversify our portfolio of communities by market, submarket and product type; (iii) our desire at times to preserve our capital resources to maintain liquidity or balance sheet strength; and (iv) our projections, in some circumstances, that we will achieve higher returns on our invested capital or reduce our risk if a joint venture vehicle is used. Each joint venture agreement is individually negotiated, and our ability to operate and/or dispose of a community in our sole discretion may be limited to varying degrees depending on the terms of the joint venture agreement.Maintaining a Strong Balance SheetWe maintain a capital structure that we believe allows us to proactively source potential investment opportunities in the marketplace. We have structured our debt maturity schedule to be able to opportunistically access both secured and unsecured debt markets when appropriate.As part of our plan to finance our activities, we utilize proceeds from debt and equity offerings and refinancings to extend maturities, pay down existing debt, fund development and redevelopment activities, and acquire apartment communities.Consistently Driving Operational ExcellenceInvestment in new technologies continues to drive operating efficiencies in our business and helps us to better meet the changing needs of our business and our residents. Our residents can conduct business with us 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, including completing online leasing applications and renewals and submitting maintenance or other requests throughout our portfolio using our web-based resident internet portal or, increasingly, a smart-device application.As a result of transforming our operations through technology, residents’ satisfaction has improved, and our operating teams have become more efficient. Web-based technologies have also resulted in declining marketing and advertising costs, improved cash management, and better pricing management of our available apartment homes.Advancing a Strong Corporate Culture and Ensuring High Resident SatisfactionRefer to Human Capital Management section above, for further information on the Company’s corporate culture.​"
    },
    {
      "status": "MODIFIED",
      "current_title": "Human Capital Management",
      "prior_title": "Human Capital Management",
      "similarity_score": 0.823,
      "confidence": "high",
      "key_changes": [
        "Reworded sentence: \"​ We strive to attract and retain high-performing talent.\"",
        "Reworded sentence: \"At December 31, 2024, our consolidated real estate portfolio consisted of 169 communities located in 21 markets, consisting of 55,696 completed apartment homes, which are held directly or through our subsidiaries, including the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership, and consolidated joint ventures.\"",
        "Reworded sentence: \"In 2024, we declared total distributions of $1.70 per common share and paid dividends of $1.695 per common share.​​​​​​​​ Dividends Dividends​​Declared in​Paid in​​2024​2024First Quarter​$ 0.4250​$ 0.4200Second Quarter​ 0.4250​ 0.4250Third Quarter​ 0.4250​ 0.4250Fourth Quarter​ 0.4250​ 0.4250Total​$ 1.7000​$ 1.6950​UDR was formed in 1972 as a Virginia corporation.\"",
        "Reworded sentence: \"The information contained on our website, including any information referred to in this Report as being available on our website, is not a part of or incorporated into this Report.As of December 31, 2024, there were 189.8 million units in the Operating Partnership (“OP Units”) outstanding, of which 176.6 million OP Units (including 0.1 million of general partnership units), or 93.0%, were owned by UDR and 13.2 million OP Units, or 7.0%, were owned by outside limited partners.\"",
        "Reworded sentence: \"At December 31, 2024, our consolidated real estate portfolio consisted of 169 communities located in 21 markets, consisting of 55,696 completed apartment homes, which are held directly or through our subsidiaries, including the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership, and consolidated joint ventures.\""
      ],
      "current_body": "​ We strive to attract and retain high-performing talent. As of December 31, 2024, our Company had 1,419 full-time associates and 13 part-time associates, all of whom are dedicated to the success of our organization. Within this workforce, 1,007 associates are focused on roles directly associated with our communities, while the remaining associates contribute to various corporate functions. Our commitment extends to the entire employee lifecycle, encompassing recruitment, onboarding, development, engagement, and retention. Our overarching objective is to enhance the associate experience, foster diversity, and maintain a motivated and committed workforce that fuels our growth and talent retention. This dedication to our UDR culture, values, and behaviors directly influences improved engagement, productivity, and the overall success of our organization. ​ 4 4 4 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Item 1. BUSINESSGeneralUDR is a self-administered real estate investment trust, or REIT, that owns, operates, acquires, renovates, develops, redevelops, disposes of, and manages multifamily apartment communities in targeted markets located in the United States. At December 31, 2024, our consolidated real estate portfolio consisted of 169 communities located in 21 markets, consisting of 55,696 completed apartment homes, which are held directly or through our subsidiaries, including the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership, and consolidated joint ventures. In addition, we have an ownership interest in 10,860 completed or to-be-completed apartment homes through unconsolidated joint ventures or partnerships, including 6,436 apartment homes owned by entities in which we hold preferred equity investments. At December 31, 2024, the Company was not developing any communities, although the Company was incurring and capitalizing costs directly related to predevelopment activities in preparation of future development commencements. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company completed the development of two communities located in Tampa, Florida and Addison, Texas, with a total of 415 apartment homes.UDR has elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, which we refer to in this Report as the “Code.” To continue to qualify as a REIT, we must continue to meet certain tests which, among other things, generally require that our assets consist primarily of real estate assets, our income be derived primarily from real estate assets, and that we distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (other than our net capital gains) to our stockholders annually. As a REIT, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxes at the corporate level on our net income to the extent we distribute such net income to our stockholders annually. In 2024, we declared total distributions of $1.70 per common share and paid dividends of $1.695 per common share.​​​​​​​​ Dividends Dividends​​Declared in​Paid in​​2024​2024First Quarter​$ 0.4250​$ 0.4200Second Quarter​ 0.4250​ 0.4250Third Quarter​ 0.4250​ 0.4250Fourth Quarter​ 0.4250​ 0.4250Total​$ 1.7000​$ 1.6950​UDR was formed in 1972 as a Virginia corporation. In June 2003, we changed our state of incorporation from Virginia to Maryland. Our corporate offices are located at 1745 Shea Center Drive, Suite 200, Highlands Ranch, Colorado and our telephone number is (720) 283-6120. Our website is www.udr.com. The information contained on our website, including any information referred to in this Report as being available on our website, is not a part of or incorporated into this Report.As of December 31, 2024, there were 189.8 million units in the Operating Partnership (“OP Units”) outstanding, of which 176.6 million OP Units (including 0.1 million of general partnership units), or 93.0%, were owned by UDR and 13.2 million OP Units, or 7.0%, were owned by outside limited partners. As of December 31, 2024, there were 32.4 million units in the DownREIT Partnership (“DownREIT Units”) outstanding, of which 23.0 million, or 71.0%, were owned by UDR and its subsidiaries and 9.4 million, or 29.0%, were owned by outside limited partners. The consolidated financial statements of UDR include the noncontrolling interests of the unitholders in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership.Human Capital Management​We strive to attract and retain high-performing talent. As of December 31, 2024, our Company had 1,419 full-time associates and 13 part-time associates, all of whom are dedicated to the success of our organization. Within this workforce, 1,007 associates are focused on roles directly associated with our communities, while the remaining associates contribute to various corporate functions. Our commitment extends to the entire employee lifecycle, encompassing recruitment, onboarding, development, engagement, and retention. Our overarching objective is to enhance the associate experience, foster diversity, and maintain a motivated and committed workforce that fuels our growth and talent retention. This dedication to our UDR culture, values, and behaviors directly influences improved engagement, productivity, and the overall success of our organization. ​ Item 1. BUSINESSGeneralUDR is a self-administered real estate investment trust, or REIT, that owns, operates, acquires, renovates, develops, redevelops, disposes of, and manages multifamily apartment communities in targeted markets located in the United States. At December 31, 2024, our consolidated real estate portfolio consisted of 169 communities located in 21 markets, consisting of 55,696 completed apartment homes, which are held directly or through our subsidiaries, including the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership, and consolidated joint ventures. In addition, we have an ownership interest in 10,860 completed or to-be-completed apartment homes through unconsolidated joint ventures or partnerships, including 6,436 apartment homes owned by entities in which we hold preferred equity investments. At December 31, 2024, the Company was not developing any communities, although the Company was incurring and capitalizing costs directly related to predevelopment activities in preparation of future development commencements. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company completed the development of two communities located in Tampa, Florida and Addison, Texas, with a total of 415 apartment homes.UDR has elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, which we refer to in this Report as the “Code.” To continue to qualify as a REIT, we must continue to meet certain tests which, among other things, generally require that our assets consist primarily of real estate assets, our income be derived primarily from real estate assets, and that we distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (other than our net capital gains) to our stockholders annually. As a REIT, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxes at the corporate level on our net income to the extent we distribute such net income to our stockholders annually. In 2024, we declared total distributions of $1.70 per common share and paid dividends of $1.695 per common share.​​​​​​​​ Dividends Dividends​​Declared in​Paid in​​2024​2024First Quarter​$ 0.4250​$ 0.4200Second Quarter​ 0.4250​ 0.4250Third Quarter​ 0.4250​ 0.4250Fourth Quarter​ 0.4250​ 0.4250Total​$ 1.7000​$ 1.6950​UDR was formed in 1972 as a Virginia corporation. In June 2003, we changed our state of incorporation from Virginia to Maryland. Our corporate offices are located at 1745 Shea Center Drive, Suite 200, Highlands Ranch, Colorado and our telephone number is (720) 283-6120. Our website is www.udr.com. The information contained on our website, including any information referred to in this Report as being available on our website, is not a part of or incorporated into this Report.As of December 31, 2024, there were 189.8 million units in the Operating Partnership (“OP Units”) outstanding, of which 176.6 million OP Units (including 0.1 million of general partnership units), or 93.0%, were owned by UDR and 13.2 million OP Units, or 7.0%, were owned by outside limited partners. As of December 31, 2024, there were 32.4 million units in the DownREIT Partnership (“DownREIT Units”) outstanding, of which 23.0 million, or 71.0%, were owned by UDR and its subsidiaries and 9.4 million, or 29.0%, were owned by outside limited partners. The consolidated financial statements of UDR include the noncontrolling interests of the unitholders in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership.Human Capital Management​We strive to attract and retain high-performing talent. As of December 31, 2024, our Company had 1,419 full-time associates and 13 part-time associates, all of whom are dedicated to the success of our organization. Within this workforce, 1,007 associates are focused on roles directly associated with our communities, while the remaining associates contribute to various corporate functions. Our commitment extends to the entire employee lifecycle, encompassing recruitment, onboarding, development, engagement, and retention. Our overarching objective is to enhance the associate experience, foster diversity, and maintain a motivated and committed workforce that fuels our growth and talent retention. This dedication to our UDR culture, values, and behaviors directly influences improved engagement, productivity, and the overall success of our organization. ​ Item 1. BUSINESS General UDR is a self-administered real estate investment trust, or REIT, that owns, operates, acquires, renovates, develops, redevelops, disposes of, and manages multifamily apartment communities in targeted markets located in the United States. At December 31, 2024, our consolidated real estate portfolio consisted of 169 communities located in 21 markets, consisting of 55,696 completed apartment homes, which are held directly or through our subsidiaries, including the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership, and consolidated joint ventures. In addition, we have an ownership interest in 10,860 completed or to-be-completed apartment homes through unconsolidated joint ventures or partnerships, including 6,436 apartment homes owned by entities in which we hold preferred equity investments. At December 31, 2024, the Company was not developing any communities, although the Company was incurring and capitalizing costs directly related to predevelopment activities in preparation of future development commencements. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company completed the development of two communities located in Tampa, Florida and Addison, Texas, with a total of 415 apartment homes. UDR has elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, which we refer to in this Report as the “Code.” To continue to qualify as a REIT, we must continue to meet certain tests which, among other things, generally require that our assets consist primarily of real estate assets, our income be derived primarily from real estate assets, and that we distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (other than our net capital gains) to our stockholders annually. As a REIT, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxes at the corporate level on our net income to the extent we distribute such net income to our stockholders annually. In 2024, we declared total distributions of $1.70 per common share and paid dividends of $1.695 per common share. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Dividends Dividends ​ ​",
      "prior_body": "​ As of December 31, 2023, our team at UDR comprises 1,397 full-time associates and 13 part-time associates, all of whom are dedicated to the success of our organization. Within this workforce, 991 associates are focused on roles directly associated with our communities, while the remaining associates contribute to various corporate functions. Our commitment to social responsibility extends to the entire employee lifecycle, encompassing recruitment, onboarding, development, engagement, and retention. Our overarching objective is to enhance the associate experience, foster diversity, and maintain a motivated workforce that fuels our growth and talent retention. This dedication to our UDR culture and values directly influences improved engagement, productivity, and the overall success of our organization. ​ Our UDR culture is defined by choice, transparency, and trust, empowering our associates to make decisions that align with their individual interests and benefit the Company as a whole. By prioritizing and enhancing the associate experience, we hope to enhance engagement levels, leading to increased customer satisfaction, higher employee 4 4 4 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Item 1. BUSINESSGeneralUDR is a self-administered real estate investment trust, or REIT, that owns, operates, acquires, renovates, develops, redevelops, disposes of, and manages multifamily apartment communities in targeted markets located in the United States. At December 31, 2023, our consolidated real estate portfolio consisted of 168 communities located in 21 markets, consisting of 55,550 completed apartment homes, which are held directly or through our subsidiaries, including the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership, and consolidated joint ventures. In addition, we have an ownership interest in 10,045 completed or to-be-completed apartment homes through unconsolidated joint ventures or partnerships, including 5,618 apartment homes owned by entities in which we hold preferred equity investments. At December 31, 2023, the Company was developing two wholly-owned communities totaling 415 homes, of which 56 have been completed.UDR has elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, which we refer to in this Report as the “Code.” To continue to qualify as a REIT, we must continue to meet certain tests which, among other things, generally require that our assets consist primarily of real estate assets, our income be derived primarily from real estate assets, and that we distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (other than our net capital gains) to our stockholders annually. As a REIT, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxes at the corporate level on our net income to the extent we distribute such net income to our stockholders annually. In 2023, we declared total distributions of $1.68 per common share and paid dividends of $1.64 per common share.​​​​​​​​ Dividends Dividends​​Declared in​Paid in​​2023​2023First Quarter​$ 0.4200​$ 0.3800Second Quarter​ 0.4200​ 0.4200Third Quarter​ 0.4200​ 0.4200Fourth Quarter​ 0.4200​ 0.4200Total​$ 1.6800​$ 1.6400​UDR was formed in 1972 as a Virginia corporation. In June 2003, we changed our state of incorporation from Virginia to Maryland. Our corporate offices are located at 1745 Shea Center Drive, Suite 200, Highlands Ranch, Colorado and our telephone number is (720) 283-6120. Our website is www.udr.com. The information contained on our website, including any information referred to in this Report as being available on our website, is not a part of or incorporated into this Report.As of December 31, 2023, there were 189.9 million units in the Operating Partnership (“OP Units”) outstanding, of which 176.4 million OP Units (including 0.1 million of general partnership units), or 92.9%, were owned by UDR and 13.5 million OP Units, or 7.1%, were owned by outside limited partners. As of December 31, 2023, there were 32.4 million units in the DownREIT Partnership (“DownREIT Units”) outstanding, of which 21.4 million, or 66.0%, were owned by UDR and its subsidiaries and 11.0 million, or 34.0%, were owned by outside limited partners. The consolidated financial statements of UDR include the noncontrolling interests of the unitholders in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership.Human Capital Management​As of December 31, 2023, our team at UDR comprises 1,397 full-time associates and 13 part-time associates, all of whom are dedicated to the success of our organization. Within this workforce, 991 associates are focused on roles directly associated with our communities, while the remaining associates contribute to various corporate functions. Our commitment to social responsibility extends to the entire employee lifecycle, encompassing recruitment, onboarding, development, engagement, and retention. Our overarching objective is to enhance the associate experience, foster diversity, and maintain a motivated workforce that fuels our growth and talent retention. This dedication to our UDR culture and values directly influences improved engagement, productivity, and the overall success of our organization.​Our UDR culture is defined by choice, transparency, and trust, empowering our associates to make decisions that align with their individual interests and benefit the Company as a whole. By prioritizing and enhancing the associate experience, we hope to enhance engagement levels, leading to increased customer satisfaction, higher employee Item 1. BUSINESS General UDR is a self-administered real estate investment trust, or REIT, that owns, operates, acquires, renovates, develops, redevelops, disposes of, and manages multifamily apartment communities in targeted markets located in the United States. At December 31, 2023, our consolidated real estate portfolio consisted of 168 communities located in 21 markets, consisting of 55,550 completed apartment homes, which are held directly or through our subsidiaries, including the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership, and consolidated joint ventures. In addition, we have an ownership interest in 10,045 completed or to-be-completed apartment homes through unconsolidated joint ventures or partnerships, including 5,618 apartment homes owned by entities in which we hold preferred equity investments. At December 31, 2023, the Company was developing two wholly-owned communities totaling 415 homes, of which 56 have been completed. UDR has elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, which we refer to in this Report as the “Code.” To continue to qualify as a REIT, we must continue to meet certain tests which, among other things, generally require that our assets consist primarily of real estate assets, our income be derived primarily from real estate assets, and that we distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (other than our net capital gains) to our stockholders annually. As a REIT, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxes at the corporate level on our net income to the extent we distribute such net income to our stockholders annually. In 2023, we declared total distributions of $1.68 per common share and paid dividends of $1.64 per common share. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Dividends Dividends ​ ​"
    },
    {
      "status": "MODIFIED",
      "current_title": "Human Capital Management",
      "prior_title": "Human Capital Management",
      "similarity_score": 0.82,
      "confidence": "high",
      "key_changes": [
        "Reworded sentence: \"​ We strive to attract and retain high-performing talent.\"",
        "Reworded sentence: \"At December 31, 2024, our consolidated real estate portfolio consisted of 169 communities located in 21 markets, consisting of 55,696 completed apartment homes, which are held directly or through our subsidiaries, including the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership, and consolidated joint ventures.\"",
        "Reworded sentence: \"In 2024, we declared total distributions of $1.70 per common share and paid dividends of $1.695 per common share.\""
      ],
      "current_body": "​ We strive to attract and retain high-performing talent. As of December 31, 2024, our Company had 1,419 full-time associates and 13 part-time associates, all of whom are dedicated to the success of our organization. Within this workforce, 1,007 associates are focused on roles directly associated with our communities, while the remaining associates contribute to various corporate functions. Our commitment extends to the entire employee lifecycle, encompassing recruitment, onboarding, development, engagement, and retention. Our overarching objective is to enhance the associate experience, foster diversity, and maintain a motivated and committed workforce that fuels our growth and talent retention. This dedication to our UDR culture, values, and behaviors directly influences improved engagement, productivity, and the overall success of our organization. ​ 4 4 4 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Item 1. BUSINESSGeneralUDR is a self-administered real estate investment trust, or REIT, that owns, operates, acquires, renovates, develops, redevelops, disposes of, and manages multifamily apartment communities in targeted markets located in the United States. At December 31, 2024, our consolidated real estate portfolio consisted of 169 communities located in 21 markets, consisting of 55,696 completed apartment homes, which are held directly or through our subsidiaries, including the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership, and consolidated joint ventures. In addition, we have an ownership interest in 10,860 completed or to-be-completed apartment homes through unconsolidated joint ventures or partnerships, including 6,436 apartment homes owned by entities in which we hold preferred equity investments. At December 31, 2024, the Company was not developing any communities, although the Company was incurring and capitalizing costs directly related to predevelopment activities in preparation of future development commencements. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company completed the development of two communities located in Tampa, Florida and Addison, Texas, with a total of 415 apartment homes.UDR has elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, which we refer to in this Report as the “Code.” To continue to qualify as a REIT, we must continue to meet certain tests which, among other things, generally require that our assets consist primarily of real estate assets, our income be derived primarily from real estate assets, and that we distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (other than our net capital gains) to our stockholders annually. As a REIT, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxes at the corporate level on our net income to the extent we distribute such net income to our stockholders annually. In 2024, we declared total distributions of $1.70 per common share and paid dividends of $1.695 per common share.​​​​​​​​ Dividends Dividends​​Declared in​Paid in​​2024​2024First Quarter​$ 0.4250​$ 0.4200Second Quarter​ 0.4250​ 0.4250Third Quarter​ 0.4250​ 0.4250Fourth Quarter​ 0.4250​ 0.4250Total​$ 1.7000​$ 1.6950​UDR was formed in 1972 as a Virginia corporation. In June 2003, we changed our state of incorporation from Virginia to Maryland. Our corporate offices are located at 1745 Shea Center Drive, Suite 200, Highlands Ranch, Colorado and our telephone number is (720) 283-6120. Our website is www.udr.com. The information contained on our website, including any information referred to in this Report as being available on our website, is not a part of or incorporated into this Report.As of December 31, 2024, there were 189.8 million units in the Operating Partnership (“OP Units”) outstanding, of which 176.6 million OP Units (including 0.1 million of general partnership units), or 93.0%, were owned by UDR and 13.2 million OP Units, or 7.0%, were owned by outside limited partners. As of December 31, 2024, there were 32.4 million units in the DownREIT Partnership (“DownREIT Units”) outstanding, of which 23.0 million, or 71.0%, were owned by UDR and its subsidiaries and 9.4 million, or 29.0%, were owned by outside limited partners. The consolidated financial statements of UDR include the noncontrolling interests of the unitholders in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership.Human Capital Management​We strive to attract and retain high-performing talent. As of December 31, 2024, our Company had 1,419 full-time associates and 13 part-time associates, all of whom are dedicated to the success of our organization. Within this workforce, 1,007 associates are focused on roles directly associated with our communities, while the remaining associates contribute to various corporate functions. Our commitment extends to the entire employee lifecycle, encompassing recruitment, onboarding, development, engagement, and retention. Our overarching objective is to enhance the associate experience, foster diversity, and maintain a motivated and committed workforce that fuels our growth and talent retention. This dedication to our UDR culture, values, and behaviors directly influences improved engagement, productivity, and the overall success of our organization. ​ Item 1. BUSINESSGeneralUDR is a self-administered real estate investment trust, or REIT, that owns, operates, acquires, renovates, develops, redevelops, disposes of, and manages multifamily apartment communities in targeted markets located in the United States. At December 31, 2024, our consolidated real estate portfolio consisted of 169 communities located in 21 markets, consisting of 55,696 completed apartment homes, which are held directly or through our subsidiaries, including the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership, and consolidated joint ventures. In addition, we have an ownership interest in 10,860 completed or to-be-completed apartment homes through unconsolidated joint ventures or partnerships, including 6,436 apartment homes owned by entities in which we hold preferred equity investments. At December 31, 2024, the Company was not developing any communities, although the Company was incurring and capitalizing costs directly related to predevelopment activities in preparation of future development commencements. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company completed the development of two communities located in Tampa, Florida and Addison, Texas, with a total of 415 apartment homes.UDR has elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, which we refer to in this Report as the “Code.” To continue to qualify as a REIT, we must continue to meet certain tests which, among other things, generally require that our assets consist primarily of real estate assets, our income be derived primarily from real estate assets, and that we distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (other than our net capital gains) to our stockholders annually. As a REIT, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxes at the corporate level on our net income to the extent we distribute such net income to our stockholders annually. In 2024, we declared total distributions of $1.70 per common share and paid dividends of $1.695 per common share.​​​​​​​​ Dividends Dividends​​Declared in​Paid in​​2024​2024First Quarter​$ 0.4250​$ 0.4200Second Quarter​ 0.4250​ 0.4250Third Quarter​ 0.4250​ 0.4250Fourth Quarter​ 0.4250​ 0.4250Total​$ 1.7000​$ 1.6950​UDR was formed in 1972 as a Virginia corporation. In June 2003, we changed our state of incorporation from Virginia to Maryland. Our corporate offices are located at 1745 Shea Center Drive, Suite 200, Highlands Ranch, Colorado and our telephone number is (720) 283-6120. Our website is www.udr.com. The information contained on our website, including any information referred to in this Report as being available on our website, is not a part of or incorporated into this Report.As of December 31, 2024, there were 189.8 million units in the Operating Partnership (“OP Units”) outstanding, of which 176.6 million OP Units (including 0.1 million of general partnership units), or 93.0%, were owned by UDR and 13.2 million OP Units, or 7.0%, were owned by outside limited partners. As of December 31, 2024, there were 32.4 million units in the DownREIT Partnership (“DownREIT Units”) outstanding, of which 23.0 million, or 71.0%, were owned by UDR and its subsidiaries and 9.4 million, or 29.0%, were owned by outside limited partners. The consolidated financial statements of UDR include the noncontrolling interests of the unitholders in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership.Human Capital Management​We strive to attract and retain high-performing talent. As of December 31, 2024, our Company had 1,419 full-time associates and 13 part-time associates, all of whom are dedicated to the success of our organization. Within this workforce, 1,007 associates are focused on roles directly associated with our communities, while the remaining associates contribute to various corporate functions. Our commitment extends to the entire employee lifecycle, encompassing recruitment, onboarding, development, engagement, and retention. Our overarching objective is to enhance the associate experience, foster diversity, and maintain a motivated and committed workforce that fuels our growth and talent retention. This dedication to our UDR culture, values, and behaviors directly influences improved engagement, productivity, and the overall success of our organization. ​ Item 1. BUSINESS General UDR is a self-administered real estate investment trust, or REIT, that owns, operates, acquires, renovates, develops, redevelops, disposes of, and manages multifamily apartment communities in targeted markets located in the United States. At December 31, 2024, our consolidated real estate portfolio consisted of 169 communities located in 21 markets, consisting of 55,696 completed apartment homes, which are held directly or through our subsidiaries, including the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership, and consolidated joint ventures. In addition, we have an ownership interest in 10,860 completed or to-be-completed apartment homes through unconsolidated joint ventures or partnerships, including 6,436 apartment homes owned by entities in which we hold preferred equity investments. At December 31, 2024, the Company was not developing any communities, although the Company was incurring and capitalizing costs directly related to predevelopment activities in preparation of future development commencements. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company completed the development of two communities located in Tampa, Florida and Addison, Texas, with a total of 415 apartment homes. UDR has elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, which we refer to in this Report as the “Code.” To continue to qualify as a REIT, we must continue to meet certain tests which, among other things, generally require that our assets consist primarily of real estate assets, our income be derived primarily from real estate assets, and that we distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (other than our net capital gains) to our stockholders annually. As a REIT, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxes at the corporate level on our net income to the extent we distribute such net income to our stockholders annually. In 2024, we declared total distributions of $1.70 per common share and paid dividends of $1.695 per common share. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Dividends Dividends ​ ​",
      "prior_body": "​ As of December 31, 2023, our team at UDR comprises 1,397 full-time associates and 13 part-time associates, all of whom are dedicated to the success of our organization. Within this workforce, 991 associates are focused on roles directly associated with our communities, while the remaining associates contribute to various corporate functions. Our commitment to social responsibility extends to the entire employee lifecycle, encompassing recruitment, onboarding, development, engagement, and retention. Our overarching objective is to enhance the associate experience, foster diversity, and maintain a motivated workforce that fuels our growth and talent retention. This dedication to our UDR culture and values directly influences improved engagement, productivity, and the overall success of our organization. ​ Our UDR culture is defined by choice, transparency, and trust, empowering our associates to make decisions that align with their individual interests and benefit the Company as a whole. By prioritizing and enhancing the associate experience, we hope to enhance engagement levels, leading to increased customer satisfaction, higher employee 4 4 4 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Item 1. BUSINESSGeneralUDR is a self-administered real estate investment trust, or REIT, that owns, operates, acquires, renovates, develops, redevelops, disposes of, and manages multifamily apartment communities in targeted markets located in the United States. At December 31, 2023, our consolidated real estate portfolio consisted of 168 communities located in 21 markets, consisting of 55,550 completed apartment homes, which are held directly or through our subsidiaries, including the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership, and consolidated joint ventures. In addition, we have an ownership interest in 10,045 completed or to-be-completed apartment homes through unconsolidated joint ventures or partnerships, including 5,618 apartment homes owned by entities in which we hold preferred equity investments. At December 31, 2023, the Company was developing two wholly-owned communities totaling 415 homes, of which 56 have been completed.UDR has elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, which we refer to in this Report as the “Code.” To continue to qualify as a REIT, we must continue to meet certain tests which, among other things, generally require that our assets consist primarily of real estate assets, our income be derived primarily from real estate assets, and that we distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (other than our net capital gains) to our stockholders annually. As a REIT, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxes at the corporate level on our net income to the extent we distribute such net income to our stockholders annually. In 2023, we declared total distributions of $1.68 per common share and paid dividends of $1.64 per common share.​​​​​​​​ Dividends Dividends​​Declared in​Paid in​​2023​2023First Quarter​$ 0.4200​$ 0.3800Second Quarter​ 0.4200​ 0.4200Third Quarter​ 0.4200​ 0.4200Fourth Quarter​ 0.4200​ 0.4200Total​$ 1.6800​$ 1.6400​UDR was formed in 1972 as a Virginia corporation. In June 2003, we changed our state of incorporation from Virginia to Maryland. Our corporate offices are located at 1745 Shea Center Drive, Suite 200, Highlands Ranch, Colorado and our telephone number is (720) 283-6120. Our website is www.udr.com. The information contained on our website, including any information referred to in this Report as being available on our website, is not a part of or incorporated into this Report.As of December 31, 2023, there were 189.9 million units in the Operating Partnership (“OP Units”) outstanding, of which 176.4 million OP Units (including 0.1 million of general partnership units), or 92.9%, were owned by UDR and 13.5 million OP Units, or 7.1%, were owned by outside limited partners. As of December 31, 2023, there were 32.4 million units in the DownREIT Partnership (“DownREIT Units”) outstanding, of which 21.4 million, or 66.0%, were owned by UDR and its subsidiaries and 11.0 million, or 34.0%, were owned by outside limited partners. The consolidated financial statements of UDR include the noncontrolling interests of the unitholders in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership.Human Capital Management​As of December 31, 2023, our team at UDR comprises 1,397 full-time associates and 13 part-time associates, all of whom are dedicated to the success of our organization. Within this workforce, 991 associates are focused on roles directly associated with our communities, while the remaining associates contribute to various corporate functions. Our commitment to social responsibility extends to the entire employee lifecycle, encompassing recruitment, onboarding, development, engagement, and retention. Our overarching objective is to enhance the associate experience, foster diversity, and maintain a motivated workforce that fuels our growth and talent retention. This dedication to our UDR culture and values directly influences improved engagement, productivity, and the overall success of our organization.​Our UDR culture is defined by choice, transparency, and trust, empowering our associates to make decisions that align with their individual interests and benefit the Company as a whole. By prioritizing and enhancing the associate experience, we hope to enhance engagement levels, leading to increased customer satisfaction, higher employee Item 1. BUSINESS General UDR is a self-administered real estate investment trust, or REIT, that owns, operates, acquires, renovates, develops, redevelops, disposes of, and manages multifamily apartment communities in targeted markets located in the United States. At December 31, 2023, our consolidated real estate portfolio consisted of 168 communities located in 21 markets, consisting of 55,550 completed apartment homes, which are held directly or through our subsidiaries, including the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership, and consolidated joint ventures. In addition, we have an ownership interest in 10,045 completed or to-be-completed apartment homes through unconsolidated joint ventures or partnerships, including 5,618 apartment homes owned by entities in which we hold preferred equity investments. At December 31, 2023, the Company was developing two wholly-owned communities totaling 415 homes, of which 56 have been completed. UDR has elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, which we refer to in this Report as the “Code.” To continue to qualify as a REIT, we must continue to meet certain tests which, among other things, generally require that our assets consist primarily of real estate assets, our income be derived primarily from real estate assets, and that we distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (other than our net capital gains) to our stockholders annually. As a REIT, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxes at the corporate level on our net income to the extent we distribute such net income to our stockholders annually. In 2023, we declared total distributions of $1.68 per common share and paid dividends of $1.64 per common share. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Dividends Dividends ​ ​"
    },
    {
      "status": "MODIFIED",
      "current_title": "Environmental Matters",
      "prior_title": "Environmental Matters",
      "similarity_score": 0.811,
      "confidence": "high",
      "key_changes": [
        "Reworded sentence: \"Federal legislation requires owners and landlords of residential housing constructed prior to 1978 to disclose to potential residents or purchasers of the communities any known lead paint hazards and imposes treble damages for failure to provide such notification.\""
      ],
      "current_body": "Various environmental laws govern certain aspects of the ongoing operation of our communities. Such environmental laws include those regulating the existence of asbestos-containing materials in buildings, management of surfaces with lead-based paint (and notices to residents about the lead-based paint), use of active underground petroleum storage tanks, and waste-management activities. The failure to comply with such requirements could subject us to a government enforcement action and/or claims for damages by a private party. To date, compliance with federal, state and local environmental protection regulations has not had a material effect on our capital expenditures, earnings or competitive position. We have a property management plan for hazardous materials. As part of the plan, Phase I environmental site investigations and reports have been completed for each property we acquire. In addition, all proposed acquisitions are inspected prior to acquisition. The inspections are conducted by qualified environmental consultants, and we review the issued report prior to the purchase or development of any property. Nevertheless, it is possible that the environmental assessments will not reveal all environmental liabilities, or that some material environmental liabilities exist of which we are unaware. In some cases, we have abandoned otherwise economically attractive acquisitions because the costs of removal or control of hazardous materials have been prohibitive or we have been unwilling to accept the potential risks involved. We do not believe we will be required to engage in any large-scale abatement at any of our properties. We believe that through professional environmental inspections and testing for asbestos, lead paint and other hazardous materials, coupled with a relatively conservative posture toward accepting known environmental risk, we can minimize our exposure to potential liability associated with environmental hazards. Federal legislation requires owners and landlords of residential housing constructed prior to 1978 to disclose to potential residents or purchasers of the communities any known lead paint hazards and imposes treble damages for failure to provide such notification. In addition, lead based paint in any of the communities may result in lead poisoning in children residing in that community if chips or particles of such lead based paint are ingested, and we may be held liable under state laws for any such injuries caused by ingestion of lead based paint by children living at the communities. 12 12 12 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Revenue growth in 2025 may be impacted by adverse developments affecting the general economy, inclusive of economic conditions as a result of a recession, reduced occupancy rates, increased rental concessions, new supply, increased bad debt and other factors which may adversely impact our ability to increase rents.Tax MattersUDR has elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Code. To continue to qualify as a REIT, UDR must continue to meet certain tests that, among other things, generally require that our assets consist primarily of real estate assets, our income be derived primarily from real estate assets, and that we distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (other than net capital gains) to our stockholders annually. Provided we maintain our qualification as a REIT, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxes at the corporate level on our net income to the extent such net income is distributed to our stockholders annually. Even if we continue to qualify as a REIT, we will continue to be subject to certain federal, state and local taxes on our income and property.We may utilize our taxable REIT subsidiary (“TRS”) to engage in activities that REITs may be prohibited from performing, including the provision of management and other services to third parties and the conduct of certain nonqualifying real estate transactions. Our TRS generally is taxable as a regular corporation, and therefore, subject to federal, state and local income taxes.InflationInflation primarily impacts our results of operations as a result of wage pressures and increases in utilities and repair and maintenance costs. In addition, inflation could also impact our general and administrative expenses, the interest on our debt if variable or refinanced in a high-inflationary environment, our cost of capital, and our cost of development, redevelopment, maintenance or other operating activities. However, the majority of our apartment leases have initial terms of 12 months or less, which in an inflationary environment, and absent other factors such as increased supply, generally enables us to compensate for inflationary effects by increasing rents on our apartment homes. Although an extreme or sustained escalation in costs could have a negative impact on our residents and their ability to absorb rent increases, we do not believe this had a material impact on our results for the year ended December 31, 2024.Environmental MattersVarious environmental laws govern certain aspects of the ongoing operation of our communities. Such environmental laws include those regulating the existence of asbestos-containing materials in buildings, management of surfaces with lead-based paint (and notices to residents about the lead-based paint), use of active underground petroleum storage tanks, and waste-management activities. The failure to comply with such requirements could subject us to a government enforcement action and/or claims for damages by a private party.To date, compliance with federal, state and local environmental protection regulations has not had a material effect on our capital expenditures, earnings or competitive position. We have a property management plan for hazardous materials. As part of the plan, Phase I environmental site investigations and reports have been completed for each property we acquire. In addition, all proposed acquisitions are inspected prior to acquisition. The inspections are conducted by qualified environmental consultants, and we review the issued report prior to the purchase or development of any property. Nevertheless, it is possible that the environmental assessments will not reveal all environmental liabilities, or that some material environmental liabilities exist of which we are unaware. In some cases, we have abandoned otherwise economically attractive acquisitions because the costs of removal or control of hazardous materials have been prohibitive or we have been unwilling to accept the potential risks involved. We do not believe we will be required to engage in any large-scale abatement at any of our properties. We believe that through professional environmental inspections and testing for asbestos, lead paint and other hazardous materials, coupled with a relatively conservative posture toward accepting known environmental risk, we can minimize our exposure to potential liability associated with environmental hazards.Federal legislation requires owners and landlords of residential housing constructed prior to 1978 to disclose to potential residents or purchasers of the communities any known lead paint hazards and imposes treble damages for failure to provide such notification. In addition, lead based paint in any of the communities may result in lead poisoning in children residing in that community if chips or particles of such lead based paint are ingested, and we may be held liable under state laws for any such injuries caused by ingestion of lead based paint by children living at the communities. Revenue growth in 2025 may be impacted by adverse developments affecting the general economy, inclusive of economic conditions as a result of a recession, reduced occupancy rates, increased rental concessions, new supply, increased bad debt and other factors which may adversely impact our ability to increase rents.Tax MattersUDR has elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Code. To continue to qualify as a REIT, UDR must continue to meet certain tests that, among other things, generally require that our assets consist primarily of real estate assets, our income be derived primarily from real estate assets, and that we distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (other than net capital gains) to our stockholders annually. Provided we maintain our qualification as a REIT, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxes at the corporate level on our net income to the extent such net income is distributed to our stockholders annually. Even if we continue to qualify as a REIT, we will continue to be subject to certain federal, state and local taxes on our income and property.We may utilize our taxable REIT subsidiary (“TRS”) to engage in activities that REITs may be prohibited from performing, including the provision of management and other services to third parties and the conduct of certain nonqualifying real estate transactions. Our TRS generally is taxable as a regular corporation, and therefore, subject to federal, state and local income taxes.InflationInflation primarily impacts our results of operations as a result of wage pressures and increases in utilities and repair and maintenance costs. In addition, inflation could also impact our general and administrative expenses, the interest on our debt if variable or refinanced in a high-inflationary environment, our cost of capital, and our cost of development, redevelopment, maintenance or other operating activities. However, the majority of our apartment leases have initial terms of 12 months or less, which in an inflationary environment, and absent other factors such as increased supply, generally enables us to compensate for inflationary effects by increasing rents on our apartment homes. Although an extreme or sustained escalation in costs could have a negative impact on our residents and their ability to absorb rent increases, we do not believe this had a material impact on our results for the year ended December 31, 2024.Environmental MattersVarious environmental laws govern certain aspects of the ongoing operation of our communities. Such environmental laws include those regulating the existence of asbestos-containing materials in buildings, management of surfaces with lead-based paint (and notices to residents about the lead-based paint), use of active underground petroleum storage tanks, and waste-management activities. The failure to comply with such requirements could subject us to a government enforcement action and/or claims for damages by a private party.To date, compliance with federal, state and local environmental protection regulations has not had a material effect on our capital expenditures, earnings or competitive position. We have a property management plan for hazardous materials. As part of the plan, Phase I environmental site investigations and reports have been completed for each property we acquire. In addition, all proposed acquisitions are inspected prior to acquisition. The inspections are conducted by qualified environmental consultants, and we review the issued report prior to the purchase or development of any property. Nevertheless, it is possible that the environmental assessments will not reveal all environmental liabilities, or that some material environmental liabilities exist of which we are unaware. In some cases, we have abandoned otherwise economically attractive acquisitions because the costs of removal or control of hazardous materials have been prohibitive or we have been unwilling to accept the potential risks involved. We do not believe we will be required to engage in any large-scale abatement at any of our properties. We believe that through professional environmental inspections and testing for asbestos, lead paint and other hazardous materials, coupled with a relatively conservative posture toward accepting known environmental risk, we can minimize our exposure to potential liability associated with environmental hazards.Federal legislation requires owners and landlords of residential housing constructed prior to 1978 to disclose to potential residents or purchasers of the communities any known lead paint hazards and imposes treble damages for failure to provide such notification. In addition, lead based paint in any of the communities may result in lead poisoning in children residing in that community if chips or particles of such lead based paint are ingested, and we may be held liable under state laws for any such injuries caused by ingestion of lead based paint by children living at the communities. Revenue growth in 2025 may be impacted by adverse developments affecting the general economy, inclusive of economic conditions as a result of a recession, reduced occupancy rates, increased rental concessions, new supply, increased bad debt and other factors which may adversely impact our ability to increase rents.",
      "prior_body": "Various environmental laws govern certain aspects of the ongoing operation of our communities. Such environmental laws include those regulating the existence of asbestos-containing materials in buildings, management of surfaces with lead-based paint (and notices to residents about the lead-based paint), use of active underground petroleum storage tanks, and waste-management activities. The failure to comply with such requirements could subject us to a government enforcement action and/or claims for damages by a private party. To date, compliance with federal, state and local environmental protection regulations has not had a material effect on our capital expenditures, earnings or competitive position. We have a property management plan for hazardous materials. As part of the plan, Phase I environmental site investigations and reports have been completed for each property we acquire. In addition, all proposed acquisitions are inspected prior to acquisition. The inspections are conducted by qualified environmental consultants, and we review the issued report prior to the purchase or development of any property. Nevertheless, it is possible that the environmental assessments will not reveal all environmental liabilities, or that some material environmental liabilities exist of which we are unaware. In some cases, we have abandoned otherwise economically attractive acquisitions because the costs of removal or control of hazardous materials have been prohibitive or we have been unwilling to accept the potential risks involved. We do not believe we will be required to engage in any large-scale abatement at any of our properties. We believe that through professional environmental inspections and testing for asbestos, lead paint and other hazardous materials, coupled with a relatively conservative posture toward accepting known environmental risk, we can minimize our exposure to potential liability associated with environmental hazards. 12 12 12 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents For the year ended December 31, 2023, our Same-Store NOI increased by $58.8 million compared to the prior year. Our Same-Store Community properties provided 93.1% of our total NOI for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase in NOI for the 51,368 Same-Store apartment homes, or 92.5% of our portfolio, was primarily driven by an increase in market rental rates, an increase in reimbursement, ancillary and fee income and a decrease in insurance expense, partially offset by the impact from rent concessions, higher bad debt, higher vacancy loss, higher repair and maintenance expense, higher utility expense and higher real estate tax expense.Revenue growth in 2024 may be impacted by adverse developments affecting the general economy, inclusive of economic conditions as a result of a recession, reduced occupancy rates, increased rental concessions, new supply, increased bad debt and other factors which may adversely impact our ability to increase rents.Tax MattersUDR has elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Code. To continue to qualify as a REIT, UDR must continue to meet certain tests that, among other things, generally require that our assets consist primarily of real estate assets, our income be derived primarily from real estate assets, and that we distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (other than net capital gains) to our stockholders annually. Provided we maintain our qualification as a REIT, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxes at the corporate level on our net income to the extent such net income is distributed to our stockholders annually. Even if we continue to qualify as a REIT, we will continue to be subject to certain federal, state and local taxes on our income and property.We may utilize our taxable REIT subsidiary (“TRS”) to engage in activities that REITs may be prohibited from performing, including the provision of management and other services to third parties and the conduct of certain nonqualifying real estate transactions. Our TRS generally is taxable as a regular corporation, and therefore, subject to federal, state and local income taxes.InflationInflation primarily impacts our results of operations as a result of wage pressures and increases in utilities and repair and maintenance costs. In addition, inflation could also impact our general and administrative expenses, the interest on our debt if variable or refinanced in a high-inflationary environment, our cost of capital, and our cost of development, redevelopment, maintenance or other operating activities. However, the majority of our apartment leases have initial terms of 12 months or less, which in an inflationary environment, and absent other factors such as increased supply, generally enables us to compensate for inflationary effects by increasing rents on our apartment homes. Although an extreme or sustained escalation in costs could have a negative impact on our residents and their ability to absorb rent increases, we do not believe this had a material impact on our results for the year ended December 31, 2023.Environmental MattersVarious environmental laws govern certain aspects of the ongoing operation of our communities. Such environmental laws include those regulating the existence of asbestos-containing materials in buildings, management of surfaces with lead-based paint (and notices to residents about the lead-based paint), use of active underground petroleum storage tanks, and waste-management activities. The failure to comply with such requirements could subject us to a government enforcement action and/or claims for damages by a private party.To date, compliance with federal, state and local environmental protection regulations has not had a material effect on our capital expenditures, earnings or competitive position. We have a property management plan for hazardous materials. As part of the plan, Phase I environmental site investigations and reports have been completed for each property we acquire. In addition, all proposed acquisitions are inspected prior to acquisition. The inspections are conducted by qualified environmental consultants, and we review the issued report prior to the purchase or development of any property. Nevertheless, it is possible that the environmental assessments will not reveal all environmental liabilities, or that some material environmental liabilities exist of which we are unaware. In some cases, we have abandoned otherwise economically attractive acquisitions because the costs of removal or control of hazardous materials have been prohibitive or we have been unwilling to accept the potential risks involved. We do not believe we will be required to engage in any large-scale abatement at any of our properties. We believe that through professional environmental inspections and testing for asbestos, lead paint and other hazardous materials, coupled with a relatively conservative posture toward accepting known environmental risk, we can minimize our exposure to potential liability associated with environmental hazards. For the year ended December 31, 2023, our Same-Store NOI increased by $58.8 million compared to the prior year. Our Same-Store Community properties provided 93.1% of our total NOI for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase in NOI for the 51,368 Same-Store apartment homes, or 92.5% of our portfolio, was primarily driven by an increase in market rental rates, an increase in reimbursement, ancillary and fee income and a decrease in insurance expense, partially offset by the impact from rent concessions, higher bad debt, higher vacancy loss, higher repair and maintenance expense, higher utility expense and higher real estate tax expense. Revenue growth in 2024 may be impacted by adverse developments affecting the general economy, inclusive of economic conditions as a result of a recession, reduced occupancy rates, increased rental concessions, new supply, increased bad debt and other factors which may adversely impact our ability to increase rents."
    },
    {
      "status": "MODIFIED",
      "current_title": "Acquisitions and Dispositions",
      "prior_title": "Acquisitions and Dispositions",
      "similarity_score": 0.804,
      "confidence": "high",
      "key_changes": [
        "Reworded sentence: \"When evaluating potential acquisitions, we consider a wide variety of factors, including: 8 8 8 8 8 8 Table of Contents●geographic location, including proximity to jobs, entertainment, transportation, and our existing communities which can deliver significant economies of scale;●our climate assessments for the market and sub-market in which the property is located;●construction quality, condition, design and sustainability features of, or the potential to implement sustainability initiatives at, the property;●current and projected cash flow of the property and the ability to increase cash flow;●ability of the property’s projected returns to exceed our cost of capital;●potential for capital appreciation of the property;●ability to increase the value and profitability of the property through operations and redevelopment;●terms of resident leases, including the potential for rent increases;●occupancy and demand by residents for properties of a similar type in the vicinity;●prospects for liquidity through sale, financing or refinancing of the property; and●competition from existing multifamily communities and the potential for the construction of new multifamily properties in the area.We regularly monitor our assets to increase the quality and performance of our portfolio.\""
      ],
      "current_body": "When evaluating potential acquisitions, we consider a wide variety of factors, including: 8 8 8 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Balance Sheet·We issued $300.0 million of 5.125% medium-term notes due September 1, 2034. The net proceeds were used to pay down outstanding indebtedness under our commercial paper program.·We amended our Revolving Credit Facility to extend the maturity date to August 31, 2028, with two six-month extension options and amended our Term Loan to include a twelve-month extension option.·We amended our Working Capital Credit Facility to extend the maturity date from January 12, 2025, to January 12, 2026.ESG Report We published our 2024 ESG Report on our website, which discloses our environmental and social initiatives, programs, and performance. The report’s ESG disclosures were, to the extent applicable, prepared in accordance with the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) Standards (core), the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB) standards, and the Task Force for Climate-related Financial Disclosure (TCFD) framework.​Refer to Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, for further information on the Company’s activities in 2024.​Our Strategic Vision Our strategic vision is to be the multifamily public REIT of choice for investors. We intend to realize this vision by executing on our strategic objectives, which are:1.Maintaining a Diversified Portfolio and Allocating Capital to Accretive Investment Opportunities2.Maintaining a Strong Balance Sheet3.Consistently Driving Operating Excellence4.Advancing a Strong Corporate Culture and Striving for High Resident SatisfactionMaintaining a Diversified Portfolio and Allocating Capital to Accretive Investment OpportunitiesWe believe greater portfolio diversification, as defined by geographic concentration, location within a market (i.e., urban or suburban) and property quality (i.e., A or B), reduces the volatility of our same-store growth throughout the real estate cycle, appeals to a wider renter and investor audience, lessens the market risk associated with owning a homogenous portfolio, and provides more opportunities for accretive external growth when appropriate. Diversified characteristics of our portfolio include:●our consolidated apartment portfolio includes 169 communities located in 21 markets throughout the U.S., including both coastal and sunbelt locations;●our communities that are located proximate to each other within a market provide enhanced economics; and●our mix of urban/suburban communities is approximately 30%/70% and our mix of A/B quality properties is approximately 44%/56%.We are focused on increasing our presence in markets with favorable job formation and income growth, high propensity to rent, strong relative affordability for rental versus homeownership, and a favorable demand/supply ratio for multifamily housing. Portfolio investment decisions consider internal analyses and third-party research.Acquisitions and Dispositions When evaluating potential acquisitions, we consider a wide variety of factors, including:●high working age population growth, relatively robust rental versus single-family home affordability, measured long-term new supply growth, overall potential for strong total income growth;●the tax and regulatory environment of the market in which the property is located; Balance Sheet·We issued $300.0 million of 5.125% medium-term notes due September 1, 2034. The net proceeds were used to pay down outstanding indebtedness under our commercial paper program.·We amended our Revolving Credit Facility to extend the maturity date to August 31, 2028, with two six-month extension options and amended our Term Loan to include a twelve-month extension option.·We amended our Working Capital Credit Facility to extend the maturity date from January 12, 2025, to January 12, 2026.ESG Report We published our 2024 ESG Report on our website, which discloses our environmental and social initiatives, programs, and performance. The report’s ESG disclosures were, to the extent applicable, prepared in accordance with the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) Standards (core), the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB) standards, and the Task Force for Climate-related Financial Disclosure (TCFD) framework.​Refer to Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, for further information on the Company’s activities in 2024.​Our Strategic Vision Our strategic vision is to be the multifamily public REIT of choice for investors. We intend to realize this vision by executing on our strategic objectives, which are:1.Maintaining a Diversified Portfolio and Allocating Capital to Accretive Investment Opportunities2.Maintaining a Strong Balance Sheet3.Consistently Driving Operating Excellence4.Advancing a Strong Corporate Culture and Striving for High Resident SatisfactionMaintaining a Diversified Portfolio and Allocating Capital to Accretive Investment OpportunitiesWe believe greater portfolio diversification, as defined by geographic concentration, location within a market (i.e., urban or suburban) and property quality (i.e., A or B), reduces the volatility of our same-store growth throughout the real estate cycle, appeals to a wider renter and investor audience, lessens the market risk associated with owning a homogenous portfolio, and provides more opportunities for accretive external growth when appropriate. Diversified characteristics of our portfolio include:●our consolidated apartment portfolio includes 169 communities located in 21 markets throughout the U.S., including both coastal and sunbelt locations;●our communities that are located proximate to each other within a market provide enhanced economics; and●our mix of urban/suburban communities is approximately 30%/70% and our mix of A/B quality properties is approximately 44%/56%.We are focused on increasing our presence in markets with favorable job formation and income growth, high propensity to rent, strong relative affordability for rental versus homeownership, and a favorable demand/supply ratio for multifamily housing. Portfolio investment decisions consider internal analyses and third-party research.Acquisitions and Dispositions When evaluating potential acquisitions, we consider a wide variety of factors, including:●high working age population growth, relatively robust rental versus single-family home affordability, measured long-term new supply growth, overall potential for strong total income growth;●the tax and regulatory environment of the market in which the property is located; Balance Sheet · We issued $300.0 million of 5.125% medium-term notes due September 1, 2034. The net proceeds were used to pay down outstanding indebtedness under our commercial paper program. · We amended our Revolving Credit Facility to extend the maturity date to August 31, 2028, with two six-month extension options and amended our Term Loan to include a twelve-month extension option. · We amended our Working Capital Credit Facility to extend the maturity date from January 12, 2025, to January 12, 2026. ESG Report We published our 2024 ESG Report on our website, which discloses our environmental and social initiatives, programs, and performance. The report’s ESG disclosures were, to the extent applicable, prepared in accordance with the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) Standards (core), the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB) standards, and the Task Force for Climate-related Financial Disclosure (TCFD) framework. ​ Refer to Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, for further information on the Company’s activities in 2024. ​",
      "prior_body": "When evaluating potential acquisitions, we consider a wide variety of factors, including: 8 8 8 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents ● We recognized a gain of $25.3 million from the sale of an operating community located in Hillsboro, Oregon.● We funded an additional $21.8 million to two of our Developer Capital Program preferred equity investments.● We funded an additional $85.3 million to five of our notes receivable investments.Balance Sheet● We amended our Working Capital Credit Facility to extend the maturity date from January 12, 2024 to January 12, 2025, plus a one-year extension option.● We repurchased 0.6 million shares of common stock for approximately $25.0 million.ESG ReportWe published our 2023 ESG Report on our website, which discloses our environmental and social initiatives, programs, and performance. The report’s ESG disclosures were, to the extent applicable, prepared in accordance with the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) Standards (core), the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB) standards, and the Task Force for Climate-related Financial Disclosure (TCFD) framework.​Refer to Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, for further information on the Company’s activities in 2023.​Our Strategic Vision Our strategic vision is to be the multifamily public REIT of choice for investors. We intend to realize this vision by executing on our strategic objectives, which are:1.Maintaining a Diversified Portfolio and Allocating Capital to Accretive Investment Opportunities2.Maintaining a Strong Balance Sheet3.Consistently Driving Operating Excellence4.Advancing a Strong Corporate Culture and Striving for High Resident SatisfactionMaintaining a Diversified Portfolio and Allocating Capital to Accretive Investment OpportunitiesWe believe greater portfolio diversification, as defined by geographic concentration, location within a market (i.e., urban or suburban) and property quality (i.e., A or B), reduces the volatility of our same-store growth throughout the real estate cycle, appeals to a wider renter and investor audience, lessens the market risk associated with owning a homogenous portfolio, and provides more opportunities for accretive external growth when appropriate. Diversified characteristics of our portfolio include:●our consolidated apartment portfolio includes 168 communities located in 21 markets throughout the U.S., including both coastal and sunbelt locations;●our communities that are located proximate to each other within a market provide enhanced economics; and●our mix of urban/suburban communities is approximately 31%/69% and our mix of A/B quality properties is approximately 44%/56%.We are focused on increasing our presence in markets with favorable job formation and income growth, high propensity to rent, strong relative affordability for rental versus homeownership, and a favorable demand/supply ratio for multifamily housing. Portfolio investment decisions consider internal analyses and third-party research.Acquisitions and Dispositions When evaluating potential acquisitions, we consider a wide variety of factors, including:●high working age population growth, relatively robust rental versus single-family home affordability, measured long-term new supply growth, overall potential for strong total income growth; ● We recognized a gain of $25.3 million from the sale of an operating community located in Hillsboro, Oregon. ● We funded an additional $21.8 million to two of our Developer Capital Program preferred equity investments. ● We funded an additional $85.3 million to five of our notes receivable investments. Balance Sheet ● We amended our Working Capital Credit Facility to extend the maturity date from January 12, 2024 to January 12, 2025, plus a one-year extension option. ● We repurchased 0.6 million shares of common stock for approximately $25.0 million. ESG Report We published our 2023 ESG Report on our website, which discloses our environmental and social initiatives, programs, and performance. The report’s ESG disclosures were, to the extent applicable, prepared in accordance with the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) Standards (core), the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB) standards, and the Task Force for Climate-related Financial Disclosure (TCFD) framework. ​ Refer to Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, for further information on the Company’s activities in 2023. ​"
    },
    {
      "status": "MODIFIED",
      "current_title": "2024 Highlights",
      "prior_title": "2023 Highlights",
      "similarity_score": 0.786,
      "confidence": "high",
      "key_changes": [
        "Reworded sentence: \"Commitment to Shareholders ● In July 2024, the Company marked its 52nd year as a REIT and, in October 2024, paid its 208th consecutive quarterly dividend.\"",
        "Reworded sentence: \"Diversified characteristics of our portfolio include:●our consolidated apartment portfolio includes 169 communities located in 21 markets throughout the U.S., including both coastal and sunbelt locations;●our communities that are located proximate to each other within a market provide enhanced economics; and●our mix of urban/suburban communities is approximately 30%/70% and our mix of A/B quality properties is approximately 44%/56%.We are focused on increasing our presence in markets with favorable job formation and income growth, high propensity to rent, strong relative affordability for rental versus homeownership, and a favorable demand/supply ratio for multifamily housing.\"",
        "Reworded sentence: \"Diversified characteristics of our portfolio include:●our consolidated apartment portfolio includes 169 communities located in 21 markets throughout the U.S., including both coastal and sunbelt locations;●our communities that are located proximate to each other within a market provide enhanced economics; and●our mix of urban/suburban communities is approximately 30%/70% and our mix of A/B quality properties is approximately 44%/56%.We are focused on increasing our presence in markets with favorable job formation and income growth, high propensity to rent, strong relative affordability for rental versus homeownership, and a favorable demand/supply ratio for multifamily housing.\"",
        "Reworded sentence: \"​ Refer to Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, for further information on the Company’s activities in 2024.\""
      ],
      "current_body": "Commitment to Shareholders ● In July 2024, the Company marked its 52nd year as a REIT and, in October 2024, paid its 208th consecutive quarterly dividend. The Company’s annualized declared 2024 dividend of $1.70 represented a 1.2% increase over the previous year. Earnings Results · Net income attributable to common stockholders was $84.8 million as compared to $439.5 million in the prior year. The primary drivers for the decrease were lower gains from dispositions of real estate as we sold fewer assets in 2024 when compared to the same period in 2023, and lower interest income and other income/(expense) primarily driven by a $37.3 million non-cash loan reserve partially offset by higher notes receivable balances. These were partially offset by higher total net operating income (“NOI”). · We achieved Same-Store revenue growth of 2.3% and Same-Store NOI growth of 1.5%. Investing and Developments · We completed the development of two communities located in Tampa, Florida and Addison, Texas, with a total of 415 apartment homes. · We recognized a gain of $16.9 million from the sale of an operating community located in Arlington, Virginia. · We received distributions totaling $102.4 million from the Company’s unconsolidated joint ventures and partnerships. · We funded an additional $32.2 million to two of our notes receivable investments. 7 7 7 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Business Objectives Our principal business objective is to maximize the economic returns of our apartment communities in a sustainable manner to provide our stockholders with the greatest possible total return and value. To achieve this objective, we intend to continue to pursue the following goals and strategies:●own and operate a diversified portfolio of apartments in targeted markets in the United States, which are characterized by strong total income growth, high working age population growth, relatively robust rental versus single-family home affordability and favorable demand/supply ratio for multifamily housing, thus enhancing stability and predictability of returns to our stockholders;●manage real estate cycles by taking an opportunistic approach to buying, selling, renovating, redeveloping, and developing apartment communities;●empower our associates to manage our communities efficiently and effectively to improve resident satisfaction;●measure and reward associates based on specific performance targets; and●manage our capital structure with the intent of lowering our relative cost of capital to enhance profitability and predictability of liquidity, earnings and dividends.2024 HighlightsCommitment to Shareholders● In July 2024, the Company marked its 52nd year as a REIT and, in October 2024, paid its 208th consecutive quarterly dividend. The Company’s annualized declared 2024 dividend of $1.70 represented a 1.2% increase over the previous year.Earnings Results·Net income attributable to common stockholders was $84.8 million as compared to $439.5 million in the prior year. The primary drivers for the decrease were lower gains from dispositions of real estate as we sold fewer assets in 2024 when compared to the same period in 2023, and lower interest income and other income/(expense) primarily driven by a $37.3 million non-cash loan reserve partially offset by higher notes receivable balances. These were partially offset by higher total net operating income (“NOI”).●Total revenues increased 2.7% over the prior year primarily due to overall market rent growth and communities acquired and completion of developments during 2024 and 2023, partially offset by dispositions of real estate in 2024 and 2023.· We achieved Same-Store revenue growth of 2.3% and Same-Store NOI growth of 1.5%.Investing and Developments·We completed the development of two communities located in Tampa, Florida and Addison, Texas, with a total of 415 apartment homes.·We recognized a gain of $16.9 million from the sale of an operating community located in Arlington, Virginia.·We received distributions totaling $102.4 million from the Company’s unconsolidated joint ventures and partnerships. ●We contributed $35.0 million to four joint ventures that own and operate four operating communities with a total of 818 apartment homes.·We funded an additional $32.2 million to two of our notes receivable investments. Business Objectives Our principal business objective is to maximize the economic returns of our apartment communities in a sustainable manner to provide our stockholders with the greatest possible total return and value. To achieve this objective, we intend to continue to pursue the following goals and strategies:●own and operate a diversified portfolio of apartments in targeted markets in the United States, which are characterized by strong total income growth, high working age population growth, relatively robust rental versus single-family home affordability and favorable demand/supply ratio for multifamily housing, thus enhancing stability and predictability of returns to our stockholders;●manage real estate cycles by taking an opportunistic approach to buying, selling, renovating, redeveloping, and developing apartment communities;●empower our associates to manage our communities efficiently and effectively to improve resident satisfaction;●measure and reward associates based on specific performance targets; and●manage our capital structure with the intent of lowering our relative cost of capital to enhance profitability and predictability of liquidity, earnings and dividends.2024 HighlightsCommitment to Shareholders● In July 2024, the Company marked its 52nd year as a REIT and, in October 2024, paid its 208th consecutive quarterly dividend. The Company’s annualized declared 2024 dividend of $1.70 represented a 1.2% increase over the previous year.Earnings Results·Net income attributable to common stockholders was $84.8 million as compared to $439.5 million in the prior year. The primary drivers for the decrease were lower gains from dispositions of real estate as we sold fewer assets in 2024 when compared to the same period in 2023, and lower interest income and other income/(expense) primarily driven by a $37.3 million non-cash loan reserve partially offset by higher notes receivable balances. These were partially offset by higher total net operating income (“NOI”).●Total revenues increased 2.7% over the prior year primarily due to overall market rent growth and communities acquired and completion of developments during 2024 and 2023, partially offset by dispositions of real estate in 2024 and 2023.· We achieved Same-Store revenue growth of 2.3% and Same-Store NOI growth of 1.5%.Investing and Developments·We completed the development of two communities located in Tampa, Florida and Addison, Texas, with a total of 415 apartment homes.·We recognized a gain of $16.9 million from the sale of an operating community located in Arlington, Virginia.·We received distributions totaling $102.4 million from the Company’s unconsolidated joint ventures and partnerships. ●We contributed $35.0 million to four joint ventures that own and operate four operating communities with a total of 818 apartment homes.·We funded an additional $32.2 million to two of our notes receivable investments.",
      "prior_body": "Commitment to Shareholders ● In July 2023, the Company marked its 51st year as a REIT and, in October 2023, paid its 204th consecutive quarterly dividend. The Company’s annualized declared 2023 dividend of $1.68 represented a 10.5% increase over the previous year. Property Operations ● Net income attributable to common stockholders was $439.5 million as compared to $82.5 million in the prior year. The increase was primarily driven by higher gains from dispositions of real estate, higher total net operating income (“NOI”), and higher interest income and other income/(expense) primarily due to realized and unrealized gains from our direct investment in SmartRent, Inc. (“SmartRent”) and higher interest income driven by higher notes receivable balances. These were partially offset by higher depreciation expense primarily due to communities acquired and completion of developments in 2023 and 2022, and higher interest expense primarily due to higher average interest rates and higher overall debt balances. ● We achieved Same-Store revenue growth of 5.6% and Same-Store NOI growth of 6.0%. Investing and Developments ● We acquired six operating communities located in Dallas, Texas, and Austin, Texas, for approximately $354.6 million. ● We completed the development of one community located in Washington, D.C., with a total of 300 apartment homes. 7 7 7 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Business Objectives Our principal business objective is to maximize the economic returns of our apartment communities in a sustainable manner to provide our stockholders with the greatest possible total return and value. To achieve this objective, we intend to continue to pursue the following goals and strategies:●own and operate a diversified portfolio of apartments in targeted markets in the United States, which are characterized by strong total income growth, high working age population growth, relatively robust rental versus single-family home affordability and favorable demand/supply ratio for multifamily housing, thus enhancing stability and predictability of returns to our stockholders;●manage real estate cycles by taking an opportunistic approach to buying, selling, renovating, redeveloping, and developing apartment communities;●empower site associates to manage our communities efficiently and effectively;●measure and reward associates based on specific performance targets; and●manage our capital structure with the intent of lowering our relative cost of capital to enhance profitability and predictability of liquidity, earnings and dividends.2023 HighlightsCommitment to Shareholders● In July 2023, the Company marked its 51st year as a REIT and, in October 2023, paid its 204th consecutive quarterly dividend. The Company’s annualized declared 2023 dividend of $1.68 represented a 10.5% increase over the previous year.Property Operations●Net income attributable to common stockholders was $439.5 million as compared to $82.5 million in the prior year. The increase was primarily driven by higher gains from dispositions of real estate, higher total net operating income (“NOI”), and higher interest income and other income/(expense) primarily due to realized and unrealized gains from our direct investment in SmartRent, Inc. (“SmartRent”) and higher interest income driven by higher notes receivable balances. These were partially offset by higher depreciation expense primarily due to communities acquired and completion of developments in 2023 and 2022, and higher interest expense primarily due to higher average interest rates and higher overall debt balances.●Total revenues increased 7.3% over the prior year primarily due to overall market rent growth and communities acquired and completion of developments during 2023 and 2022, partially offset by dispositions of real estate in 2023.● We achieved Same-Store revenue growth of 5.6% and Same-Store NOI growth of 6.0%.Investing and Developments● We acquired six operating communities located in Dallas, Texas, and Austin, Texas, for approximately $354.6 million.●We contributed four wholly-owned operating communities to a newly formed joint venture in exchange for a 51.0% interest in the venture. We received approximately $247.9 million in cash proceeds from our joint venture partner at formation and we recognized gains of $325.9 million from the partial sale of the operating communities. The joint venture also acquired an operating community located in Norwood, Massachusetts, from a third party for $114.3 million.● We completed the development of one community located in Washington, D.C., with a total of 300 apartment homes."
    },
    {
      "status": "MODIFIED",
      "current_title": "Competitive Conditions",
      "prior_title": "Advancing a Strong Corporate Culture and Ensuring High Resident Satisfaction",
      "similarity_score": 0.785,
      "confidence": "high",
      "key_changes": [
        "Reworded sentence: \"Competition for new residents is generally intense across our markets.\"",
        "Reworded sentence: \"The competitive position of each community is different depending upon many factors, including sub-market supply and 10 10 10 10 10 10 Table of Contentsdemand.\"",
        "Reworded sentence: \"We believe this plan of operation, coupled with the portfolio’s strengths in targeting renters across a geographically diverse platform, should position us for continued operational upside.CommunitiesAt December 31, 2024, our consolidated real estate portfolio included 169 communities with a total of 55,696 completed apartment homes.\"",
        "Reworded sentence: \"We believe this plan of operation, coupled with the portfolio’s strengths in targeting renters across a geographically diverse platform, should position us for continued operational upside.CommunitiesAt December 31, 2024, our consolidated real estate portfolio included 169 communities with a total of 55,696 completed apartment homes.\""
      ],
      "current_body": "Competition for new residents is generally intense across our markets. Some competing communities offer amenities that our communities do not have. Competing communities can use rental concessions or lower rents to obtain temporary competitive advantages. Also, some competing communities are larger or newer than our communities. The competitive position of each community is different depending upon many factors, including sub-market supply and 10 10 10 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents and our portfolio strategy generally govern our review process on where and when to allocate development capital. At December 31, 2024, the Company was not developing any communities, although the Company was incurring and capitalizing costs directly related to predevelopment activities in preparation of future development commencements. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company completed the development of two communities located in Tampa, Florida and Addison, Texas, with a total of 415 apartment homes.Redevelopment ActivitiesOur objective in redeveloping a community is twofold: we aim to grow rental rates while also producing a higher yielding and more valuable asset through asset quality improvement. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we incurred $51.4 million in major renovations, which included major structural changes and/or architectural revisions to existing buildings. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had no communities at which it was conducting substantial redevelopment activities.Joint Venture and Partnership ActivitiesWe have entered into, and may continue in the future to enter into, joint ventures (including limited liability companies or partnerships) through which we own an indirect economic interest of less than 100% of the community or communities owned directly by such joint ventures. Our decision to either hold an apartment community in fee simple or have an indirect interest in the community through a joint venture is based on a variety of factors and considerations, including: (i) the economic and tax terms required by the seller of land or a community; (ii) our desire to diversify our portfolio of communities by market, submarket and product type; (iii) our desire at times to preserve our capital resources to maintain liquidity or balance sheet strength; and (iv) our projections, in some circumstances, that we will achieve higher returns on our invested capital or reduce our risk if a joint venture vehicle is used. Each joint venture agreement is individually negotiated, and our ability to operate and/or dispose of a community in our sole discretion may be limited to varying degrees depending on the terms of the joint venture agreement.Maintaining a Strong Balance SheetWe maintain a capital structure that we believe allows us to proactively source potential investment opportunities in the marketplace. We have structured our debt maturity schedule to be able to opportunistically access both secured and unsecured debt markets when appropriate.As part of our plan to finance our activities, we utilize proceeds from debt and equity offerings and refinancings to extend maturities, pay down existing debt, fund development and redevelopment activities, and acquire apartment communities.Consistently Driving Operational ExcellenceInvestment in new technologies continues to drive operating efficiencies in our business and helps us to better meet the changing needs of our business and our residents. Our residents can conduct business with us 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, including completing online leasing applications and renewals and submitting maintenance or other requests throughout our portfolio using our web-based resident internet portal or, increasingly, a smart-device application.As a result of transforming our operations through technology, residents’ satisfaction has improved, and our operating teams have become more efficient. Web-based technologies have also resulted in declining marketing and advertising costs, improved cash management, and better pricing management of our available apartment homes.Advancing a Strong Corporate Culture and Ensuring High Resident SatisfactionRefer to Human Capital Management section above, for further information on the Company’s corporate culture.​Competitive ConditionsCompetition for new residents is generally intense across our markets. Some competing communities offer amenities that our communities do not have. Competing communities can use rental concessions or lower rents to obtain temporary competitive advantages. Also, some competing communities are larger or newer than our communities. The competitive position of each community is different depending upon many factors, including sub-market supply and and our portfolio strategy generally govern our review process on where and when to allocate development capital. At December 31, 2024, the Company was not developing any communities, although the Company was incurring and capitalizing costs directly related to predevelopment activities in preparation of future development commencements. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company completed the development of two communities located in Tampa, Florida and Addison, Texas, with a total of 415 apartment homes.Redevelopment ActivitiesOur objective in redeveloping a community is twofold: we aim to grow rental rates while also producing a higher yielding and more valuable asset through asset quality improvement. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we incurred $51.4 million in major renovations, which included major structural changes and/or architectural revisions to existing buildings. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had no communities at which it was conducting substantial redevelopment activities.Joint Venture and Partnership ActivitiesWe have entered into, and may continue in the future to enter into, joint ventures (including limited liability companies or partnerships) through which we own an indirect economic interest of less than 100% of the community or communities owned directly by such joint ventures. Our decision to either hold an apartment community in fee simple or have an indirect interest in the community through a joint venture is based on a variety of factors and considerations, including: (i) the economic and tax terms required by the seller of land or a community; (ii) our desire to diversify our portfolio of communities by market, submarket and product type; (iii) our desire at times to preserve our capital resources to maintain liquidity or balance sheet strength; and (iv) our projections, in some circumstances, that we will achieve higher returns on our invested capital or reduce our risk if a joint venture vehicle is used. Each joint venture agreement is individually negotiated, and our ability to operate and/or dispose of a community in our sole discretion may be limited to varying degrees depending on the terms of the joint venture agreement.Maintaining a Strong Balance SheetWe maintain a capital structure that we believe allows us to proactively source potential investment opportunities in the marketplace. We have structured our debt maturity schedule to be able to opportunistically access both secured and unsecured debt markets when appropriate.As part of our plan to finance our activities, we utilize proceeds from debt and equity offerings and refinancings to extend maturities, pay down existing debt, fund development and redevelopment activities, and acquire apartment communities.Consistently Driving Operational ExcellenceInvestment in new technologies continues to drive operating efficiencies in our business and helps us to better meet the changing needs of our business and our residents. Our residents can conduct business with us 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, including completing online leasing applications and renewals and submitting maintenance or other requests throughout our portfolio using our web-based resident internet portal or, increasingly, a smart-device application.As a result of transforming our operations through technology, residents’ satisfaction has improved, and our operating teams have become more efficient. Web-based technologies have also resulted in declining marketing and advertising costs, improved cash management, and better pricing management of our available apartment homes.Advancing a Strong Corporate Culture and Ensuring High Resident SatisfactionRefer to Human Capital Management section above, for further information on the Company’s corporate culture.​Competitive ConditionsCompetition for new residents is generally intense across our markets. Some competing communities offer amenities that our communities do not have. Competing communities can use rental concessions or lower rents to obtain temporary competitive advantages. Also, some competing communities are larger or newer than our communities. The competitive position of each community is different depending upon many factors, including sub-market supply and and our portfolio strategy generally govern our review process on where and when to allocate development capital. At December 31, 2024, the Company was not developing any communities, although the Company was incurring and capitalizing costs directly related to predevelopment activities in preparation of future development commencements. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company completed the development of two communities located in Tampa, Florida and Addison, Texas, with a total of 415 apartment homes.",
      "prior_body": "Refer to Human Capital Management section above, for further information on the Company’s corporate culture. ​ 10 10 10 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Development ActivitiesOur objective in developing a community is to create value while improving the quality of our portfolio. How demographic trends, economic drivers, and multifamily fundamentals and valuations have trended over the long-term and our portfolio strategy generally govern our review process on where and when to allocate development capital. At December 31, 2023, the Company was developing two wholly-owned communities located in Addison, Texas and Tampa, Florida, totaling 415 homes, of which 56 have been completed, with a budget of $187.5 million, in which we have an investment of $160.4 million. The communities are estimated to be completed in the second quarter of 2024. Redevelopment ActivitiesOur objective in redeveloping a community is twofold: we aim to grow rental rates while also producing a higher yielding and more valuable asset through asset quality improvement. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we incurred $123.3 million in major renovations, which included major structural changes and/or architectural revisions to existing buildings. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had no communities at which it was conducting substantial redevelopment activities.Joint Venture and Partnership ActivitiesWe have entered into, and may continue in the future to enter into, joint ventures (including limited liability companies or partnerships) through which we own an indirect economic interest of less than 100% of the community or communities owned directly by such joint ventures. Our decision to either hold an apartment community in fee simple or have an indirect interest in the community through a joint venture is based on a variety of factors and considerations, including: (i) the economic and tax terms required by the seller of land or a community; (ii) our desire to diversify our portfolio of communities by market, submarket and product type; (iii) our desire at times to preserve our capital resources to maintain liquidity or balance sheet strength; and (iv) our projections, in some circumstances, that we will achieve higher returns on our invested capital or reduce our risk if a joint venture vehicle is used. Each joint venture agreement is individually negotiated, and our ability to operate and/or dispose of a community in our sole discretion may be limited to varying degrees depending on the terms of the joint venture agreement.Maintaining a Strong Balance SheetWe maintain a capital structure that we believe allows us to proactively source potential investment opportunities in the marketplace. We have structured our debt maturity schedule to be able to opportunistically access both secured and unsecured debt markets when appropriate.As part of our plan to finance our activities, we utilize proceeds from debt and equity offerings and refinancings to extend maturities, pay down existing debt, fund development and redevelopment activities, and acquire apartment communities.Consistently Driving Operational ExcellenceInvestment in new technologies continues to drive operating efficiencies in our business and helps us to better meet the changing needs of our business and our residents. Our residents can conduct business with us 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, including completing online leasing applications and renewals and submitting maintenance or other requests throughout our portfolio using our web-based resident internet portal or, increasingly, a smart-device application.As a result of transforming our operations through technology, residents’ satisfaction has improved, and our operating teams have become more efficient. Web-based technologies have also resulted in declining marketing and advertising costs, improved cash management, and better pricing management of our available apartment homes.Advancing a Strong Corporate Culture and Ensuring High Resident SatisfactionRefer to Human Capital Management section above, for further information on the Company’s corporate culture.​"
    },
    {
      "status": "MODIFIED",
      "current_title": "Environmental Matters",
      "prior_title": "Same-Store Community Comparison",
      "similarity_score": 0.778,
      "confidence": "high",
      "key_changes": [
        "Reworded sentence: \"Various environmental laws govern certain aspects of the ongoing operation of our communities.\"",
        "Reworded sentence: \"Although an extreme or sustained escalation in costs could have a negative impact on our residents and their ability to absorb rent increases, we do not believe this had a material impact on our results for the year ended December 31, 2024.Environmental MattersVarious environmental laws govern certain aspects of the ongoing operation of our communities.\"",
        "Reworded sentence: \"We believe that through professional environmental inspections and testing for asbestos, lead paint and other hazardous materials, coupled with a relatively conservative posture toward accepting known environmental risk, we can minimize our exposure to potential liability associated with environmental hazards.Federal legislation requires owners and landlords of residential housing constructed prior to 1978 to disclose to potential residents or purchasers of the communities any known lead paint hazards and imposes treble damages for failure to provide such notification.\"",
        "Reworded sentence: \"Although an extreme or sustained escalation in costs could have a negative impact on our residents and their ability to absorb rent increases, we do not believe this had a material impact on our results for the year ended December 31, 2024.Environmental MattersVarious environmental laws govern certain aspects of the ongoing operation of our communities.\"",
        "Reworded sentence: \"We believe that through professional environmental inspections and testing for asbestos, lead paint and other hazardous materials, coupled with a relatively conservative posture toward accepting known environmental risk, we can minimize our exposure to potential liability associated with environmental hazards.Federal legislation requires owners and landlords of residential housing constructed prior to 1978 to disclose to potential residents or purchasers of the communities any known lead paint hazards and imposes treble damages for failure to provide such notification.\""
      ],
      "current_body": "Various environmental laws govern certain aspects of the ongoing operation of our communities. Such environmental laws include those regulating the existence of asbestos-containing materials in buildings, management of surfaces with lead-based paint (and notices to residents about the lead-based paint), use of active underground petroleum storage tanks, and waste-management activities. The failure to comply with such requirements could subject us to a government enforcement action and/or claims for damages by a private party. To date, compliance with federal, state and local environmental protection regulations has not had a material effect on our capital expenditures, earnings or competitive position. We have a property management plan for hazardous materials. As part of the plan, Phase I environmental site investigations and reports have been completed for each property we acquire. In addition, all proposed acquisitions are inspected prior to acquisition. The inspections are conducted by qualified environmental consultants, and we review the issued report prior to the purchase or development of any property. Nevertheless, it is possible that the environmental assessments will not reveal all environmental liabilities, or that some material environmental liabilities exist of which we are unaware. In some cases, we have abandoned otherwise economically attractive acquisitions because the costs of removal or control of hazardous materials have been prohibitive or we have been unwilling to accept the potential risks involved. We do not believe we will be required to engage in any large-scale abatement at any of our properties. We believe that through professional environmental inspections and testing for asbestos, lead paint and other hazardous materials, coupled with a relatively conservative posture toward accepting known environmental risk, we can minimize our exposure to potential liability associated with environmental hazards. Federal legislation requires owners and landlords of residential housing constructed prior to 1978 to disclose to potential residents or purchasers of the communities any known lead paint hazards and imposes treble damages for failure to provide such notification. In addition, lead based paint in any of the communities may result in lead poisoning in children residing in that community if chips or particles of such lead based paint are ingested, and we may be held liable under state laws for any such injuries caused by ingestion of lead based paint by children living at the communities. 12 12 12 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Revenue growth in 2025 may be impacted by adverse developments affecting the general economy, inclusive of economic conditions as a result of a recession, reduced occupancy rates, increased rental concessions, new supply, increased bad debt and other factors which may adversely impact our ability to increase rents.Tax MattersUDR has elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Code. To continue to qualify as a REIT, UDR must continue to meet certain tests that, among other things, generally require that our assets consist primarily of real estate assets, our income be derived primarily from real estate assets, and that we distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (other than net capital gains) to our stockholders annually. Provided we maintain our qualification as a REIT, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxes at the corporate level on our net income to the extent such net income is distributed to our stockholders annually. Even if we continue to qualify as a REIT, we will continue to be subject to certain federal, state and local taxes on our income and property.We may utilize our taxable REIT subsidiary (“TRS”) to engage in activities that REITs may be prohibited from performing, including the provision of management and other services to third parties and the conduct of certain nonqualifying real estate transactions. Our TRS generally is taxable as a regular corporation, and therefore, subject to federal, state and local income taxes.InflationInflation primarily impacts our results of operations as a result of wage pressures and increases in utilities and repair and maintenance costs. In addition, inflation could also impact our general and administrative expenses, the interest on our debt if variable or refinanced in a high-inflationary environment, our cost of capital, and our cost of development, redevelopment, maintenance or other operating activities. However, the majority of our apartment leases have initial terms of 12 months or less, which in an inflationary environment, and absent other factors such as increased supply, generally enables us to compensate for inflationary effects by increasing rents on our apartment homes. Although an extreme or sustained escalation in costs could have a negative impact on our residents and their ability to absorb rent increases, we do not believe this had a material impact on our results for the year ended December 31, 2024.Environmental MattersVarious environmental laws govern certain aspects of the ongoing operation of our communities. Such environmental laws include those regulating the existence of asbestos-containing materials in buildings, management of surfaces with lead-based paint (and notices to residents about the lead-based paint), use of active underground petroleum storage tanks, and waste-management activities. The failure to comply with such requirements could subject us to a government enforcement action and/or claims for damages by a private party.To date, compliance with federal, state and local environmental protection regulations has not had a material effect on our capital expenditures, earnings or competitive position. We have a property management plan for hazardous materials. As part of the plan, Phase I environmental site investigations and reports have been completed for each property we acquire. In addition, all proposed acquisitions are inspected prior to acquisition. The inspections are conducted by qualified environmental consultants, and we review the issued report prior to the purchase or development of any property. Nevertheless, it is possible that the environmental assessments will not reveal all environmental liabilities, or that some material environmental liabilities exist of which we are unaware. In some cases, we have abandoned otherwise economically attractive acquisitions because the costs of removal or control of hazardous materials have been prohibitive or we have been unwilling to accept the potential risks involved. We do not believe we will be required to engage in any large-scale abatement at any of our properties. We believe that through professional environmental inspections and testing for asbestos, lead paint and other hazardous materials, coupled with a relatively conservative posture toward accepting known environmental risk, we can minimize our exposure to potential liability associated with environmental hazards.Federal legislation requires owners and landlords of residential housing constructed prior to 1978 to disclose to potential residents or purchasers of the communities any known lead paint hazards and imposes treble damages for failure to provide such notification. In addition, lead based paint in any of the communities may result in lead poisoning in children residing in that community if chips or particles of such lead based paint are ingested, and we may be held liable under state laws for any such injuries caused by ingestion of lead based paint by children living at the communities. Revenue growth in 2025 may be impacted by adverse developments affecting the general economy, inclusive of economic conditions as a result of a recession, reduced occupancy rates, increased rental concessions, new supply, increased bad debt and other factors which may adversely impact our ability to increase rents.Tax MattersUDR has elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Code. To continue to qualify as a REIT, UDR must continue to meet certain tests that, among other things, generally require that our assets consist primarily of real estate assets, our income be derived primarily from real estate assets, and that we distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (other than net capital gains) to our stockholders annually. Provided we maintain our qualification as a REIT, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxes at the corporate level on our net income to the extent such net income is distributed to our stockholders annually. Even if we continue to qualify as a REIT, we will continue to be subject to certain federal, state and local taxes on our income and property.We may utilize our taxable REIT subsidiary (“TRS”) to engage in activities that REITs may be prohibited from performing, including the provision of management and other services to third parties and the conduct of certain nonqualifying real estate transactions. Our TRS generally is taxable as a regular corporation, and therefore, subject to federal, state and local income taxes.InflationInflation primarily impacts our results of operations as a result of wage pressures and increases in utilities and repair and maintenance costs. In addition, inflation could also impact our general and administrative expenses, the interest on our debt if variable or refinanced in a high-inflationary environment, our cost of capital, and our cost of development, redevelopment, maintenance or other operating activities. However, the majority of our apartment leases have initial terms of 12 months or less, which in an inflationary environment, and absent other factors such as increased supply, generally enables us to compensate for inflationary effects by increasing rents on our apartment homes. Although an extreme or sustained escalation in costs could have a negative impact on our residents and their ability to absorb rent increases, we do not believe this had a material impact on our results for the year ended December 31, 2024.Environmental MattersVarious environmental laws govern certain aspects of the ongoing operation of our communities. Such environmental laws include those regulating the existence of asbestos-containing materials in buildings, management of surfaces with lead-based paint (and notices to residents about the lead-based paint), use of active underground petroleum storage tanks, and waste-management activities. The failure to comply with such requirements could subject us to a government enforcement action and/or claims for damages by a private party.To date, compliance with federal, state and local environmental protection regulations has not had a material effect on our capital expenditures, earnings or competitive position. We have a property management plan for hazardous materials. As part of the plan, Phase I environmental site investigations and reports have been completed for each property we acquire. In addition, all proposed acquisitions are inspected prior to acquisition. The inspections are conducted by qualified environmental consultants, and we review the issued report prior to the purchase or development of any property. Nevertheless, it is possible that the environmental assessments will not reveal all environmental liabilities, or that some material environmental liabilities exist of which we are unaware. In some cases, we have abandoned otherwise economically attractive acquisitions because the costs of removal or control of hazardous materials have been prohibitive or we have been unwilling to accept the potential risks involved. We do not believe we will be required to engage in any large-scale abatement at any of our properties. We believe that through professional environmental inspections and testing for asbestos, lead paint and other hazardous materials, coupled with a relatively conservative posture toward accepting known environmental risk, we can minimize our exposure to potential liability associated with environmental hazards.Federal legislation requires owners and landlords of residential housing constructed prior to 1978 to disclose to potential residents or purchasers of the communities any known lead paint hazards and imposes treble damages for failure to provide such notification. In addition, lead based paint in any of the communities may result in lead poisoning in children residing in that community if chips or particles of such lead based paint are ingested, and we may be held liable under state laws for any such injuries caused by ingestion of lead based paint by children living at the communities. Revenue growth in 2025 may be impacted by adverse developments affecting the general economy, inclusive of economic conditions as a result of a recession, reduced occupancy rates, increased rental concessions, new supply, increased bad debt and other factors which may adversely impact our ability to increase rents.",
      "prior_body": "We believe that one pertinent quantitative measurement of the performance of our portfolio is tracking the results of our Same-Store Communities’ NOI, which is total rental revenue, less rental and other operating expenses excluding property management. Our Same-Store Community population is comprised of operating communities which we own and have stabilized occupancy, revenues and expenses as of the beginning of the prior year. Net income attributable to common stockholders was $439.5 million as compared to $82.5 million in the prior year. The increase was primarily driven by higher gains from dispositions of real estate, higher total NOI, and higher interest income and other income/(expense) primarily due to realized and unrealized gains from our direct investment in SmartRent, Inc. (“SmartRent”) and higher interest income driven by higher notes receivable balances, partially offset by higher depreciation expense due to communities acquired and completion of developments in 2023 and 2022, and higher interest expense primarily due to higher average interest rates and higher overall debt balances. 11 11 11 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Competitive ConditionsCompetition for new residents is generally intense across our markets. Some competing communities offer amenities that our communities do not have. Competing communities can use rental concessions or lower rents to obtain temporary competitive advantages. Also, some competing communities are larger or newer than our communities. The competitive position of each community is different depending upon many factors, including sub-market supply and demand. In addition, other real estate investors compete with us to acquire existing properties, redevelop existing properties, and to develop new properties. These competitors include insurance companies, pension and investment funds, public and private real estate companies, investment companies and other public and private apartment REITs, some of which may have greater resources, or lower capital costs, than we do.We believe that, in general, we are well-positioned to compete effectively for residents and investments. We believe our competitive advantages include:●a fully integrated organization with property management, development, redevelopment, acquisition, marketing, sales and financing expertise;●scalable operating and support systems, which include automated systems to meet the changing needs of our residents and to effectively focus on our internet-based marketing efforts;●access to diversified sources of capital;●geographic diversification with a presence in 21 markets across the country; and●significant presence in many of our major markets that allows us to be a local operating expert.Moving forward, we will continue to improve lease management, improve expense control, increase resident retention efforts and align employee incentive plans with metrics that impact our bottom-line performance. We believe this plan of operation, coupled with the portfolio’s strengths in targeting renters across a geographically diverse platform, should position us for continued operational upside.CommunitiesAt December 31, 2023, our consolidated real estate portfolio included 168 communities with a total of 55,550 completed apartment homes. The overall quality of our portfolio generally enables us to raise rents and to attract residents with higher levels of disposable income who are more likely to absorb such rents.At December 31, 2023, the Company was developing two wholly-owned communities located in Addison, Texas, and Tampa, Florida, totaling 415 homes, of which 56 have been completed, with a budget of $187.5 million, in which we have an investment of $160.4 million. The communities are estimated to be completed in the second quarter of 2024.At December 31, 2023, the Company had no communities at which it was conducting substantial redevelopment activities.Same-Store Community ComparisonWe believe that one pertinent quantitative measurement of the performance of our portfolio is tracking the results of our Same-Store Communities’ NOI, which is total rental revenue, less rental and other operating expenses excluding property management. Our Same-Store Community population is comprised of operating communities which we own and have stabilized occupancy, revenues and expenses as of the beginning of the prior year.Net income attributable to common stockholders was $439.5 million as compared to $82.5 million in the prior year. The increase was primarily driven by higher gains from dispositions of real estate, higher total NOI, and higher interest income and other income/(expense) primarily due to realized and unrealized gains from our direct investment in SmartRent, Inc. (“SmartRent”) and higher interest income driven by higher notes receivable balances, partially offset by higher depreciation expense due to communities acquired and completion of developments in 2023 and 2022, and higher interest expense primarily due to higher average interest rates and higher overall debt balances."
    },
    {
      "status": "MODIFIED",
      "current_title": "Declared in",
      "prior_title": "Declared in",
      "similarity_score": 0.772,
      "confidence": "high",
      "key_changes": [
        "Reworded sentence: \"​ Paid in ​ ​ 2024 ​ 2024 First Quarter ​ $ 0.4250 ​ $ 0.4200 Second Quarter ​ 0.4250 ​ 0.4250 Third Quarter ​ 0.4250 ​ 0.4250 Fourth Quarter ​ 0.4250 ​ 0.4250 Total ​ $ 1.7000 ​ $ 1.6950 ​ UDR was formed in 1972 as a Virginia corporation.\"",
        "Reworded sentence: \"As of December 31, 2024, there were 189.8 million units in the Operating Partnership (“OP Units”) outstanding, of which 176.6 million OP Units (including 0.1 million of general partnership units), or 93.0%, were owned by UDR and 13.2 million OP Units, or 7.0%, were owned by outside limited partners.\""
      ],
      "current_body": "​ Paid in ​ ​ 2024 ​ 2024 First Quarter ​ $ 0.4250 ​ $ 0.4200 Second Quarter ​ 0.4250 ​ 0.4250 Third Quarter ​ 0.4250 ​ 0.4250 Fourth Quarter ​ 0.4250 ​ 0.4250 Total ​ $ 1.7000 ​ $ 1.6950 ​ UDR was formed in 1972 as a Virginia corporation. In June 2003, we changed our state of incorporation from Virginia to Maryland. Our corporate offices are located at 1745 Shea Center Drive, Suite 200, Highlands Ranch, Colorado and our telephone number is (720) 283-6120. Our website is www.udr.com. The information contained on our website, including any information referred to in this Report as being available on our website, is not a part of or incorporated into this Report. As of December 31, 2024, there were 189.8 million units in the Operating Partnership (“OP Units”) outstanding, of which 176.6 million OP Units (including 0.1 million of general partnership units), or 93.0%, were owned by UDR and 13.2 million OP Units, or 7.0%, were owned by outside limited partners. As of December 31, 2024, there were 32.4 million units in the DownREIT Partnership (“DownREIT Units”) outstanding, of which 23.0 million, or 71.0%, were owned by UDR and its subsidiaries and 9.4 million, or 29.0%, were owned by outside limited partners. The consolidated financial statements of UDR include the noncontrolling interests of the unitholders in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership.",
      "prior_body": "​ Paid in ​ ​ 2023 ​ 2023 First Quarter ​ $ 0.4200 ​ $ 0.3800 Second Quarter ​ 0.4200 ​ 0.4200 Third Quarter ​ 0.4200 ​ 0.4200 Fourth Quarter ​ 0.4200 ​ 0.4200 Total ​ $ 1.6800 ​ $ 1.6400 ​ UDR was formed in 1972 as a Virginia corporation. In June 2003, we changed our state of incorporation from Virginia to Maryland. Our corporate offices are located at 1745 Shea Center Drive, Suite 200, Highlands Ranch, Colorado and our telephone number is (720) 283-6120. Our website is www.udr.com. The information contained on our website, including any information referred to in this Report as being available on our website, is not a part of or incorporated into this Report. As of December 31, 2023, there were 189.9 million units in the Operating Partnership (“OP Units”) outstanding, of which 176.4 million OP Units (including 0.1 million of general partnership units), or 92.9%, were owned by UDR and 13.5 million OP Units, or 7.1%, were owned by outside limited partners. As of December 31, 2023, there were 32.4 million units in the DownREIT Partnership (“DownREIT Units”) outstanding, of which 21.4 million, or 66.0%, were owned by UDR and its subsidiaries and 11.0 million, or 34.0%, were owned by outside limited partners. The consolidated financial statements of UDR include the noncontrolling interests of the unitholders in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership."
    },
    {
      "status": "MODIFIED",
      "current_title": "Declared in",
      "prior_title": "Declared in",
      "similarity_score": 0.772,
      "confidence": "high",
      "key_changes": [
        "Reworded sentence: \"​ Paid in ​ ​ 2024 ​ 2024 First Quarter ​ $ 0.4250 ​ $ 0.4200 Second Quarter ​ 0.4250 ​ 0.4250 Third Quarter ​ 0.4250 ​ 0.4250 Fourth Quarter ​ 0.4250 ​ 0.4250 Total ​ $ 1.7000 ​ $ 1.6950 ​ UDR was formed in 1972 as a Virginia corporation.\"",
        "Reworded sentence: \"As of December 31, 2024, there were 189.8 million units in the Operating Partnership (“OP Units”) outstanding, of which 176.6 million OP Units (including 0.1 million of general partnership units), or 93.0%, were owned by UDR and 13.2 million OP Units, or 7.0%, were owned by outside limited partners.\""
      ],
      "current_body": "​ Paid in ​ ​ 2024 ​ 2024 First Quarter ​ $ 0.4250 ​ $ 0.4200 Second Quarter ​ 0.4250 ​ 0.4250 Third Quarter ​ 0.4250 ​ 0.4250 Fourth Quarter ​ 0.4250 ​ 0.4250 Total ​ $ 1.7000 ​ $ 1.6950 ​ UDR was formed in 1972 as a Virginia corporation. In June 2003, we changed our state of incorporation from Virginia to Maryland. Our corporate offices are located at 1745 Shea Center Drive, Suite 200, Highlands Ranch, Colorado and our telephone number is (720) 283-6120. Our website is www.udr.com. The information contained on our website, including any information referred to in this Report as being available on our website, is not a part of or incorporated into this Report. As of December 31, 2024, there were 189.8 million units in the Operating Partnership (“OP Units”) outstanding, of which 176.6 million OP Units (including 0.1 million of general partnership units), or 93.0%, were owned by UDR and 13.2 million OP Units, or 7.0%, were owned by outside limited partners. As of December 31, 2024, there were 32.4 million units in the DownREIT Partnership (“DownREIT Units”) outstanding, of which 23.0 million, or 71.0%, were owned by UDR and its subsidiaries and 9.4 million, or 29.0%, were owned by outside limited partners. The consolidated financial statements of UDR include the noncontrolling interests of the unitholders in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership.",
      "prior_body": "​ Paid in ​ ​ 2023 ​ 2023 First Quarter ​ $ 0.4200 ​ $ 0.3800 Second Quarter ​ 0.4200 ​ 0.4200 Third Quarter ​ 0.4200 ​ 0.4200 Fourth Quarter ​ 0.4200 ​ 0.4200 Total ​ $ 1.6800 ​ $ 1.6400 ​ UDR was formed in 1972 as a Virginia corporation. In June 2003, we changed our state of incorporation from Virginia to Maryland. Our corporate offices are located at 1745 Shea Center Drive, Suite 200, Highlands Ranch, Colorado and our telephone number is (720) 283-6120. Our website is www.udr.com. The information contained on our website, including any information referred to in this Report as being available on our website, is not a part of or incorporated into this Report. As of December 31, 2023, there were 189.9 million units in the Operating Partnership (“OP Units”) outstanding, of which 176.4 million OP Units (including 0.1 million of general partnership units), or 92.9%, were owned by UDR and 13.5 million OP Units, or 7.1%, were owned by outside limited partners. As of December 31, 2023, there were 32.4 million units in the DownREIT Partnership (“DownREIT Units”) outstanding, of which 21.4 million, or 66.0%, were owned by UDR and its subsidiaries and 11.0 million, or 34.0%, were owned by outside limited partners. The consolidated financial statements of UDR include the noncontrolling interests of the unitholders in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership."
    },
    {
      "status": "MODIFIED",
      "current_title": "Declared in",
      "prior_title": "Declared in",
      "similarity_score": 0.772,
      "confidence": "high",
      "key_changes": [
        "Reworded sentence: \"​ Paid in ​ ​ 2024 ​ 2024 First Quarter ​ $ 0.4250 ​ $ 0.4200 Second Quarter ​ 0.4250 ​ 0.4250 Third Quarter ​ 0.4250 ​ 0.4250 Fourth Quarter ​ 0.4250 ​ 0.4250 Total ​ $ 1.7000 ​ $ 1.6950 ​ UDR was formed in 1972 as a Virginia corporation.\"",
        "Reworded sentence: \"As of December 31, 2024, there were 189.8 million units in the Operating Partnership (“OP Units”) outstanding, of which 176.6 million OP Units (including 0.1 million of general partnership units), or 93.0%, were owned by UDR and 13.2 million OP Units, or 7.0%, were owned by outside limited partners.\""
      ],
      "current_body": "​ Paid in ​ ​ 2024 ​ 2024 First Quarter ​ $ 0.4250 ​ $ 0.4200 Second Quarter ​ 0.4250 ​ 0.4250 Third Quarter ​ 0.4250 ​ 0.4250 Fourth Quarter ​ 0.4250 ​ 0.4250 Total ​ $ 1.7000 ​ $ 1.6950 ​ UDR was formed in 1972 as a Virginia corporation. In June 2003, we changed our state of incorporation from Virginia to Maryland. Our corporate offices are located at 1745 Shea Center Drive, Suite 200, Highlands Ranch, Colorado and our telephone number is (720) 283-6120. Our website is www.udr.com. The information contained on our website, including any information referred to in this Report as being available on our website, is not a part of or incorporated into this Report. As of December 31, 2024, there were 189.8 million units in the Operating Partnership (“OP Units”) outstanding, of which 176.6 million OP Units (including 0.1 million of general partnership units), or 93.0%, were owned by UDR and 13.2 million OP Units, or 7.0%, were owned by outside limited partners. As of December 31, 2024, there were 32.4 million units in the DownREIT Partnership (“DownREIT Units”) outstanding, of which 23.0 million, or 71.0%, were owned by UDR and its subsidiaries and 9.4 million, or 29.0%, were owned by outside limited partners. The consolidated financial statements of UDR include the noncontrolling interests of the unitholders in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership.",
      "prior_body": "​ Paid in ​ ​ 2023 ​ 2023 First Quarter ​ $ 0.4200 ​ $ 0.3800 Second Quarter ​ 0.4200 ​ 0.4200 Third Quarter ​ 0.4200 ​ 0.4200 Fourth Quarter ​ 0.4200 ​ 0.4200 Total ​ $ 1.6800 ​ $ 1.6400 ​ UDR was formed in 1972 as a Virginia corporation. In June 2003, we changed our state of incorporation from Virginia to Maryland. Our corporate offices are located at 1745 Shea Center Drive, Suite 200, Highlands Ranch, Colorado and our telephone number is (720) 283-6120. Our website is www.udr.com. The information contained on our website, including any information referred to in this Report as being available on our website, is not a part of or incorporated into this Report. As of December 31, 2023, there were 189.9 million units in the Operating Partnership (“OP Units”) outstanding, of which 176.4 million OP Units (including 0.1 million of general partnership units), or 92.9%, were owned by UDR and 13.5 million OP Units, or 7.1%, were owned by outside limited partners. As of December 31, 2023, there were 32.4 million units in the DownREIT Partnership (“DownREIT Units”) outstanding, of which 21.4 million, or 66.0%, were owned by UDR and its subsidiaries and 11.0 million, or 34.0%, were owned by outside limited partners. The consolidated financial statements of UDR include the noncontrolling interests of the unitholders in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership."
    },
    {
      "status": "MODIFIED",
      "current_title": "Acquisitions and Dispositions",
      "prior_title": "Acquisitions and Dispositions",
      "similarity_score": 0.758,
      "confidence": "high",
      "key_changes": [
        "Reworded sentence: \"When evaluating potential acquisitions, we consider a wide variety of factors, including: 8 8 8 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Balance Sheet·We issued $300.0 million of 5.125% medium-term notes due September 1, 2034.\"",
        "Reworded sentence: \"Diversified characteristics of our portfolio include:●our consolidated apartment portfolio includes 169 communities located in 21 markets throughout the U.S., including both coastal and sunbelt locations;●our communities that are located proximate to each other within a market provide enhanced economics; and●our mix of urban/suburban communities is approximately 30%/70% and our mix of A/B quality properties is approximately 44%/56%.We are focused on increasing our presence in markets with favorable job formation and income growth, high propensity to rent, strong relative affordability for rental versus homeownership, and a favorable demand/supply ratio for multifamily housing.\"",
        "Reworded sentence: \"​ Refer to Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, for further information on the Company’s activities in 2024.\""
      ],
      "current_body": "When evaluating potential acquisitions, we consider a wide variety of factors, including: 8 8 8 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Balance Sheet·We issued $300.0 million of 5.125% medium-term notes due September 1, 2034. The net proceeds were used to pay down outstanding indebtedness under our commercial paper program.·We amended our Revolving Credit Facility to extend the maturity date to August 31, 2028, with two six-month extension options and amended our Term Loan to include a twelve-month extension option.·We amended our Working Capital Credit Facility to extend the maturity date from January 12, 2025, to January 12, 2026.ESG Report We published our 2024 ESG Report on our website, which discloses our environmental and social initiatives, programs, and performance. The report’s ESG disclosures were, to the extent applicable, prepared in accordance with the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) Standards (core), the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB) standards, and the Task Force for Climate-related Financial Disclosure (TCFD) framework.​Refer to Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, for further information on the Company’s activities in 2024.​Our Strategic Vision Our strategic vision is to be the multifamily public REIT of choice for investors. We intend to realize this vision by executing on our strategic objectives, which are:1.Maintaining a Diversified Portfolio and Allocating Capital to Accretive Investment Opportunities2.Maintaining a Strong Balance Sheet3.Consistently Driving Operating Excellence4.Advancing a Strong Corporate Culture and Striving for High Resident SatisfactionMaintaining a Diversified Portfolio and Allocating Capital to Accretive Investment OpportunitiesWe believe greater portfolio diversification, as defined by geographic concentration, location within a market (i.e., urban or suburban) and property quality (i.e., A or B), reduces the volatility of our same-store growth throughout the real estate cycle, appeals to a wider renter and investor audience, lessens the market risk associated with owning a homogenous portfolio, and provides more opportunities for accretive external growth when appropriate. Diversified characteristics of our portfolio include:●our consolidated apartment portfolio includes 169 communities located in 21 markets throughout the U.S., including both coastal and sunbelt locations;●our communities that are located proximate to each other within a market provide enhanced economics; and●our mix of urban/suburban communities is approximately 30%/70% and our mix of A/B quality properties is approximately 44%/56%.We are focused on increasing our presence in markets with favorable job formation and income growth, high propensity to rent, strong relative affordability for rental versus homeownership, and a favorable demand/supply ratio for multifamily housing. Portfolio investment decisions consider internal analyses and third-party research.Acquisitions and Dispositions When evaluating potential acquisitions, we consider a wide variety of factors, including:●high working age population growth, relatively robust rental versus single-family home affordability, measured long-term new supply growth, overall potential for strong total income growth;●the tax and regulatory environment of the market in which the property is located; Balance Sheet·We issued $300.0 million of 5.125% medium-term notes due September 1, 2034. The net proceeds were used to pay down outstanding indebtedness under our commercial paper program.·We amended our Revolving Credit Facility to extend the maturity date to August 31, 2028, with two six-month extension options and amended our Term Loan to include a twelve-month extension option.·We amended our Working Capital Credit Facility to extend the maturity date from January 12, 2025, to January 12, 2026.ESG Report We published our 2024 ESG Report on our website, which discloses our environmental and social initiatives, programs, and performance. The report’s ESG disclosures were, to the extent applicable, prepared in accordance with the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) Standards (core), the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB) standards, and the Task Force for Climate-related Financial Disclosure (TCFD) framework.​Refer to Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, for further information on the Company’s activities in 2024.​Our Strategic Vision Our strategic vision is to be the multifamily public REIT of choice for investors. We intend to realize this vision by executing on our strategic objectives, which are:1.Maintaining a Diversified Portfolio and Allocating Capital to Accretive Investment Opportunities2.Maintaining a Strong Balance Sheet3.Consistently Driving Operating Excellence4.Advancing a Strong Corporate Culture and Striving for High Resident SatisfactionMaintaining a Diversified Portfolio and Allocating Capital to Accretive Investment OpportunitiesWe believe greater portfolio diversification, as defined by geographic concentration, location within a market (i.e., urban or suburban) and property quality (i.e., A or B), reduces the volatility of our same-store growth throughout the real estate cycle, appeals to a wider renter and investor audience, lessens the market risk associated with owning a homogenous portfolio, and provides more opportunities for accretive external growth when appropriate. Diversified characteristics of our portfolio include:●our consolidated apartment portfolio includes 169 communities located in 21 markets throughout the U.S., including both coastal and sunbelt locations;●our communities that are located proximate to each other within a market provide enhanced economics; and●our mix of urban/suburban communities is approximately 30%/70% and our mix of A/B quality properties is approximately 44%/56%.We are focused on increasing our presence in markets with favorable job formation and income growth, high propensity to rent, strong relative affordability for rental versus homeownership, and a favorable demand/supply ratio for multifamily housing. Portfolio investment decisions consider internal analyses and third-party research.Acquisitions and Dispositions When evaluating potential acquisitions, we consider a wide variety of factors, including:●high working age population growth, relatively robust rental versus single-family home affordability, measured long-term new supply growth, overall potential for strong total income growth;●the tax and regulatory environment of the market in which the property is located; Balance Sheet · We issued $300.0 million of 5.125% medium-term notes due September 1, 2034. The net proceeds were used to pay down outstanding indebtedness under our commercial paper program. · We amended our Revolving Credit Facility to extend the maturity date to August 31, 2028, with two six-month extension options and amended our Term Loan to include a twelve-month extension option. · We amended our Working Capital Credit Facility to extend the maturity date from January 12, 2025, to January 12, 2026. ESG Report We published our 2024 ESG Report on our website, which discloses our environmental and social initiatives, programs, and performance. The report’s ESG disclosures were, to the extent applicable, prepared in accordance with the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) Standards (core), the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB) standards, and the Task Force for Climate-related Financial Disclosure (TCFD) framework. ​ Refer to Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, for further information on the Company’s activities in 2024. ​",
      "prior_body": "When evaluating potential acquisitions, we consider a wide variety of factors, including: 8 8 8 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents ● We recognized a gain of $25.3 million from the sale of an operating community located in Hillsboro, Oregon.● We funded an additional $21.8 million to two of our Developer Capital Program preferred equity investments.● We funded an additional $85.3 million to five of our notes receivable investments.Balance Sheet● We amended our Working Capital Credit Facility to extend the maturity date from January 12, 2024 to January 12, 2025, plus a one-year extension option.● We repurchased 0.6 million shares of common stock for approximately $25.0 million.ESG ReportWe published our 2023 ESG Report on our website, which discloses our environmental and social initiatives, programs, and performance. The report’s ESG disclosures were, to the extent applicable, prepared in accordance with the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) Standards (core), the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB) standards, and the Task Force for Climate-related Financial Disclosure (TCFD) framework.​Refer to Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, for further information on the Company’s activities in 2023.​Our Strategic Vision Our strategic vision is to be the multifamily public REIT of choice for investors. We intend to realize this vision by executing on our strategic objectives, which are:1.Maintaining a Diversified Portfolio and Allocating Capital to Accretive Investment Opportunities2.Maintaining a Strong Balance Sheet3.Consistently Driving Operating Excellence4.Advancing a Strong Corporate Culture and Striving for High Resident SatisfactionMaintaining a Diversified Portfolio and Allocating Capital to Accretive Investment OpportunitiesWe believe greater portfolio diversification, as defined by geographic concentration, location within a market (i.e., urban or suburban) and property quality (i.e., A or B), reduces the volatility of our same-store growth throughout the real estate cycle, appeals to a wider renter and investor audience, lessens the market risk associated with owning a homogenous portfolio, and provides more opportunities for accretive external growth when appropriate. Diversified characteristics of our portfolio include:●our consolidated apartment portfolio includes 168 communities located in 21 markets throughout the U.S., including both coastal and sunbelt locations;●our communities that are located proximate to each other within a market provide enhanced economics; and●our mix of urban/suburban communities is approximately 31%/69% and our mix of A/B quality properties is approximately 44%/56%.We are focused on increasing our presence in markets with favorable job formation and income growth, high propensity to rent, strong relative affordability for rental versus homeownership, and a favorable demand/supply ratio for multifamily housing. Portfolio investment decisions consider internal analyses and third-party research.Acquisitions and Dispositions When evaluating potential acquisitions, we consider a wide variety of factors, including:●high working age population growth, relatively robust rental versus single-family home affordability, measured long-term new supply growth, overall potential for strong total income growth; ● We recognized a gain of $25.3 million from the sale of an operating community located in Hillsboro, Oregon. ● We funded an additional $21.8 million to two of our Developer Capital Program preferred equity investments. ● We funded an additional $85.3 million to five of our notes receivable investments. Balance Sheet ● We amended our Working Capital Credit Facility to extend the maturity date from January 12, 2024 to January 12, 2025, plus a one-year extension option. ● We repurchased 0.6 million shares of common stock for approximately $25.0 million. ESG Report We published our 2023 ESG Report on our website, which discloses our environmental and social initiatives, programs, and performance. The report’s ESG disclosures were, to the extent applicable, prepared in accordance with the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) Standards (core), the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB) standards, and the Task Force for Climate-related Financial Disclosure (TCFD) framework. ​ Refer to Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, for further information on the Company’s activities in 2023. ​"
    },
    {
      "status": "MODIFIED",
      "current_title": "Reporting Segments",
      "prior_title": "Reporting Segments",
      "similarity_score": 0.744,
      "confidence": "medium",
      "key_changes": [
        "Reworded sentence: \"Our Same-Store Communities segment represents those communities acquired, developed, and stabilized prior to January 1, 2023, and held as of December 31, 2024.\"",
        "Reworded sentence: \"To achieve this objective, we intend to continue to pursue the following goals and strategies:●own and operate a diversified portfolio of apartments in targeted markets in the United States, which are characterized by strong total income growth, high working age population growth, relatively robust rental versus single-family home affordability and favorable demand/supply ratio for multifamily housing, thus enhancing stability and predictability of returns to our stockholders;●manage real estate cycles by taking an opportunistic approach to buying, selling, renovating, redeveloping, and developing apartment communities;●empower our associates to manage our communities efficiently and effectively to improve resident satisfaction;●measure and reward associates based on specific performance targets; and●manage our capital structure with the intent of lowering our relative cost of capital to enhance profitability and predictability of liquidity, earnings and dividends.2024 HighlightsCommitment to Shareholders● In July 2024, the Company marked its 52nd year as a REIT and, in October 2024, paid its 208th consecutive quarterly dividend.\""
      ],
      "current_body": "We report in two segments: Same-Store Communities and Non-Mature Communities/Other. Our Same-Store Communities segment represents those communities acquired, developed, and stabilized prior to January 1, 2023, and held as of December 31, 2024. These communities were owned and had stabilized occupancy and operating expenses as of the beginning of the prior year, there is no plan to conduct substantial redevelopment activities, and the communities are not classified as held for disposition at year end. A community is considered to have stabilized occupancy once it achieves 90% occupancy for at least three consecutive months. Our Non-Mature Communities/Other segment represents those communities that do not meet the criteria to be included in Same-Store Communities, including, but not limited to, recently acquired, developed and redeveloped communities, and the non-apartment components of mixed use properties. For additional information regarding our operating segments, see Note 16, Reportable Segments, in the Notes to the UDR Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Report. 6 6 6 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents As of December 31, 2024, our workforce is comprised of 61% male and 39% female associates, with an ethnic composition of 51% White, 27% Hispanic/Latino, 13% Black, 3% Asian, and 6% Other. Our management team (including resident services managers and more senior job classifications) reflects a gender balance of 59% male and 41% female, with an ethnic breakdown of 60% White and 40% non-White. Over the three-year period ending December 31, 2024, 533 promotions occurred, with 45% of those promoted to resident services manager, director, or more senior job classifications being female and 42% non-White. ​Our commitment to promoting diversity and inclusion remains as we strive to create a healthy and diverse work environment and attract candidates from all backgrounds, ethnicities, and genders. ​Associate Engagement and Outreach ​Throughout 2024, we listened to our associates through quarterly pulse surveys, and leveraging associate feedback implemented several measures aimed at improving communication, making data-driven decisions, and promoting collaboration between our operations and corporate teams. We will continue to enhance our active listening strategy to drive continuous improvement across our business. ​We believe that our associates should be active in their communities, and we support their efforts. In 2024, we introduced an enhanced volunteer policy that continues to provide associates with up to eight paid hours annually for volunteer activities. Previously, volunteer opportunities were limited to one or two company-sponsored events per year with designated organizations. The updated policy now allows associates the flexibility to volunteer at any time throughout the year with a charitable organization of their choice. Through the policy, UDR provided 1,050 hours of paid time off to associates for volunteer work with over 30 local organizations. We also organized food, clothing, and blood drives, as well as initiatives to promote non-profit organizations and causes, fostering a culture of giving back. ​Employee Health, Wellness and Benefits ​The health, wellness, and safety of our associates are paramount to UDR. We maintain an inclusive culture by prioritizing the well-being of our associates. ​In 2024, we upgraded our Employee Assistance Program (EAP) and increased enrollment by 10%. Our EAP includes counseling services, educational resources, and tools, including workshops and seminars on stress management, nutrition, and well-being for associates, partners, and teen-aged dependents. We also invested in virtual and in-person wellness fairs aimed at providing associates learning opportunities on topics ranging from stress management and mental health to financial fitness. We continue to leverage our Lifestyle Spending Account, which provides associates with $1,000 annually to spend as they choose bolstering associate wellness and satisfaction. ​Our commitment to associate benefits is underscored by a third-party benefits survey, conducted in 2024, where 84% of respondents stated they understood their benefits and 64% believed that UDR offered a benefit package that is satisfactory relative to other companies in the industry.​Reporting SegmentsWe report in two segments: Same-Store Communities and Non-Mature Communities/Other.Our Same-Store Communities segment represents those communities acquired, developed, and stabilized prior to January 1, 2023, and held as of December 31, 2024. These communities were owned and had stabilized occupancy and operating expenses as of the beginning of the prior year, there is no plan to conduct substantial redevelopment activities, and the communities are not classified as held for disposition at year end. A community is considered to have stabilized occupancy once it achieves 90% occupancy for at least three consecutive months.Our Non-Mature Communities/Other segment represents those communities that do not meet the criteria to be included in Same-Store Communities, including, but not limited to, recently acquired, developed and redeveloped communities, and the non-apartment components of mixed use properties. For additional information regarding our operating segments, see Note 16, Reportable Segments, in the Notes to the UDR Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Report. As of December 31, 2024, our workforce is comprised of 61% male and 39% female associates, with an ethnic composition of 51% White, 27% Hispanic/Latino, 13% Black, 3% Asian, and 6% Other. Our management team (including resident services managers and more senior job classifications) reflects a gender balance of 59% male and 41% female, with an ethnic breakdown of 60% White and 40% non-White. Over the three-year period ending December 31, 2024, 533 promotions occurred, with 45% of those promoted to resident services manager, director, or more senior job classifications being female and 42% non-White. ​Our commitment to promoting diversity and inclusion remains as we strive to create a healthy and diverse work environment and attract candidates from all backgrounds, ethnicities, and genders. ​Associate Engagement and Outreach ​Throughout 2024, we listened to our associates through quarterly pulse surveys, and leveraging associate feedback implemented several measures aimed at improving communication, making data-driven decisions, and promoting collaboration between our operations and corporate teams. We will continue to enhance our active listening strategy to drive continuous improvement across our business. ​We believe that our associates should be active in their communities, and we support their efforts. In 2024, we introduced an enhanced volunteer policy that continues to provide associates with up to eight paid hours annually for volunteer activities. Previously, volunteer opportunities were limited to one or two company-sponsored events per year with designated organizations. The updated policy now allows associates the flexibility to volunteer at any time throughout the year with a charitable organization of their choice. Through the policy, UDR provided 1,050 hours of paid time off to associates for volunteer work with over 30 local organizations. We also organized food, clothing, and blood drives, as well as initiatives to promote non-profit organizations and causes, fostering a culture of giving back. ​Employee Health, Wellness and Benefits ​The health, wellness, and safety of our associates are paramount to UDR. We maintain an inclusive culture by prioritizing the well-being of our associates. ​In 2024, we upgraded our Employee Assistance Program (EAP) and increased enrollment by 10%. Our EAP includes counseling services, educational resources, and tools, including workshops and seminars on stress management, nutrition, and well-being for associates, partners, and teen-aged dependents. We also invested in virtual and in-person wellness fairs aimed at providing associates learning opportunities on topics ranging from stress management and mental health to financial fitness. We continue to leverage our Lifestyle Spending Account, which provides associates with $1,000 annually to spend as they choose bolstering associate wellness and satisfaction. ​Our commitment to associate benefits is underscored by a third-party benefits survey, conducted in 2024, where 84% of respondents stated they understood their benefits and 64% believed that UDR offered a benefit package that is satisfactory relative to other companies in the industry.​Reporting SegmentsWe report in two segments: Same-Store Communities and Non-Mature Communities/Other.Our Same-Store Communities segment represents those communities acquired, developed, and stabilized prior to January 1, 2023, and held as of December 31, 2024. These communities were owned and had stabilized occupancy and operating expenses as of the beginning of the prior year, there is no plan to conduct substantial redevelopment activities, and the communities are not classified as held for disposition at year end. A community is considered to have stabilized occupancy once it achieves 90% occupancy for at least three consecutive months.Our Non-Mature Communities/Other segment represents those communities that do not meet the criteria to be included in Same-Store Communities, including, but not limited to, recently acquired, developed and redeveloped communities, and the non-apartment components of mixed use properties. For additional information regarding our operating segments, see Note 16, Reportable Segments, in the Notes to the UDR Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Report. As of December 31, 2024, our workforce is comprised of 61% male and 39% female associates, with an ethnic composition of 51% White, 27% Hispanic/Latino, 13% Black, 3% Asian, and 6% Other. Our management team (including resident services managers and more senior job classifications) reflects a gender balance of 59% male and 41% female, with an ethnic breakdown of 60% White and 40% non-White. Over the three-year period ending December 31, 2024, 533 promotions occurred, with 45% of those promoted to resident services manager, director, or more senior job classifications being female and 42% non-White. ​ Our commitment to promoting diversity and inclusion remains as we strive to create a healthy and diverse work environment and attract candidates from all backgrounds, ethnicities, and genders. ​ Associate Engagement and Outreach ​ Throughout 2024, we listened to our associates through quarterly pulse surveys, and leveraging associate feedback implemented several measures aimed at improving communication, making data-driven decisions, and promoting collaboration between our operations and corporate teams. We will continue to enhance our active listening strategy to drive continuous improvement across our business. ​ We believe that our associates should be active in their communities, and we support their efforts. In 2024, we introduced an enhanced volunteer policy that continues to provide associates with up to eight paid hours annually for volunteer activities. Previously, volunteer opportunities were limited to one or two company-sponsored events per year with designated organizations. The updated policy now allows associates the flexibility to volunteer at any time throughout the year with a charitable organization of their choice. Through the policy, UDR provided 1,050 hours of paid time off to associates for volunteer work with over 30 local organizations. We also organized food, clothing, and blood drives, as well as initiatives to promote non-profit organizations and causes, fostering a culture of giving back. ​ Employee Health, Wellness and Benefits ​ The health, wellness, and safety of our associates are paramount to UDR. We maintain an inclusive culture by prioritizing the well-being of our associates. ​ In 2024, we upgraded our Employee Assistance Program (EAP) and increased enrollment by 10%. Our EAP includes counseling services, educational resources, and tools, including workshops and seminars on stress management, nutrition, and well-being for associates, partners, and teen-aged dependents. We also invested in virtual and in-person wellness fairs aimed at providing associates learning opportunities on topics ranging from stress management and mental health to financial fitness. We continue to leverage our Lifestyle Spending Account, which provides associates with $1,000 annually to spend as they choose bolstering associate wellness and satisfaction. ​ Our commitment to associate benefits is underscored by a third-party benefits survey, conducted in 2024, where 84% of respondents stated they understood their benefits and 64% believed that UDR offered a benefit package that is satisfactory relative to other companies in the industry. ​",
      "prior_body": "We report in two segments: Same-Store Communities and Non-Mature Communities/Other. Our Same-Store Communities segment represents those communities acquired, developed, and stabilized prior to January 1, 2022, and held as of December 31, 2023. These communities were owned and had stabilized occupancy and operating expenses as of the beginning of the prior year, there is no plan to conduct substantial redevelopment activities, and the communities are not classified as held for disposition at year end. A community is considered to have stabilized occupancy once it achieves 90% occupancy for at least three consecutive months. Our Non-Mature Communities/Other segment represents those communities that do not meet the criteria to be included in Same-Store Communities, including, but not limited to, recently acquired, developed and redeveloped communities, and the non-apartment components of mixed use properties. For additional information regarding our operating segments, see Note 16, Reportable Segments, in the Notes to the UDR Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Report. 6 6 6 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents ​Associate Engagement and Outreach​Throughout 2023, we placed greater emphasis on increasing associate engagement and focused efforts on achieving this goal. We implemented a quarterly pulse survey program and several measures aimed at improving communication, making data-driven decisions, and promoting collaboration between our operations and corporate teams. Centralizing information, creating an HR Monthly Newsletter, and initiating internal publications and recognition programs for associates were among the initiatives we undertook to facilitate better communication and foster a sense of community.​The quarterly pulse surveys we implemented in 2023 give us valuable insights into associate engagement, views on UDR culture, and work-life balance, among other key performance indicators. We find these surveys to be incredibly helpful and plan to continue conducting them to receive ongoing feedback. ​We believe that our associates should be active in their communities, and we support their efforts. In 2023, UDR provided 1,041 hours of paid time off to associates for volunteer work with over 20 local organizations. We also organized food, clothing, and blood drives, as well as initiatives to promote non-profit organizations and causes, fostering a culture of giving back.​Employee Health, Wellness and Benefits​The health, wellness, and safety of our associates are paramount to UDR. We maintain an inclusive culture by prioritizing the well-being of our associates. Our monthly Wellness Newsletter covers a range of topics, including preventative care, fitness, mental health, and healthy eating habits.​In 2023, we reduced the benefits waiting period from two months to one month. In addition, we enhanced our behavioral health support mobile application, providing associates with 24/7 access to a care team of coaches and mental health professionals via text-based chats and self-guided activities at no additional cost to associates. This program was also expanded in 2023 to provide support to teen-age children for parents with teen-aged children. Finally, a new associate resource program was introduced, providing our associates with a comprehensive set of tools to assist them in every aspect of their life. This resource provides professional counseling and expert referrals for a wide array of personal and work-related concerns. ​Our commitment to associate benefits is underscored by a third-party benefits survey, conducted in 2023, where 77% of respondents believed that UDR offered benefits meeting their needs. Utilizing feedback from this survey and our engagement survey, we enhanced the Lifestyle Spending Account. The Lifestyle Spending Account provides flexibility by allowing associates to allocate $1,000 annually to various health, wellness, and lifestyle categories. Furthermore, we implemented a 401(k) auto-enrollment for new hires at 3% of their salary that started in January 2024. We also provide a comprehensive set of employee benefits, including health, dental, and vision insurance coverage for all associates.​Reporting SegmentsWe report in two segments: Same-Store Communities and Non-Mature Communities/Other.Our Same-Store Communities segment represents those communities acquired, developed, and stabilized prior to January 1, 2022, and held as of December 31, 2023. These communities were owned and had stabilized occupancy and operating expenses as of the beginning of the prior year, there is no plan to conduct substantial redevelopment activities, and the communities are not classified as held for disposition at year end. A community is considered to have stabilized occupancy once it achieves 90% occupancy for at least three consecutive months.Our Non-Mature Communities/Other segment represents those communities that do not meet the criteria to be included in Same-Store Communities, including, but not limited to, recently acquired, developed and redeveloped communities, and the non-apartment components of mixed use properties. For additional information regarding our operating segments, see Note 16, Reportable Segments, in the Notes to the UDR Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Report. ​ Associate Engagement and Outreach ​ Throughout 2023, we placed greater emphasis on increasing associate engagement and focused efforts on achieving this goal. We implemented a quarterly pulse survey program and several measures aimed at improving communication, making data-driven decisions, and promoting collaboration between our operations and corporate teams. Centralizing information, creating an HR Monthly Newsletter, and initiating internal publications and recognition programs for associates were among the initiatives we undertook to facilitate better communication and foster a sense of community. ​ The quarterly pulse surveys we implemented in 2023 give us valuable insights into associate engagement, views on UDR culture, and work-life balance, among other key performance indicators. We find these surveys to be incredibly helpful and plan to continue conducting them to receive ongoing feedback. ​ We believe that our associates should be active in their communities, and we support their efforts. In 2023, UDR provided 1,041 hours of paid time off to associates for volunteer work with over 20 local organizations. We also organized food, clothing, and blood drives, as well as initiatives to promote non-profit organizations and causes, fostering a culture of giving back. ​ Employee Health, Wellness and Benefits ​ The health, wellness, and safety of our associates are paramount to UDR. We maintain an inclusive culture by prioritizing the well-being of our associates. Our monthly Wellness Newsletter covers a range of topics, including preventative care, fitness, mental health, and healthy eating habits. ​ In 2023, we reduced the benefits waiting period from two months to one month. In addition, we enhanced our behavioral health support mobile application, providing associates with 24/7 access to a care team of coaches and mental health professionals via text-based chats and self-guided activities at no additional cost to associates. This program was also expanded in 2023 to provide support to teen-age children for parents with teen-aged children. Finally, a new associate resource program was introduced, providing our associates with a comprehensive set of tools to assist them in every aspect of their life. This resource provides professional counseling and expert referrals for a wide array of personal and work-related concerns. ​ Our commitment to associate benefits is underscored by a third-party benefits survey, conducted in 2023, where 77% of respondents believed that UDR offered benefits meeting their needs. Utilizing feedback from this survey and our engagement survey, we enhanced the Lifestyle Spending Account. The Lifestyle Spending Account provides flexibility by allowing associates to allocate $1,000 annually to various health, wellness, and lifestyle categories. Furthermore, we implemented a 401(k) auto-enrollment for new hires at 3% of their salary that started in January 2024. We also provide a comprehensive set of employee benefits, including health, dental, and vision insurance coverage for all associates. ​"
    },
    {
      "status": "MODIFIED",
      "current_title": "Same-Store Community Comparison",
      "prior_title": "Same-Store Community Comparison",
      "similarity_score": 0.736,
      "confidence": "medium",
      "key_changes": [
        "Reworded sentence: \"Net income attributable to common stockholders was $84.8 million as compared to $439.5 million in the prior year.\"",
        "Reworded sentence: \"We believe this plan of operation, coupled with the portfolio’s strengths in targeting renters across a geographically diverse platform, should position us for continued operational upside.CommunitiesAt December 31, 2024, our consolidated real estate portfolio included 169 communities with a total of 55,696 completed apartment homes.\""
      ],
      "current_body": "We believe that one pertinent quantitative measurement of the performance of our portfolio is tracking the results of our Same-Store Communities’ NOI, which is total rental revenue, less rental and other operating expenses excluding property management. Our Same-Store Community population is comprised of operating communities which we own and have stabilized occupancy, revenues and expenses as of the beginning of the prior year. Net income attributable to common stockholders was $84.8 million as compared to $439.5 million in the prior year. The primary drivers for the decrease were lower gains from dispositions of real estate as we sold fewer assets in 2024 when compared to the same period in 2023, and lower interest income and other income/(expense) primarily driven by a $37.3 million non-cash loan reserve partially offset by higher notes receivable balances. These were partially offset by higher total net operating income (“NOI”). For the year ended December 31, 2024, our Same-Store NOI increased by $15.3 million compared to the prior year. Our Same-Store Community properties provided 92.4% of our total NOI for the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase in NOI for the 51,428 Same-Store apartment homes, or 92.3% of our portfolio, was primarily driven by an increase in market rental rates and an increase in reimbursement, ancillary and fee income, partially offset by higher personnel costs, higher repair and maintenance expense, higher utilities expense, higher administration and marketing costs, and higher real estate tax expense. 11 11 11 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents demand. In addition, other real estate investors compete with us to acquire existing properties, redevelop existing properties, and to develop new properties. These competitors include insurance companies, pension and investment funds, public and private real estate companies, investment companies and other public and private apartment REITs, some of which may have greater resources, or lower capital costs, than we do.We believe that, in general, we are well-positioned to compete effectively for residents and investments. We believe our competitive advantages include:●a fully integrated organization with property management, development, redevelopment, acquisition, marketing, sales and financing expertise;●scalable operating and support systems, which include automated systems to meet the changing needs of our residents and to effectively focus on our internet-based marketing efforts;●access to diversified sources of capital;●geographic diversification with a presence in 21 markets across the country; and●significant presence in many of our major markets that allows us to be a local operating expert.Moving forward, we will continue to improve lease management, improve expense control, increase resident retention efforts and align employee incentive plans with metrics that impact our bottom-line performance. We believe this plan of operation, coupled with the portfolio’s strengths in targeting renters across a geographically diverse platform, should position us for continued operational upside.CommunitiesAt December 31, 2024, our consolidated real estate portfolio included 169 communities with a total of 55,696 completed apartment homes. The overall quality of our portfolio relative to other properties generally enables us to charge higher rents and to attract residents with higher levels of disposable income who are more likely to absorb such rents.At December 31, 2024, the Company was not developing any communities, although the Company was incurring and capitalizing costs directly related to predevelopment activities in preparation of future development commencements. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company completed the development of two communities located in Tampa, Florida and Addison, Texas, with a total of 415 apartment homes.At December 31, 2024, the Company had no communities at which it was conducting substantial redevelopment activities.Same-Store Community ComparisonWe believe that one pertinent quantitative measurement of the performance of our portfolio is tracking the results of our Same-Store Communities’ NOI, which is total rental revenue, less rental and other operating expenses excluding property management. Our Same-Store Community population is comprised of operating communities which we own and have stabilized occupancy, revenues and expenses as of the beginning of the prior year.Net income attributable to common stockholders was $84.8 million as compared to $439.5 million in the prior year. The primary drivers for the decrease were lower gains from dispositions of real estate as we sold fewer assets in 2024 when compared to the same period in 2023, and lower interest income and other income/(expense) primarily driven by a $37.3 million non-cash loan reserve partially offset by higher notes receivable balances. These were partially offset by higher total net operating income (“NOI”).For the year ended December 31, 2024, our Same-Store NOI increased by $15.3 million compared to the prior year. Our Same-Store Community properties provided 92.4% of our total NOI for the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase in NOI for the 51,428 Same-Store apartment homes, or 92.3% of our portfolio, was primarily driven by an increase in market rental rates and an increase in reimbursement, ancillary and fee income, partially offset by higher personnel costs, higher repair and maintenance expense, higher utilities expense, higher administration and marketing costs, and higher real estate tax expense. demand. In addition, other real estate investors compete with us to acquire existing properties, redevelop existing properties, and to develop new properties. These competitors include insurance companies, pension and investment funds, public and private real estate companies, investment companies and other public and private apartment REITs, some of which may have greater resources, or lower capital costs, than we do.We believe that, in general, we are well-positioned to compete effectively for residents and investments. We believe our competitive advantages include:●a fully integrated organization with property management, development, redevelopment, acquisition, marketing, sales and financing expertise;●scalable operating and support systems, which include automated systems to meet the changing needs of our residents and to effectively focus on our internet-based marketing efforts;●access to diversified sources of capital;●geographic diversification with a presence in 21 markets across the country; and●significant presence in many of our major markets that allows us to be a local operating expert.Moving forward, we will continue to improve lease management, improve expense control, increase resident retention efforts and align employee incentive plans with metrics that impact our bottom-line performance. We believe this plan of operation, coupled with the portfolio’s strengths in targeting renters across a geographically diverse platform, should position us for continued operational upside.CommunitiesAt December 31, 2024, our consolidated real estate portfolio included 169 communities with a total of 55,696 completed apartment homes. The overall quality of our portfolio relative to other properties generally enables us to charge higher rents and to attract residents with higher levels of disposable income who are more likely to absorb such rents.At December 31, 2024, the Company was not developing any communities, although the Company was incurring and capitalizing costs directly related to predevelopment activities in preparation of future development commencements. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company completed the development of two communities located in Tampa, Florida and Addison, Texas, with a total of 415 apartment homes.At December 31, 2024, the Company had no communities at which it was conducting substantial redevelopment activities.Same-Store Community ComparisonWe believe that one pertinent quantitative measurement of the performance of our portfolio is tracking the results of our Same-Store Communities’ NOI, which is total rental revenue, less rental and other operating expenses excluding property management. Our Same-Store Community population is comprised of operating communities which we own and have stabilized occupancy, revenues and expenses as of the beginning of the prior year.Net income attributable to common stockholders was $84.8 million as compared to $439.5 million in the prior year. The primary drivers for the decrease were lower gains from dispositions of real estate as we sold fewer assets in 2024 when compared to the same period in 2023, and lower interest income and other income/(expense) primarily driven by a $37.3 million non-cash loan reserve partially offset by higher notes receivable balances. These were partially offset by higher total net operating income (“NOI”).For the year ended December 31, 2024, our Same-Store NOI increased by $15.3 million compared to the prior year. Our Same-Store Community properties provided 92.4% of our total NOI for the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase in NOI for the 51,428 Same-Store apartment homes, or 92.3% of our portfolio, was primarily driven by an increase in market rental rates and an increase in reimbursement, ancillary and fee income, partially offset by higher personnel costs, higher repair and maintenance expense, higher utilities expense, higher administration and marketing costs, and higher real estate tax expense. demand. In addition, other real estate investors compete with us to acquire existing properties, redevelop existing properties, and to develop new properties. These competitors include insurance companies, pension and investment funds, public and private real estate companies, investment companies and other public and private apartment REITs, some of which may have greater resources, or lower capital costs, than we do. We believe that, in general, we are well-positioned to compete effectively for residents and investments. We believe our competitive advantages include: Moving forward, we will continue to improve lease management, improve expense control, increase resident retention efforts and align employee incentive plans with metrics that impact our bottom-line performance. We believe this plan of operation, coupled with the portfolio’s strengths in targeting renters across a geographically diverse platform, should position us for continued operational upside.",
      "prior_body": "We believe that one pertinent quantitative measurement of the performance of our portfolio is tracking the results of our Same-Store Communities’ NOI, which is total rental revenue, less rental and other operating expenses excluding property management. Our Same-Store Community population is comprised of operating communities which we own and have stabilized occupancy, revenues and expenses as of the beginning of the prior year. Net income attributable to common stockholders was $439.5 million as compared to $82.5 million in the prior year. The increase was primarily driven by higher gains from dispositions of real estate, higher total NOI, and higher interest income and other income/(expense) primarily due to realized and unrealized gains from our direct investment in SmartRent, Inc. (“SmartRent”) and higher interest income driven by higher notes receivable balances, partially offset by higher depreciation expense due to communities acquired and completion of developments in 2023 and 2022, and higher interest expense primarily due to higher average interest rates and higher overall debt balances. 11 11 11 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Competitive ConditionsCompetition for new residents is generally intense across our markets. Some competing communities offer amenities that our communities do not have. Competing communities can use rental concessions or lower rents to obtain temporary competitive advantages. Also, some competing communities are larger or newer than our communities. The competitive position of each community is different depending upon many factors, including sub-market supply and demand. In addition, other real estate investors compete with us to acquire existing properties, redevelop existing properties, and to develop new properties. These competitors include insurance companies, pension and investment funds, public and private real estate companies, investment companies and other public and private apartment REITs, some of which may have greater resources, or lower capital costs, than we do.We believe that, in general, we are well-positioned to compete effectively for residents and investments. We believe our competitive advantages include:●a fully integrated organization with property management, development, redevelopment, acquisition, marketing, sales and financing expertise;●scalable operating and support systems, which include automated systems to meet the changing needs of our residents and to effectively focus on our internet-based marketing efforts;●access to diversified sources of capital;●geographic diversification with a presence in 21 markets across the country; and●significant presence in many of our major markets that allows us to be a local operating expert.Moving forward, we will continue to improve lease management, improve expense control, increase resident retention efforts and align employee incentive plans with metrics that impact our bottom-line performance. We believe this plan of operation, coupled with the portfolio’s strengths in targeting renters across a geographically diverse platform, should position us for continued operational upside.CommunitiesAt December 31, 2023, our consolidated real estate portfolio included 168 communities with a total of 55,550 completed apartment homes. The overall quality of our portfolio generally enables us to raise rents and to attract residents with higher levels of disposable income who are more likely to absorb such rents.At December 31, 2023, the Company was developing two wholly-owned communities located in Addison, Texas, and Tampa, Florida, totaling 415 homes, of which 56 have been completed, with a budget of $187.5 million, in which we have an investment of $160.4 million. The communities are estimated to be completed in the second quarter of 2024.At December 31, 2023, the Company had no communities at which it was conducting substantial redevelopment activities.Same-Store Community ComparisonWe believe that one pertinent quantitative measurement of the performance of our portfolio is tracking the results of our Same-Store Communities’ NOI, which is total rental revenue, less rental and other operating expenses excluding property management. Our Same-Store Community population is comprised of operating communities which we own and have stabilized occupancy, revenues and expenses as of the beginning of the prior year.Net income attributable to common stockholders was $439.5 million as compared to $82.5 million in the prior year. The increase was primarily driven by higher gains from dispositions of real estate, higher total NOI, and higher interest income and other income/(expense) primarily due to realized and unrealized gains from our direct investment in SmartRent, Inc. (“SmartRent”) and higher interest income driven by higher notes receivable balances, partially offset by higher depreciation expense due to communities acquired and completion of developments in 2023 and 2022, and higher interest expense primarily due to higher average interest rates and higher overall debt balances."
    },
    {
      "status": "MODIFIED",
      "current_title": "Human Capital Management",
      "prior_title": "Human Capital Management",
      "similarity_score": 0.73,
      "confidence": "medium",
      "key_changes": [
        "Reworded sentence: \"​ We strive to attract and retain high-performing talent.\"",
        "Reworded sentence: \"We continue to utilize general market, as well as industry and geographically specific public compensation data to make informed decisions and adjust our salary ranges accordingly, so we can remain competitive and attract and retain top talent.\"",
        "Reworded sentence: \"These metrics are presented annually to our executive leadership and our Board of Directors for oversight purposes.\"",
        "Reworded sentence: \"In 2024, we piloted a new onboarding roadmap to support onboarding new operations associates and decrease time to productivity.\"",
        "Reworded sentence: \"These certifications range from master's degree programs to certified property manager programs or technical licenses.\""
      ],
      "current_body": "​ We strive to attract and retain high-performing talent. As of December 31, 2024, our Company had 1,419 full-time associates and 13 part-time associates, all of whom are dedicated to the success of our organization. Within this workforce, 1,007 associates are focused on roles directly associated with our communities, while the remaining associates contribute to various corporate functions. Our commitment extends to the entire employee lifecycle, encompassing recruitment, onboarding, development, engagement, and retention. Our overarching objective is to enhance the associate experience, foster diversity, and maintain a motivated and committed workforce that fuels our growth and talent retention. This dedication to our UDR culture, values, and behaviors directly influences improved engagement, productivity, and the overall success of our organization. ​ 4 4 4 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Item 1. BUSINESSGeneralUDR is a self-administered real estate investment trust, or REIT, that owns, operates, acquires, renovates, develops, redevelops, disposes of, and manages multifamily apartment communities in targeted markets located in the United States. At December 31, 2024, our consolidated real estate portfolio consisted of 169 communities located in 21 markets, consisting of 55,696 completed apartment homes, which are held directly or through our subsidiaries, including the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership, and consolidated joint ventures. In addition, we have an ownership interest in 10,860 completed or to-be-completed apartment homes through unconsolidated joint ventures or partnerships, including 6,436 apartment homes owned by entities in which we hold preferred equity investments. At December 31, 2024, the Company was not developing any communities, although the Company was incurring and capitalizing costs directly related to predevelopment activities in preparation of future development commencements. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company completed the development of two communities located in Tampa, Florida and Addison, Texas, with a total of 415 apartment homes.UDR has elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, which we refer to in this Report as the “Code.” To continue to qualify as a REIT, we must continue to meet certain tests which, among other things, generally require that our assets consist primarily of real estate assets, our income be derived primarily from real estate assets, and that we distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (other than our net capital gains) to our stockholders annually. As a REIT, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxes at the corporate level on our net income to the extent we distribute such net income to our stockholders annually. In 2024, we declared total distributions of $1.70 per common share and paid dividends of $1.695 per common share.​​​​​​​​ Dividends Dividends​​Declared in​Paid in​​2024​2024First Quarter​$ 0.4250​$ 0.4200Second Quarter​ 0.4250​ 0.4250Third Quarter​ 0.4250​ 0.4250Fourth Quarter​ 0.4250​ 0.4250Total​$ 1.7000​$ 1.6950​UDR was formed in 1972 as a Virginia corporation. In June 2003, we changed our state of incorporation from Virginia to Maryland. Our corporate offices are located at 1745 Shea Center Drive, Suite 200, Highlands Ranch, Colorado and our telephone number is (720) 283-6120. Our website is www.udr.com. The information contained on our website, including any information referred to in this Report as being available on our website, is not a part of or incorporated into this Report.As of December 31, 2024, there were 189.8 million units in the Operating Partnership (“OP Units”) outstanding, of which 176.6 million OP Units (including 0.1 million of general partnership units), or 93.0%, were owned by UDR and 13.2 million OP Units, or 7.0%, were owned by outside limited partners. As of December 31, 2024, there were 32.4 million units in the DownREIT Partnership (“DownREIT Units”) outstanding, of which 23.0 million, or 71.0%, were owned by UDR and its subsidiaries and 9.4 million, or 29.0%, were owned by outside limited partners. The consolidated financial statements of UDR include the noncontrolling interests of the unitholders in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership.Human Capital Management​We strive to attract and retain high-performing talent. As of December 31, 2024, our Company had 1,419 full-time associates and 13 part-time associates, all of whom are dedicated to the success of our organization. Within this workforce, 1,007 associates are focused on roles directly associated with our communities, while the remaining associates contribute to various corporate functions. Our commitment extends to the entire employee lifecycle, encompassing recruitment, onboarding, development, engagement, and retention. Our overarching objective is to enhance the associate experience, foster diversity, and maintain a motivated and committed workforce that fuels our growth and talent retention. This dedication to our UDR culture, values, and behaviors directly influences improved engagement, productivity, and the overall success of our organization. ​ Item 1. BUSINESSGeneralUDR is a self-administered real estate investment trust, or REIT, that owns, operates, acquires, renovates, develops, redevelops, disposes of, and manages multifamily apartment communities in targeted markets located in the United States. At December 31, 2024, our consolidated real estate portfolio consisted of 169 communities located in 21 markets, consisting of 55,696 completed apartment homes, which are held directly or through our subsidiaries, including the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership, and consolidated joint ventures. In addition, we have an ownership interest in 10,860 completed or to-be-completed apartment homes through unconsolidated joint ventures or partnerships, including 6,436 apartment homes owned by entities in which we hold preferred equity investments. At December 31, 2024, the Company was not developing any communities, although the Company was incurring and capitalizing costs directly related to predevelopment activities in preparation of future development commencements. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company completed the development of two communities located in Tampa, Florida and Addison, Texas, with a total of 415 apartment homes.UDR has elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, which we refer to in this Report as the “Code.” To continue to qualify as a REIT, we must continue to meet certain tests which, among other things, generally require that our assets consist primarily of real estate assets, our income be derived primarily from real estate assets, and that we distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (other than our net capital gains) to our stockholders annually. As a REIT, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxes at the corporate level on our net income to the extent we distribute such net income to our stockholders annually. In 2024, we declared total distributions of $1.70 per common share and paid dividends of $1.695 per common share.​​​​​​​​ Dividends Dividends​​Declared in​Paid in​​2024​2024First Quarter​$ 0.4250​$ 0.4200Second Quarter​ 0.4250​ 0.4250Third Quarter​ 0.4250​ 0.4250Fourth Quarter​ 0.4250​ 0.4250Total​$ 1.7000​$ 1.6950​UDR was formed in 1972 as a Virginia corporation. In June 2003, we changed our state of incorporation from Virginia to Maryland. Our corporate offices are located at 1745 Shea Center Drive, Suite 200, Highlands Ranch, Colorado and our telephone number is (720) 283-6120. Our website is www.udr.com. The information contained on our website, including any information referred to in this Report as being available on our website, is not a part of or incorporated into this Report.As of December 31, 2024, there were 189.8 million units in the Operating Partnership (“OP Units”) outstanding, of which 176.6 million OP Units (including 0.1 million of general partnership units), or 93.0%, were owned by UDR and 13.2 million OP Units, or 7.0%, were owned by outside limited partners. As of December 31, 2024, there were 32.4 million units in the DownREIT Partnership (“DownREIT Units”) outstanding, of which 23.0 million, or 71.0%, were owned by UDR and its subsidiaries and 9.4 million, or 29.0%, were owned by outside limited partners. The consolidated financial statements of UDR include the noncontrolling interests of the unitholders in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership.Human Capital Management​We strive to attract and retain high-performing talent. As of December 31, 2024, our Company had 1,419 full-time associates and 13 part-time associates, all of whom are dedicated to the success of our organization. Within this workforce, 1,007 associates are focused on roles directly associated with our communities, while the remaining associates contribute to various corporate functions. Our commitment extends to the entire employee lifecycle, encompassing recruitment, onboarding, development, engagement, and retention. Our overarching objective is to enhance the associate experience, foster diversity, and maintain a motivated and committed workforce that fuels our growth and talent retention. This dedication to our UDR culture, values, and behaviors directly influences improved engagement, productivity, and the overall success of our organization. ​ Item 1. BUSINESS General UDR is a self-administered real estate investment trust, or REIT, that owns, operates, acquires, renovates, develops, redevelops, disposes of, and manages multifamily apartment communities in targeted markets located in the United States. At December 31, 2024, our consolidated real estate portfolio consisted of 169 communities located in 21 markets, consisting of 55,696 completed apartment homes, which are held directly or through our subsidiaries, including the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership, and consolidated joint ventures. In addition, we have an ownership interest in 10,860 completed or to-be-completed apartment homes through unconsolidated joint ventures or partnerships, including 6,436 apartment homes owned by entities in which we hold preferred equity investments. At December 31, 2024, the Company was not developing any communities, although the Company was incurring and capitalizing costs directly related to predevelopment activities in preparation of future development commencements. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company completed the development of two communities located in Tampa, Florida and Addison, Texas, with a total of 415 apartment homes. UDR has elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, which we refer to in this Report as the “Code.” To continue to qualify as a REIT, we must continue to meet certain tests which, among other things, generally require that our assets consist primarily of real estate assets, our income be derived primarily from real estate assets, and that we distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (other than our net capital gains) to our stockholders annually. As a REIT, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxes at the corporate level on our net income to the extent we distribute such net income to our stockholders annually. In 2024, we declared total distributions of $1.70 per common share and paid dividends of $1.695 per common share. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Dividends Dividends ​ ​",
      "prior_body": "​ As of December 31, 2023, our team at UDR comprises 1,397 full-time associates and 13 part-time associates, all of whom are dedicated to the success of our organization. Within this workforce, 991 associates are focused on roles directly associated with our communities, while the remaining associates contribute to various corporate functions. Our commitment to social responsibility extends to the entire employee lifecycle, encompassing recruitment, onboarding, development, engagement, and retention. Our overarching objective is to enhance the associate experience, foster diversity, and maintain a motivated workforce that fuels our growth and talent retention. This dedication to our UDR culture and values directly influences improved engagement, productivity, and the overall success of our organization. ​ Our UDR culture is defined by choice, transparency, and trust, empowering our associates to make decisions that align with their individual interests and benefit the Company as a whole. By prioritizing and enhancing the associate experience, we hope to enhance engagement levels, leading to increased customer satisfaction, higher employee 4 4 4 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Item 1. BUSINESSGeneralUDR is a self-administered real estate investment trust, or REIT, that owns, operates, acquires, renovates, develops, redevelops, disposes of, and manages multifamily apartment communities in targeted markets located in the United States. At December 31, 2023, our consolidated real estate portfolio consisted of 168 communities located in 21 markets, consisting of 55,550 completed apartment homes, which are held directly or through our subsidiaries, including the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership, and consolidated joint ventures. In addition, we have an ownership interest in 10,045 completed or to-be-completed apartment homes through unconsolidated joint ventures or partnerships, including 5,618 apartment homes owned by entities in which we hold preferred equity investments. At December 31, 2023, the Company was developing two wholly-owned communities totaling 415 homes, of which 56 have been completed.UDR has elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, which we refer to in this Report as the “Code.” To continue to qualify as a REIT, we must continue to meet certain tests which, among other things, generally require that our assets consist primarily of real estate assets, our income be derived primarily from real estate assets, and that we distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (other than our net capital gains) to our stockholders annually. As a REIT, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxes at the corporate level on our net income to the extent we distribute such net income to our stockholders annually. In 2023, we declared total distributions of $1.68 per common share and paid dividends of $1.64 per common share.​​​​​​​​ Dividends Dividends​​Declared in​Paid in​​2023​2023First Quarter​$ 0.4200​$ 0.3800Second Quarter​ 0.4200​ 0.4200Third Quarter​ 0.4200​ 0.4200Fourth Quarter​ 0.4200​ 0.4200Total​$ 1.6800​$ 1.6400​UDR was formed in 1972 as a Virginia corporation. In June 2003, we changed our state of incorporation from Virginia to Maryland. Our corporate offices are located at 1745 Shea Center Drive, Suite 200, Highlands Ranch, Colorado and our telephone number is (720) 283-6120. Our website is www.udr.com. The information contained on our website, including any information referred to in this Report as being available on our website, is not a part of or incorporated into this Report.As of December 31, 2023, there were 189.9 million units in the Operating Partnership (“OP Units”) outstanding, of which 176.4 million OP Units (including 0.1 million of general partnership units), or 92.9%, were owned by UDR and 13.5 million OP Units, or 7.1%, were owned by outside limited partners. As of December 31, 2023, there were 32.4 million units in the DownREIT Partnership (“DownREIT Units”) outstanding, of which 21.4 million, or 66.0%, were owned by UDR and its subsidiaries and 11.0 million, or 34.0%, were owned by outside limited partners. The consolidated financial statements of UDR include the noncontrolling interests of the unitholders in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership.Human Capital Management​As of December 31, 2023, our team at UDR comprises 1,397 full-time associates and 13 part-time associates, all of whom are dedicated to the success of our organization. Within this workforce, 991 associates are focused on roles directly associated with our communities, while the remaining associates contribute to various corporate functions. Our commitment to social responsibility extends to the entire employee lifecycle, encompassing recruitment, onboarding, development, engagement, and retention. Our overarching objective is to enhance the associate experience, foster diversity, and maintain a motivated workforce that fuels our growth and talent retention. This dedication to our UDR culture and values directly influences improved engagement, productivity, and the overall success of our organization.​Our UDR culture is defined by choice, transparency, and trust, empowering our associates to make decisions that align with their individual interests and benefit the Company as a whole. By prioritizing and enhancing the associate experience, we hope to enhance engagement levels, leading to increased customer satisfaction, higher employee Item 1. BUSINESS General UDR is a self-administered real estate investment trust, or REIT, that owns, operates, acquires, renovates, develops, redevelops, disposes of, and manages multifamily apartment communities in targeted markets located in the United States. At December 31, 2023, our consolidated real estate portfolio consisted of 168 communities located in 21 markets, consisting of 55,550 completed apartment homes, which are held directly or through our subsidiaries, including the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership, and consolidated joint ventures. In addition, we have an ownership interest in 10,045 completed or to-be-completed apartment homes through unconsolidated joint ventures or partnerships, including 5,618 apartment homes owned by entities in which we hold preferred equity investments. At December 31, 2023, the Company was developing two wholly-owned communities totaling 415 homes, of which 56 have been completed. UDR has elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, which we refer to in this Report as the “Code.” To continue to qualify as a REIT, we must continue to meet certain tests which, among other things, generally require that our assets consist primarily of real estate assets, our income be derived primarily from real estate assets, and that we distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (other than our net capital gains) to our stockholders annually. As a REIT, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxes at the corporate level on our net income to the extent we distribute such net income to our stockholders annually. In 2023, we declared total distributions of $1.68 per common share and paid dividends of $1.64 per common share. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Dividends Dividends ​ ​"
    },
    {
      "status": "MODIFIED",
      "current_title": "Acquisitions and Dispositions",
      "prior_title": "Acquisitions and Dispositions",
      "similarity_score": 0.664,
      "confidence": "medium",
      "key_changes": [
        "Reworded sentence: \"When evaluating potential acquisitions, we consider a wide variety of factors, including: Balance Sheet · We issued $300.0 million of 5.125% medium-term notes due September 1, 2034.\"",
        "Reworded sentence: \"​ Refer to Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, for further information on the Company’s activities in 2024.\""
      ],
      "current_body": "When evaluating potential acquisitions, we consider a wide variety of factors, including: 8 8 8 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Balance Sheet·We issued $300.0 million of 5.125% medium-term notes due September 1, 2034. The net proceeds were used to pay down outstanding indebtedness under our commercial paper program.·We amended our Revolving Credit Facility to extend the maturity date to August 31, 2028, with two six-month extension options and amended our Term Loan to include a twelve-month extension option.·We amended our Working Capital Credit Facility to extend the maturity date from January 12, 2025, to January 12, 2026.ESG Report We published our 2024 ESG Report on our website, which discloses our environmental and social initiatives, programs, and performance. The report’s ESG disclosures were, to the extent applicable, prepared in accordance with the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) Standards (core), the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB) standards, and the Task Force for Climate-related Financial Disclosure (TCFD) framework.​Refer to Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, for further information on the Company’s activities in 2024.​Our Strategic Vision Our strategic vision is to be the multifamily public REIT of choice for investors. We intend to realize this vision by executing on our strategic objectives, which are:1.Maintaining a Diversified Portfolio and Allocating Capital to Accretive Investment Opportunities2.Maintaining a Strong Balance Sheet3.Consistently Driving Operating Excellence4.Advancing a Strong Corporate Culture and Striving for High Resident SatisfactionMaintaining a Diversified Portfolio and Allocating Capital to Accretive Investment OpportunitiesWe believe greater portfolio diversification, as defined by geographic concentration, location within a market (i.e., urban or suburban) and property quality (i.e., A or B), reduces the volatility of our same-store growth throughout the real estate cycle, appeals to a wider renter and investor audience, lessens the market risk associated with owning a homogenous portfolio, and provides more opportunities for accretive external growth when appropriate. Diversified characteristics of our portfolio include:●our consolidated apartment portfolio includes 169 communities located in 21 markets throughout the U.S., including both coastal and sunbelt locations;●our communities that are located proximate to each other within a market provide enhanced economics; and●our mix of urban/suburban communities is approximately 30%/70% and our mix of A/B quality properties is approximately 44%/56%.We are focused on increasing our presence in markets with favorable job formation and income growth, high propensity to rent, strong relative affordability for rental versus homeownership, and a favorable demand/supply ratio for multifamily housing. Portfolio investment decisions consider internal analyses and third-party research.Acquisitions and Dispositions When evaluating potential acquisitions, we consider a wide variety of factors, including:●high working age population growth, relatively robust rental versus single-family home affordability, measured long-term new supply growth, overall potential for strong total income growth;●the tax and regulatory environment of the market in which the property is located; Balance Sheet·We issued $300.0 million of 5.125% medium-term notes due September 1, 2034. The net proceeds were used to pay down outstanding indebtedness under our commercial paper program.·We amended our Revolving Credit Facility to extend the maturity date to August 31, 2028, with two six-month extension options and amended our Term Loan to include a twelve-month extension option.·We amended our Working Capital Credit Facility to extend the maturity date from January 12, 2025, to January 12, 2026.ESG Report We published our 2024 ESG Report on our website, which discloses our environmental and social initiatives, programs, and performance. The report’s ESG disclosures were, to the extent applicable, prepared in accordance with the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) Standards (core), the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB) standards, and the Task Force for Climate-related Financial Disclosure (TCFD) framework.​Refer to Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, for further information on the Company’s activities in 2024.​Our Strategic Vision Our strategic vision is to be the multifamily public REIT of choice for investors. We intend to realize this vision by executing on our strategic objectives, which are:1.Maintaining a Diversified Portfolio and Allocating Capital to Accretive Investment Opportunities2.Maintaining a Strong Balance Sheet3.Consistently Driving Operating Excellence4.Advancing a Strong Corporate Culture and Striving for High Resident SatisfactionMaintaining a Diversified Portfolio and Allocating Capital to Accretive Investment OpportunitiesWe believe greater portfolio diversification, as defined by geographic concentration, location within a market (i.e., urban or suburban) and property quality (i.e., A or B), reduces the volatility of our same-store growth throughout the real estate cycle, appeals to a wider renter and investor audience, lessens the market risk associated with owning a homogenous portfolio, and provides more opportunities for accretive external growth when appropriate. Diversified characteristics of our portfolio include:●our consolidated apartment portfolio includes 169 communities located in 21 markets throughout the U.S., including both coastal and sunbelt locations;●our communities that are located proximate to each other within a market provide enhanced economics; and●our mix of urban/suburban communities is approximately 30%/70% and our mix of A/B quality properties is approximately 44%/56%.We are focused on increasing our presence in markets with favorable job formation and income growth, high propensity to rent, strong relative affordability for rental versus homeownership, and a favorable demand/supply ratio for multifamily housing. Portfolio investment decisions consider internal analyses and third-party research.Acquisitions and Dispositions When evaluating potential acquisitions, we consider a wide variety of factors, including:●high working age population growth, relatively robust rental versus single-family home affordability, measured long-term new supply growth, overall potential for strong total income growth;●the tax and regulatory environment of the market in which the property is located; Balance Sheet · We issued $300.0 million of 5.125% medium-term notes due September 1, 2034. The net proceeds were used to pay down outstanding indebtedness under our commercial paper program. · We amended our Revolving Credit Facility to extend the maturity date to August 31, 2028, with two six-month extension options and amended our Term Loan to include a twelve-month extension option. · We amended our Working Capital Credit Facility to extend the maturity date from January 12, 2025, to January 12, 2026. ESG Report We published our 2024 ESG Report on our website, which discloses our environmental and social initiatives, programs, and performance. The report’s ESG disclosures were, to the extent applicable, prepared in accordance with the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) Standards (core), the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB) standards, and the Task Force for Climate-related Financial Disclosure (TCFD) framework. ​ Refer to Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, for further information on the Company’s activities in 2024. ​",
      "prior_body": "When evaluating potential acquisitions, we consider a wide variety of factors, including: 8 8 8 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents ● We recognized a gain of $25.3 million from the sale of an operating community located in Hillsboro, Oregon.● We funded an additional $21.8 million to two of our Developer Capital Program preferred equity investments.● We funded an additional $85.3 million to five of our notes receivable investments.Balance Sheet● We amended our Working Capital Credit Facility to extend the maturity date from January 12, 2024 to January 12, 2025, plus a one-year extension option.● We repurchased 0.6 million shares of common stock for approximately $25.0 million.ESG ReportWe published our 2023 ESG Report on our website, which discloses our environmental and social initiatives, programs, and performance. The report’s ESG disclosures were, to the extent applicable, prepared in accordance with the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) Standards (core), the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB) standards, and the Task Force for Climate-related Financial Disclosure (TCFD) framework.​Refer to Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, for further information on the Company’s activities in 2023.​Our Strategic Vision Our strategic vision is to be the multifamily public REIT of choice for investors. We intend to realize this vision by executing on our strategic objectives, which are:1.Maintaining a Diversified Portfolio and Allocating Capital to Accretive Investment Opportunities2.Maintaining a Strong Balance Sheet3.Consistently Driving Operating Excellence4.Advancing a Strong Corporate Culture and Striving for High Resident SatisfactionMaintaining a Diversified Portfolio and Allocating Capital to Accretive Investment OpportunitiesWe believe greater portfolio diversification, as defined by geographic concentration, location within a market (i.e., urban or suburban) and property quality (i.e., A or B), reduces the volatility of our same-store growth throughout the real estate cycle, appeals to a wider renter and investor audience, lessens the market risk associated with owning a homogenous portfolio, and provides more opportunities for accretive external growth when appropriate. Diversified characteristics of our portfolio include:●our consolidated apartment portfolio includes 168 communities located in 21 markets throughout the U.S., including both coastal and sunbelt locations;●our communities that are located proximate to each other within a market provide enhanced economics; and●our mix of urban/suburban communities is approximately 31%/69% and our mix of A/B quality properties is approximately 44%/56%.We are focused on increasing our presence in markets with favorable job formation and income growth, high propensity to rent, strong relative affordability for rental versus homeownership, and a favorable demand/supply ratio for multifamily housing. Portfolio investment decisions consider internal analyses and third-party research.Acquisitions and Dispositions When evaluating potential acquisitions, we consider a wide variety of factors, including:●high working age population growth, relatively robust rental versus single-family home affordability, measured long-term new supply growth, overall potential for strong total income growth; ● We recognized a gain of $25.3 million from the sale of an operating community located in Hillsboro, Oregon. ● We funded an additional $21.8 million to two of our Developer Capital Program preferred equity investments. ● We funded an additional $85.3 million to five of our notes receivable investments. Balance Sheet ● We amended our Working Capital Credit Facility to extend the maturity date from January 12, 2024 to January 12, 2025, plus a one-year extension option. ● We repurchased 0.6 million shares of common stock for approximately $25.0 million. ESG Report We published our 2023 ESG Report on our website, which discloses our environmental and social initiatives, programs, and performance. The report’s ESG disclosures were, to the extent applicable, prepared in accordance with the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) Standards (core), the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB) standards, and the Task Force for Climate-related Financial Disclosure (TCFD) framework. ​ Refer to Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, for further information on the Company’s activities in 2023. ​"
    },
    {
      "status": "MODIFIED",
      "current_title": "2024 Highlights",
      "prior_title": "2023 Highlights",
      "similarity_score": 0.645,
      "confidence": "medium",
      "key_changes": [
        "Reworded sentence: \"Commitment to Shareholders ● In July 2024, the Company marked its 52nd year as a REIT and, in October 2024, paid its 208th consecutive quarterly dividend.\"",
        "Reworded sentence: \"To achieve this objective, we intend to continue to pursue the following goals and strategies:●own and operate a diversified portfolio of apartments in targeted markets in the United States, which are characterized by strong total income growth, high working age population growth, relatively robust rental versus single-family home affordability and favorable demand/supply ratio for multifamily housing, thus enhancing stability and predictability of returns to our stockholders;●manage real estate cycles by taking an opportunistic approach to buying, selling, renovating, redeveloping, and developing apartment communities;●empower our associates to manage our communities efficiently and effectively to improve resident satisfaction;●measure and reward associates based on specific performance targets; and●manage our capital structure with the intent of lowering our relative cost of capital to enhance profitability and predictability of liquidity, earnings and dividends.2024 HighlightsCommitment to Shareholders● In July 2024, the Company marked its 52nd year as a REIT and, in October 2024, paid its 208th consecutive quarterly dividend.\""
      ],
      "current_body": "Commitment to Shareholders ● In July 2024, the Company marked its 52nd year as a REIT and, in October 2024, paid its 208th consecutive quarterly dividend. The Company’s annualized declared 2024 dividend of $1.70 represented a 1.2% increase over the previous year. Earnings Results · Net income attributable to common stockholders was $84.8 million as compared to $439.5 million in the prior year. The primary drivers for the decrease were lower gains from dispositions of real estate as we sold fewer assets in 2024 when compared to the same period in 2023, and lower interest income and other income/(expense) primarily driven by a $37.3 million non-cash loan reserve partially offset by higher notes receivable balances. These were partially offset by higher total net operating income (“NOI”). · We achieved Same-Store revenue growth of 2.3% and Same-Store NOI growth of 1.5%. Investing and Developments · We completed the development of two communities located in Tampa, Florida and Addison, Texas, with a total of 415 apartment homes. · We recognized a gain of $16.9 million from the sale of an operating community located in Arlington, Virginia. · We received distributions totaling $102.4 million from the Company’s unconsolidated joint ventures and partnerships. · We funded an additional $32.2 million to two of our notes receivable investments. 7 7 7 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Business Objectives Our principal business objective is to maximize the economic returns of our apartment communities in a sustainable manner to provide our stockholders with the greatest possible total return and value. To achieve this objective, we intend to continue to pursue the following goals and strategies:●own and operate a diversified portfolio of apartments in targeted markets in the United States, which are characterized by strong total income growth, high working age population growth, relatively robust rental versus single-family home affordability and favorable demand/supply ratio for multifamily housing, thus enhancing stability and predictability of returns to our stockholders;●manage real estate cycles by taking an opportunistic approach to buying, selling, renovating, redeveloping, and developing apartment communities;●empower our associates to manage our communities efficiently and effectively to improve resident satisfaction;●measure and reward associates based on specific performance targets; and●manage our capital structure with the intent of lowering our relative cost of capital to enhance profitability and predictability of liquidity, earnings and dividends.2024 HighlightsCommitment to Shareholders● In July 2024, the Company marked its 52nd year as a REIT and, in October 2024, paid its 208th consecutive quarterly dividend. The Company’s annualized declared 2024 dividend of $1.70 represented a 1.2% increase over the previous year.Earnings Results·Net income attributable to common stockholders was $84.8 million as compared to $439.5 million in the prior year. The primary drivers for the decrease were lower gains from dispositions of real estate as we sold fewer assets in 2024 when compared to the same period in 2023, and lower interest income and other income/(expense) primarily driven by a $37.3 million non-cash loan reserve partially offset by higher notes receivable balances. These were partially offset by higher total net operating income (“NOI”).●Total revenues increased 2.7% over the prior year primarily due to overall market rent growth and communities acquired and completion of developments during 2024 and 2023, partially offset by dispositions of real estate in 2024 and 2023.· We achieved Same-Store revenue growth of 2.3% and Same-Store NOI growth of 1.5%.Investing and Developments·We completed the development of two communities located in Tampa, Florida and Addison, Texas, with a total of 415 apartment homes.·We recognized a gain of $16.9 million from the sale of an operating community located in Arlington, Virginia.·We received distributions totaling $102.4 million from the Company’s unconsolidated joint ventures and partnerships. ●We contributed $35.0 million to four joint ventures that own and operate four operating communities with a total of 818 apartment homes.·We funded an additional $32.2 million to two of our notes receivable investments. Business Objectives Our principal business objective is to maximize the economic returns of our apartment communities in a sustainable manner to provide our stockholders with the greatest possible total return and value. To achieve this objective, we intend to continue to pursue the following goals and strategies:●own and operate a diversified portfolio of apartments in targeted markets in the United States, which are characterized by strong total income growth, high working age population growth, relatively robust rental versus single-family home affordability and favorable demand/supply ratio for multifamily housing, thus enhancing stability and predictability of returns to our stockholders;●manage real estate cycles by taking an opportunistic approach to buying, selling, renovating, redeveloping, and developing apartment communities;●empower our associates to manage our communities efficiently and effectively to improve resident satisfaction;●measure and reward associates based on specific performance targets; and●manage our capital structure with the intent of lowering our relative cost of capital to enhance profitability and predictability of liquidity, earnings and dividends.2024 HighlightsCommitment to Shareholders● In July 2024, the Company marked its 52nd year as a REIT and, in October 2024, paid its 208th consecutive quarterly dividend. The Company’s annualized declared 2024 dividend of $1.70 represented a 1.2% increase over the previous year.Earnings Results·Net income attributable to common stockholders was $84.8 million as compared to $439.5 million in the prior year. The primary drivers for the decrease were lower gains from dispositions of real estate as we sold fewer assets in 2024 when compared to the same period in 2023, and lower interest income and other income/(expense) primarily driven by a $37.3 million non-cash loan reserve partially offset by higher notes receivable balances. These were partially offset by higher total net operating income (“NOI”).●Total revenues increased 2.7% over the prior year primarily due to overall market rent growth and communities acquired and completion of developments during 2024 and 2023, partially offset by dispositions of real estate in 2024 and 2023.· We achieved Same-Store revenue growth of 2.3% and Same-Store NOI growth of 1.5%.Investing and Developments·We completed the development of two communities located in Tampa, Florida and Addison, Texas, with a total of 415 apartment homes.·We recognized a gain of $16.9 million from the sale of an operating community located in Arlington, Virginia.·We received distributions totaling $102.4 million from the Company’s unconsolidated joint ventures and partnerships. ●We contributed $35.0 million to four joint ventures that own and operate four operating communities with a total of 818 apartment homes.·We funded an additional $32.2 million to two of our notes receivable investments.",
      "prior_body": "Commitment to Shareholders ● In July 2023, the Company marked its 51st year as a REIT and, in October 2023, paid its 204th consecutive quarterly dividend. The Company’s annualized declared 2023 dividend of $1.68 represented a 10.5% increase over the previous year. Property Operations ● Net income attributable to common stockholders was $439.5 million as compared to $82.5 million in the prior year. The increase was primarily driven by higher gains from dispositions of real estate, higher total net operating income (“NOI”), and higher interest income and other income/(expense) primarily due to realized and unrealized gains from our direct investment in SmartRent, Inc. (“SmartRent”) and higher interest income driven by higher notes receivable balances. These were partially offset by higher depreciation expense primarily due to communities acquired and completion of developments in 2023 and 2022, and higher interest expense primarily due to higher average interest rates and higher overall debt balances. ● We achieved Same-Store revenue growth of 5.6% and Same-Store NOI growth of 6.0%. Investing and Developments ● We acquired six operating communities located in Dallas, Texas, and Austin, Texas, for approximately $354.6 million. ● We completed the development of one community located in Washington, D.C., with a total of 300 apartment homes. 7 7 7 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Business Objectives Our principal business objective is to maximize the economic returns of our apartment communities in a sustainable manner to provide our stockholders with the greatest possible total return and value. To achieve this objective, we intend to continue to pursue the following goals and strategies:●own and operate a diversified portfolio of apartments in targeted markets in the United States, which are characterized by strong total income growth, high working age population growth, relatively robust rental versus single-family home affordability and favorable demand/supply ratio for multifamily housing, thus enhancing stability and predictability of returns to our stockholders;●manage real estate cycles by taking an opportunistic approach to buying, selling, renovating, redeveloping, and developing apartment communities;●empower site associates to manage our communities efficiently and effectively;●measure and reward associates based on specific performance targets; and●manage our capital structure with the intent of lowering our relative cost of capital to enhance profitability and predictability of liquidity, earnings and dividends.2023 HighlightsCommitment to Shareholders● In July 2023, the Company marked its 51st year as a REIT and, in October 2023, paid its 204th consecutive quarterly dividend. The Company’s annualized declared 2023 dividend of $1.68 represented a 10.5% increase over the previous year.Property Operations●Net income attributable to common stockholders was $439.5 million as compared to $82.5 million in the prior year. The increase was primarily driven by higher gains from dispositions of real estate, higher total net operating income (“NOI”), and higher interest income and other income/(expense) primarily due to realized and unrealized gains from our direct investment in SmartRent, Inc. (“SmartRent”) and higher interest income driven by higher notes receivable balances. These were partially offset by higher depreciation expense primarily due to communities acquired and completion of developments in 2023 and 2022, and higher interest expense primarily due to higher average interest rates and higher overall debt balances.●Total revenues increased 7.3% over the prior year primarily due to overall market rent growth and communities acquired and completion of developments during 2023 and 2022, partially offset by dispositions of real estate in 2023.● We achieved Same-Store revenue growth of 5.6% and Same-Store NOI growth of 6.0%.Investing and Developments● We acquired six operating communities located in Dallas, Texas, and Austin, Texas, for approximately $354.6 million.●We contributed four wholly-owned operating communities to a newly formed joint venture in exchange for a 51.0% interest in the venture. We received approximately $247.9 million in cash proceeds from our joint venture partner at formation and we recognized gains of $325.9 million from the partial sale of the operating communities. The joint venture also acquired an operating community located in Norwood, Massachusetts, from a third party for $114.3 million.● We completed the development of one community located in Washington, D.C., with a total of 300 apartment homes."
    },
    {
      "status": "MODIFIED",
      "current_title": "Environmental Matters",
      "prior_title": "Environmental Matters",
      "similarity_score": 0.643,
      "confidence": "medium",
      "key_changes": [
        "Reworded sentence: \"Federal legislation requires owners and landlords of residential housing constructed prior to 1978 to disclose to potential residents or purchasers of the communities any known lead paint hazards and imposes treble damages for failure to provide such notification.\"",
        "Reworded sentence: \"Revenue growth in 2025 may be impacted by adverse developments affecting the general economy, inclusive of economic conditions as a result of a recession, reduced occupancy rates, increased rental concessions, new supply, increased bad debt and other factors which may adversely impact our ability to increase rents.Tax MattersUDR has elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Code.\""
      ],
      "current_body": "Various environmental laws govern certain aspects of the ongoing operation of our communities. Such environmental laws include those regulating the existence of asbestos-containing materials in buildings, management of surfaces with lead-based paint (and notices to residents about the lead-based paint), use of active underground petroleum storage tanks, and waste-management activities. The failure to comply with such requirements could subject us to a government enforcement action and/or claims for damages by a private party. To date, compliance with federal, state and local environmental protection regulations has not had a material effect on our capital expenditures, earnings or competitive position. We have a property management plan for hazardous materials. As part of the plan, Phase I environmental site investigations and reports have been completed for each property we acquire. In addition, all proposed acquisitions are inspected prior to acquisition. The inspections are conducted by qualified environmental consultants, and we review the issued report prior to the purchase or development of any property. Nevertheless, it is possible that the environmental assessments will not reveal all environmental liabilities, or that some material environmental liabilities exist of which we are unaware. In some cases, we have abandoned otherwise economically attractive acquisitions because the costs of removal or control of hazardous materials have been prohibitive or we have been unwilling to accept the potential risks involved. We do not believe we will be required to engage in any large-scale abatement at any of our properties. We believe that through professional environmental inspections and testing for asbestos, lead paint and other hazardous materials, coupled with a relatively conservative posture toward accepting known environmental risk, we can minimize our exposure to potential liability associated with environmental hazards. Federal legislation requires owners and landlords of residential housing constructed prior to 1978 to disclose to potential residents or purchasers of the communities any known lead paint hazards and imposes treble damages for failure to provide such notification. In addition, lead based paint in any of the communities may result in lead poisoning in children residing in that community if chips or particles of such lead based paint are ingested, and we may be held liable under state laws for any such injuries caused by ingestion of lead based paint by children living at the communities. 12 12 12 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Revenue growth in 2025 may be impacted by adverse developments affecting the general economy, inclusive of economic conditions as a result of a recession, reduced occupancy rates, increased rental concessions, new supply, increased bad debt and other factors which may adversely impact our ability to increase rents.Tax MattersUDR has elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Code. To continue to qualify as a REIT, UDR must continue to meet certain tests that, among other things, generally require that our assets consist primarily of real estate assets, our income be derived primarily from real estate assets, and that we distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (other than net capital gains) to our stockholders annually. Provided we maintain our qualification as a REIT, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxes at the corporate level on our net income to the extent such net income is distributed to our stockholders annually. Even if we continue to qualify as a REIT, we will continue to be subject to certain federal, state and local taxes on our income and property.We may utilize our taxable REIT subsidiary (“TRS”) to engage in activities that REITs may be prohibited from performing, including the provision of management and other services to third parties and the conduct of certain nonqualifying real estate transactions. Our TRS generally is taxable as a regular corporation, and therefore, subject to federal, state and local income taxes.InflationInflation primarily impacts our results of operations as a result of wage pressures and increases in utilities and repair and maintenance costs. In addition, inflation could also impact our general and administrative expenses, the interest on our debt if variable or refinanced in a high-inflationary environment, our cost of capital, and our cost of development, redevelopment, maintenance or other operating activities. However, the majority of our apartment leases have initial terms of 12 months or less, which in an inflationary environment, and absent other factors such as increased supply, generally enables us to compensate for inflationary effects by increasing rents on our apartment homes. Although an extreme or sustained escalation in costs could have a negative impact on our residents and their ability to absorb rent increases, we do not believe this had a material impact on our results for the year ended December 31, 2024.Environmental MattersVarious environmental laws govern certain aspects of the ongoing operation of our communities. Such environmental laws include those regulating the existence of asbestos-containing materials in buildings, management of surfaces with lead-based paint (and notices to residents about the lead-based paint), use of active underground petroleum storage tanks, and waste-management activities. The failure to comply with such requirements could subject us to a government enforcement action and/or claims for damages by a private party.To date, compliance with federal, state and local environmental protection regulations has not had a material effect on our capital expenditures, earnings or competitive position. We have a property management plan for hazardous materials. As part of the plan, Phase I environmental site investigations and reports have been completed for each property we acquire. In addition, all proposed acquisitions are inspected prior to acquisition. The inspections are conducted by qualified environmental consultants, and we review the issued report prior to the purchase or development of any property. Nevertheless, it is possible that the environmental assessments will not reveal all environmental liabilities, or that some material environmental liabilities exist of which we are unaware. In some cases, we have abandoned otherwise economically attractive acquisitions because the costs of removal or control of hazardous materials have been prohibitive or we have been unwilling to accept the potential risks involved. We do not believe we will be required to engage in any large-scale abatement at any of our properties. We believe that through professional environmental inspections and testing for asbestos, lead paint and other hazardous materials, coupled with a relatively conservative posture toward accepting known environmental risk, we can minimize our exposure to potential liability associated with environmental hazards.Federal legislation requires owners and landlords of residential housing constructed prior to 1978 to disclose to potential residents or purchasers of the communities any known lead paint hazards and imposes treble damages for failure to provide such notification. In addition, lead based paint in any of the communities may result in lead poisoning in children residing in that community if chips or particles of such lead based paint are ingested, and we may be held liable under state laws for any such injuries caused by ingestion of lead based paint by children living at the communities. Revenue growth in 2025 may be impacted by adverse developments affecting the general economy, inclusive of economic conditions as a result of a recession, reduced occupancy rates, increased rental concessions, new supply, increased bad debt and other factors which may adversely impact our ability to increase rents.Tax MattersUDR has elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Code. To continue to qualify as a REIT, UDR must continue to meet certain tests that, among other things, generally require that our assets consist primarily of real estate assets, our income be derived primarily from real estate assets, and that we distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (other than net capital gains) to our stockholders annually. Provided we maintain our qualification as a REIT, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxes at the corporate level on our net income to the extent such net income is distributed to our stockholders annually. Even if we continue to qualify as a REIT, we will continue to be subject to certain federal, state and local taxes on our income and property.We may utilize our taxable REIT subsidiary (“TRS”) to engage in activities that REITs may be prohibited from performing, including the provision of management and other services to third parties and the conduct of certain nonqualifying real estate transactions. Our TRS generally is taxable as a regular corporation, and therefore, subject to federal, state and local income taxes.InflationInflation primarily impacts our results of operations as a result of wage pressures and increases in utilities and repair and maintenance costs. In addition, inflation could also impact our general and administrative expenses, the interest on our debt if variable or refinanced in a high-inflationary environment, our cost of capital, and our cost of development, redevelopment, maintenance or other operating activities. However, the majority of our apartment leases have initial terms of 12 months or less, which in an inflationary environment, and absent other factors such as increased supply, generally enables us to compensate for inflationary effects by increasing rents on our apartment homes. Although an extreme or sustained escalation in costs could have a negative impact on our residents and their ability to absorb rent increases, we do not believe this had a material impact on our results for the year ended December 31, 2024.Environmental MattersVarious environmental laws govern certain aspects of the ongoing operation of our communities. Such environmental laws include those regulating the existence of asbestos-containing materials in buildings, management of surfaces with lead-based paint (and notices to residents about the lead-based paint), use of active underground petroleum storage tanks, and waste-management activities. The failure to comply with such requirements could subject us to a government enforcement action and/or claims for damages by a private party.To date, compliance with federal, state and local environmental protection regulations has not had a material effect on our capital expenditures, earnings or competitive position. We have a property management plan for hazardous materials. As part of the plan, Phase I environmental site investigations and reports have been completed for each property we acquire. In addition, all proposed acquisitions are inspected prior to acquisition. The inspections are conducted by qualified environmental consultants, and we review the issued report prior to the purchase or development of any property. Nevertheless, it is possible that the environmental assessments will not reveal all environmental liabilities, or that some material environmental liabilities exist of which we are unaware. In some cases, we have abandoned otherwise economically attractive acquisitions because the costs of removal or control of hazardous materials have been prohibitive or we have been unwilling to accept the potential risks involved. We do not believe we will be required to engage in any large-scale abatement at any of our properties. We believe that through professional environmental inspections and testing for asbestos, lead paint and other hazardous materials, coupled with a relatively conservative posture toward accepting known environmental risk, we can minimize our exposure to potential liability associated with environmental hazards.Federal legislation requires owners and landlords of residential housing constructed prior to 1978 to disclose to potential residents or purchasers of the communities any known lead paint hazards and imposes treble damages for failure to provide such notification. In addition, lead based paint in any of the communities may result in lead poisoning in children residing in that community if chips or particles of such lead based paint are ingested, and we may be held liable under state laws for any such injuries caused by ingestion of lead based paint by children living at the communities. Revenue growth in 2025 may be impacted by adverse developments affecting the general economy, inclusive of economic conditions as a result of a recession, reduced occupancy rates, increased rental concessions, new supply, increased bad debt and other factors which may adversely impact our ability to increase rents.",
      "prior_body": "Various environmental laws govern certain aspects of the ongoing operation of our communities. Such environmental laws include those regulating the existence of asbestos-containing materials in buildings, management of surfaces with lead-based paint (and notices to residents about the lead-based paint), use of active underground petroleum storage tanks, and waste-management activities. The failure to comply with such requirements could subject us to a government enforcement action and/or claims for damages by a private party. To date, compliance with federal, state and local environmental protection regulations has not had a material effect on our capital expenditures, earnings or competitive position. We have a property management plan for hazardous materials. As part of the plan, Phase I environmental site investigations and reports have been completed for each property we acquire. In addition, all proposed acquisitions are inspected prior to acquisition. The inspections are conducted by qualified environmental consultants, and we review the issued report prior to the purchase or development of any property. Nevertheless, it is possible that the environmental assessments will not reveal all environmental liabilities, or that some material environmental liabilities exist of which we are unaware. In some cases, we have abandoned otherwise economically attractive acquisitions because the costs of removal or control of hazardous materials have been prohibitive or we have been unwilling to accept the potential risks involved. We do not believe we will be required to engage in any large-scale abatement at any of our properties. We believe that through professional environmental inspections and testing for asbestos, lead paint and other hazardous materials, coupled with a relatively conservative posture toward accepting known environmental risk, we can minimize our exposure to potential liability associated with environmental hazards. 12 12 12 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents For the year ended December 31, 2023, our Same-Store NOI increased by $58.8 million compared to the prior year. Our Same-Store Community properties provided 93.1% of our total NOI for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase in NOI for the 51,368 Same-Store apartment homes, or 92.5% of our portfolio, was primarily driven by an increase in market rental rates, an increase in reimbursement, ancillary and fee income and a decrease in insurance expense, partially offset by the impact from rent concessions, higher bad debt, higher vacancy loss, higher repair and maintenance expense, higher utility expense and higher real estate tax expense.Revenue growth in 2024 may be impacted by adverse developments affecting the general economy, inclusive of economic conditions as a result of a recession, reduced occupancy rates, increased rental concessions, new supply, increased bad debt and other factors which may adversely impact our ability to increase rents.Tax MattersUDR has elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Code. To continue to qualify as a REIT, UDR must continue to meet certain tests that, among other things, generally require that our assets consist primarily of real estate assets, our income be derived primarily from real estate assets, and that we distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (other than net capital gains) to our stockholders annually. Provided we maintain our qualification as a REIT, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxes at the corporate level on our net income to the extent such net income is distributed to our stockholders annually. Even if we continue to qualify as a REIT, we will continue to be subject to certain federal, state and local taxes on our income and property.We may utilize our taxable REIT subsidiary (“TRS”) to engage in activities that REITs may be prohibited from performing, including the provision of management and other services to third parties and the conduct of certain nonqualifying real estate transactions. Our TRS generally is taxable as a regular corporation, and therefore, subject to federal, state and local income taxes.InflationInflation primarily impacts our results of operations as a result of wage pressures and increases in utilities and repair and maintenance costs. In addition, inflation could also impact our general and administrative expenses, the interest on our debt if variable or refinanced in a high-inflationary environment, our cost of capital, and our cost of development, redevelopment, maintenance or other operating activities. However, the majority of our apartment leases have initial terms of 12 months or less, which in an inflationary environment, and absent other factors such as increased supply, generally enables us to compensate for inflationary effects by increasing rents on our apartment homes. Although an extreme or sustained escalation in costs could have a negative impact on our residents and their ability to absorb rent increases, we do not believe this had a material impact on our results for the year ended December 31, 2023.Environmental MattersVarious environmental laws govern certain aspects of the ongoing operation of our communities. Such environmental laws include those regulating the existence of asbestos-containing materials in buildings, management of surfaces with lead-based paint (and notices to residents about the lead-based paint), use of active underground petroleum storage tanks, and waste-management activities. The failure to comply with such requirements could subject us to a government enforcement action and/or claims for damages by a private party.To date, compliance with federal, state and local environmental protection regulations has not had a material effect on our capital expenditures, earnings or competitive position. We have a property management plan for hazardous materials. As part of the plan, Phase I environmental site investigations and reports have been completed for each property we acquire. In addition, all proposed acquisitions are inspected prior to acquisition. The inspections are conducted by qualified environmental consultants, and we review the issued report prior to the purchase or development of any property. Nevertheless, it is possible that the environmental assessments will not reveal all environmental liabilities, or that some material environmental liabilities exist of which we are unaware. In some cases, we have abandoned otherwise economically attractive acquisitions because the costs of removal or control of hazardous materials have been prohibitive or we have been unwilling to accept the potential risks involved. We do not believe we will be required to engage in any large-scale abatement at any of our properties. We believe that through professional environmental inspections and testing for asbestos, lead paint and other hazardous materials, coupled with a relatively conservative posture toward accepting known environmental risk, we can minimize our exposure to potential liability associated with environmental hazards. For the year ended December 31, 2023, our Same-Store NOI increased by $58.8 million compared to the prior year. Our Same-Store Community properties provided 93.1% of our total NOI for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase in NOI for the 51,368 Same-Store apartment homes, or 92.5% of our portfolio, was primarily driven by an increase in market rental rates, an increase in reimbursement, ancillary and fee income and a decrease in insurance expense, partially offset by the impact from rent concessions, higher bad debt, higher vacancy loss, higher repair and maintenance expense, higher utility expense and higher real estate tax expense. Revenue growth in 2024 may be impacted by adverse developments affecting the general economy, inclusive of economic conditions as a result of a recession, reduced occupancy rates, increased rental concessions, new supply, increased bad debt and other factors which may adversely impact our ability to increase rents."
    },
    {
      "status": "MODIFIED",
      "current_title": "Available Information",
      "prior_title": "Available Information",
      "similarity_score": 0.606,
      "confidence": "medium",
      "key_changes": [
        "Removed sentence: \"​ Federal legislation requires owners and landlords of residential housing constructed prior to 1978 to disclose to potential residents or purchasers of the communities any known lead paint hazards and imposes treble damages for failure to provide such notification.\"",
        "Removed sentence: \"In addition, lead based paint in any of the communities may result in lead poisoning in children residing in that community if chips or particles of such lead based paint are ingested, and we may be held liable under state laws for any such injuries caused by ingestion of lead based paint by children living at the communities.\"",
        "Removed sentence: \"We are unaware of any environmental hazards at any of our properties that individually or in the aggregate may have a material adverse impact on our operations or financial position.\"",
        "Removed sentence: \"We have not been notified by any governmental authority, and we are not otherwise aware, of any material non-compliance, liability, or claim relating to environmental liabilities in connection with any of our properties.\"",
        "Removed sentence: \"We do not believe that the cost of continued compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations will have a material adverse effect on us or our financial condition or results of operations.\""
      ],
      "current_body": "We file electronically with the Securities and Exchange Commission our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, and current reports on Form 8-K, pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. You may obtain a free copy of our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, and current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports on the day of filing with the SEC on our website at www.udr.com, or by sending an e-mail message to ir@udr.com. ​ 14 14 14 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents our stock as (i) “debt-financed property” or (ii) inventory or property held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business.●The second paragraph under the heading “Taxation of Stockholders - Taxation of Tax-Exempt Stockholders” is hereby revised to apply to just tax-exempt stockholders that are exempt from U.S. federal income taxation under Sections 501(c) (7), (c)(9) and (c)(17) of the Code.Available InformationWe file electronically with the Securities and Exchange Commission our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, and current reports on Form 8-K, pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. You may obtain a free copy of our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, and current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports on the day of filing with the SEC on our website at www.udr.com, or by sending an e-mail message to ir@udr.com.​ our stock as (i) “debt-financed property” or (ii) inventory or property held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business.●The second paragraph under the heading “Taxation of Stockholders - Taxation of Tax-Exempt Stockholders” is hereby revised to apply to just tax-exempt stockholders that are exempt from U.S. federal income taxation under Sections 501(c) (7), (c)(9) and (c)(17) of the Code.Available InformationWe file electronically with the Securities and Exchange Commission our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, and current reports on Form 8-K, pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. You may obtain a free copy of our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, and current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports on the day of filing with the SEC on our website at www.udr.com, or by sending an e-mail message to ir@udr.com.​",
      "prior_body": "We file electronically with the Securities and Exchange Commission our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, and current reports on Form 8-K, pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. You may obtain a free copy of our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, and current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports on the day of filing with the SEC on our website at www.udr.com, or by sending an e-mail message to ir@udr.com. ​ 13 13 13 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Federal legislation requires owners and landlords of residential housing constructed prior to 1978 to disclose to potential residents or purchasers of the communities any known lead paint hazards and imposes treble damages for failure to provide such notification. In addition, lead based paint in any of the communities may result in lead poisoning in children residing in that community if chips or particles of such lead based paint are ingested, and we may be held liable under state laws for any such injuries caused by ingestion of lead based paint by children living at the communities.We are unaware of any environmental hazards at any of our properties that individually or in the aggregate may have a material adverse impact on our operations or financial position. We have not been notified by any governmental authority, and we are not otherwise aware, of any material non-compliance, liability, or claim relating to environmental liabilities in connection with any of our properties. We do not believe that the cost of continued compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations will have a material adverse effect on us or our financial condition or results of operations. Future environmental laws, regulations, or ordinances, however, may require additional remediation of existing conditions that are not currently actionable. Also, if more stringent requirements are imposed on us in the future, the costs of compliance could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and our financial condition.InsuranceWe carry comprehensive general liability coverage on our communities, with limits of liability customary within the multi-family apartment industry to insure against liability claims and related defense costs. We are also insured, with limits of liability customary within the multi-family apartment industry, against the risk of direct physical damage on a replacement cost basis, including loss of rental income during the reconstruction period.Available InformationWe file electronically with the Securities and Exchange Commission our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, and current reports on Form 8-K, pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. You may obtain a free copy of our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, and current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports on the day of filing with the SEC on our website at www.udr.com, or by sending an e-mail message to ir@udr.com.​ Federal legislation requires owners and landlords of residential housing constructed prior to 1978 to disclose to potential residents or purchasers of the communities any known lead paint hazards and imposes treble damages for failure to provide such notification. In addition, lead based paint in any of the communities may result in lead poisoning in children residing in that community if chips or particles of such lead based paint are ingested, and we may be held liable under state laws for any such injuries caused by ingestion of lead based paint by children living at the communities. We are unaware of any environmental hazards at any of our properties that individually or in the aggregate may have a material adverse impact on our operations or financial position. We have not been notified by any governmental authority, and we are not otherwise aware, of any material non-compliance, liability, or claim relating to environmental liabilities in connection with any of our properties. We do not believe that the cost of continued compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations will have a material adverse effect on us or our financial condition or results of operations. Future environmental laws, regulations, or ordinances, however, may require additional remediation of existing conditions that are not currently actionable. Also, if more stringent requirements are imposed on us in the future, the costs of compliance could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and our financial condition. Insurance We carry comprehensive general liability coverage on our communities, with limits of liability customary within the multi-family apartment industry to insure against liability claims and related defense costs. We are also insured, with limits of liability customary within the multi-family apartment industry, against the risk of direct physical damage on a replacement cost basis, including loss of rental income during the reconstruction period."
    },
    {
      "status": "MODIFIED",
      "current_title": "Reporting Segments",
      "prior_title": "Reporting Segments",
      "similarity_score": 0.6,
      "confidence": "medium",
      "key_changes": [
        "Reworded sentence: \"Our Same-Store Communities segment represents those communities acquired, developed, and stabilized prior to January 1, 2023, and held as of December 31, 2024.\"",
        "Reworded sentence: \"As of December 31, 2024, our workforce is comprised of 61% male and 39% female associates, with an ethnic composition of 51% White, 27% Hispanic/Latino, 13% Black, 3% Asian, and 6% Other.\"",
        "Reworded sentence: \"In 2024, we introduced an enhanced volunteer policy that continues to provide associates with up to eight paid hours annually for volunteer activities.\"",
        "Reworded sentence: \"​ In 2024, we upgraded our Employee Assistance Program (EAP) and increased enrollment by 10%.\""
      ],
      "current_body": "We report in two segments: Same-Store Communities and Non-Mature Communities/Other. Our Same-Store Communities segment represents those communities acquired, developed, and stabilized prior to January 1, 2023, and held as of December 31, 2024. These communities were owned and had stabilized occupancy and operating expenses as of the beginning of the prior year, there is no plan to conduct substantial redevelopment activities, and the communities are not classified as held for disposition at year end. A community is considered to have stabilized occupancy once it achieves 90% occupancy for at least three consecutive months. Our Non-Mature Communities/Other segment represents those communities that do not meet the criteria to be included in Same-Store Communities, including, but not limited to, recently acquired, developed and redeveloped communities, and the non-apartment components of mixed use properties. For additional information regarding our operating segments, see Note 16, Reportable Segments, in the Notes to the UDR Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Report. 6 6 6 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents As of December 31, 2024, our workforce is comprised of 61% male and 39% female associates, with an ethnic composition of 51% White, 27% Hispanic/Latino, 13% Black, 3% Asian, and 6% Other. Our management team (including resident services managers and more senior job classifications) reflects a gender balance of 59% male and 41% female, with an ethnic breakdown of 60% White and 40% non-White. Over the three-year period ending December 31, 2024, 533 promotions occurred, with 45% of those promoted to resident services manager, director, or more senior job classifications being female and 42% non-White. ​Our commitment to promoting diversity and inclusion remains as we strive to create a healthy and diverse work environment and attract candidates from all backgrounds, ethnicities, and genders. ​Associate Engagement and Outreach ​Throughout 2024, we listened to our associates through quarterly pulse surveys, and leveraging associate feedback implemented several measures aimed at improving communication, making data-driven decisions, and promoting collaboration between our operations and corporate teams. We will continue to enhance our active listening strategy to drive continuous improvement across our business. ​We believe that our associates should be active in their communities, and we support their efforts. In 2024, we introduced an enhanced volunteer policy that continues to provide associates with up to eight paid hours annually for volunteer activities. Previously, volunteer opportunities were limited to one or two company-sponsored events per year with designated organizations. The updated policy now allows associates the flexibility to volunteer at any time throughout the year with a charitable organization of their choice. Through the policy, UDR provided 1,050 hours of paid time off to associates for volunteer work with over 30 local organizations. We also organized food, clothing, and blood drives, as well as initiatives to promote non-profit organizations and causes, fostering a culture of giving back. ​Employee Health, Wellness and Benefits ​The health, wellness, and safety of our associates are paramount to UDR. We maintain an inclusive culture by prioritizing the well-being of our associates. ​In 2024, we upgraded our Employee Assistance Program (EAP) and increased enrollment by 10%. Our EAP includes counseling services, educational resources, and tools, including workshops and seminars on stress management, nutrition, and well-being for associates, partners, and teen-aged dependents. We also invested in virtual and in-person wellness fairs aimed at providing associates learning opportunities on topics ranging from stress management and mental health to financial fitness. We continue to leverage our Lifestyle Spending Account, which provides associates with $1,000 annually to spend as they choose bolstering associate wellness and satisfaction. ​Our commitment to associate benefits is underscored by a third-party benefits survey, conducted in 2024, where 84% of respondents stated they understood their benefits and 64% believed that UDR offered a benefit package that is satisfactory relative to other companies in the industry.​Reporting SegmentsWe report in two segments: Same-Store Communities and Non-Mature Communities/Other.Our Same-Store Communities segment represents those communities acquired, developed, and stabilized prior to January 1, 2023, and held as of December 31, 2024. These communities were owned and had stabilized occupancy and operating expenses as of the beginning of the prior year, there is no plan to conduct substantial redevelopment activities, and the communities are not classified as held for disposition at year end. A community is considered to have stabilized occupancy once it achieves 90% occupancy for at least three consecutive months.Our Non-Mature Communities/Other segment represents those communities that do not meet the criteria to be included in Same-Store Communities, including, but not limited to, recently acquired, developed and redeveloped communities, and the non-apartment components of mixed use properties. For additional information regarding our operating segments, see Note 16, Reportable Segments, in the Notes to the UDR Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Report. As of December 31, 2024, our workforce is comprised of 61% male and 39% female associates, with an ethnic composition of 51% White, 27% Hispanic/Latino, 13% Black, 3% Asian, and 6% Other. Our management team (including resident services managers and more senior job classifications) reflects a gender balance of 59% male and 41% female, with an ethnic breakdown of 60% White and 40% non-White. Over the three-year period ending December 31, 2024, 533 promotions occurred, with 45% of those promoted to resident services manager, director, or more senior job classifications being female and 42% non-White. ​Our commitment to promoting diversity and inclusion remains as we strive to create a healthy and diverse work environment and attract candidates from all backgrounds, ethnicities, and genders. ​Associate Engagement and Outreach ​Throughout 2024, we listened to our associates through quarterly pulse surveys, and leveraging associate feedback implemented several measures aimed at improving communication, making data-driven decisions, and promoting collaboration between our operations and corporate teams. We will continue to enhance our active listening strategy to drive continuous improvement across our business. ​We believe that our associates should be active in their communities, and we support their efforts. In 2024, we introduced an enhanced volunteer policy that continues to provide associates with up to eight paid hours annually for volunteer activities. Previously, volunteer opportunities were limited to one or two company-sponsored events per year with designated organizations. The updated policy now allows associates the flexibility to volunteer at any time throughout the year with a charitable organization of their choice. Through the policy, UDR provided 1,050 hours of paid time off to associates for volunteer work with over 30 local organizations. We also organized food, clothing, and blood drives, as well as initiatives to promote non-profit organizations and causes, fostering a culture of giving back. ​Employee Health, Wellness and Benefits ​The health, wellness, and safety of our associates are paramount to UDR. We maintain an inclusive culture by prioritizing the well-being of our associates. ​In 2024, we upgraded our Employee Assistance Program (EAP) and increased enrollment by 10%. Our EAP includes counseling services, educational resources, and tools, including workshops and seminars on stress management, nutrition, and well-being for associates, partners, and teen-aged dependents. We also invested in virtual and in-person wellness fairs aimed at providing associates learning opportunities on topics ranging from stress management and mental health to financial fitness. We continue to leverage our Lifestyle Spending Account, which provides associates with $1,000 annually to spend as they choose bolstering associate wellness and satisfaction. ​Our commitment to associate benefits is underscored by a third-party benefits survey, conducted in 2024, where 84% of respondents stated they understood their benefits and 64% believed that UDR offered a benefit package that is satisfactory relative to other companies in the industry.​Reporting SegmentsWe report in two segments: Same-Store Communities and Non-Mature Communities/Other.Our Same-Store Communities segment represents those communities acquired, developed, and stabilized prior to January 1, 2023, and held as of December 31, 2024. These communities were owned and had stabilized occupancy and operating expenses as of the beginning of the prior year, there is no plan to conduct substantial redevelopment activities, and the communities are not classified as held for disposition at year end. A community is considered to have stabilized occupancy once it achieves 90% occupancy for at least three consecutive months.Our Non-Mature Communities/Other segment represents those communities that do not meet the criteria to be included in Same-Store Communities, including, but not limited to, recently acquired, developed and redeveloped communities, and the non-apartment components of mixed use properties. For additional information regarding our operating segments, see Note 16, Reportable Segments, in the Notes to the UDR Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Report. As of December 31, 2024, our workforce is comprised of 61% male and 39% female associates, with an ethnic composition of 51% White, 27% Hispanic/Latino, 13% Black, 3% Asian, and 6% Other. Our management team (including resident services managers and more senior job classifications) reflects a gender balance of 59% male and 41% female, with an ethnic breakdown of 60% White and 40% non-White. Over the three-year period ending December 31, 2024, 533 promotions occurred, with 45% of those promoted to resident services manager, director, or more senior job classifications being female and 42% non-White. ​ Our commitment to promoting diversity and inclusion remains as we strive to create a healthy and diverse work environment and attract candidates from all backgrounds, ethnicities, and genders. ​ Associate Engagement and Outreach ​ Throughout 2024, we listened to our associates through quarterly pulse surveys, and leveraging associate feedback implemented several measures aimed at improving communication, making data-driven decisions, and promoting collaboration between our operations and corporate teams. We will continue to enhance our active listening strategy to drive continuous improvement across our business. ​ We believe that our associates should be active in their communities, and we support their efforts. In 2024, we introduced an enhanced volunteer policy that continues to provide associates with up to eight paid hours annually for volunteer activities. Previously, volunteer opportunities were limited to one or two company-sponsored events per year with designated organizations. The updated policy now allows associates the flexibility to volunteer at any time throughout the year with a charitable organization of their choice. Through the policy, UDR provided 1,050 hours of paid time off to associates for volunteer work with over 30 local organizations. We also organized food, clothing, and blood drives, as well as initiatives to promote non-profit organizations and causes, fostering a culture of giving back. ​ Employee Health, Wellness and Benefits ​ The health, wellness, and safety of our associates are paramount to UDR. We maintain an inclusive culture by prioritizing the well-being of our associates. ​ In 2024, we upgraded our Employee Assistance Program (EAP) and increased enrollment by 10%. Our EAP includes counseling services, educational resources, and tools, including workshops and seminars on stress management, nutrition, and well-being for associates, partners, and teen-aged dependents. We also invested in virtual and in-person wellness fairs aimed at providing associates learning opportunities on topics ranging from stress management and mental health to financial fitness. We continue to leverage our Lifestyle Spending Account, which provides associates with $1,000 annually to spend as they choose bolstering associate wellness and satisfaction. ​ Our commitment to associate benefits is underscored by a third-party benefits survey, conducted in 2024, where 84% of respondents stated they understood their benefits and 64% believed that UDR offered a benefit package that is satisfactory relative to other companies in the industry. ​",
      "prior_body": "We report in two segments: Same-Store Communities and Non-Mature Communities/Other. Our Same-Store Communities segment represents those communities acquired, developed, and stabilized prior to January 1, 2022, and held as of December 31, 2023. These communities were owned and had stabilized occupancy and operating expenses as of the beginning of the prior year, there is no plan to conduct substantial redevelopment activities, and the communities are not classified as held for disposition at year end. A community is considered to have stabilized occupancy once it achieves 90% occupancy for at least three consecutive months. Our Non-Mature Communities/Other segment represents those communities that do not meet the criteria to be included in Same-Store Communities, including, but not limited to, recently acquired, developed and redeveloped communities, and the non-apartment components of mixed use properties. For additional information regarding our operating segments, see Note 16, Reportable Segments, in the Notes to the UDR Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Report. 6 6 6 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents ​Associate Engagement and Outreach​Throughout 2023, we placed greater emphasis on increasing associate engagement and focused efforts on achieving this goal. We implemented a quarterly pulse survey program and several measures aimed at improving communication, making data-driven decisions, and promoting collaboration between our operations and corporate teams. Centralizing information, creating an HR Monthly Newsletter, and initiating internal publications and recognition programs for associates were among the initiatives we undertook to facilitate better communication and foster a sense of community.​The quarterly pulse surveys we implemented in 2023 give us valuable insights into associate engagement, views on UDR culture, and work-life balance, among other key performance indicators. We find these surveys to be incredibly helpful and plan to continue conducting them to receive ongoing feedback. ​We believe that our associates should be active in their communities, and we support their efforts. In 2023, UDR provided 1,041 hours of paid time off to associates for volunteer work with over 20 local organizations. We also organized food, clothing, and blood drives, as well as initiatives to promote non-profit organizations and causes, fostering a culture of giving back.​Employee Health, Wellness and Benefits​The health, wellness, and safety of our associates are paramount to UDR. We maintain an inclusive culture by prioritizing the well-being of our associates. Our monthly Wellness Newsletter covers a range of topics, including preventative care, fitness, mental health, and healthy eating habits.​In 2023, we reduced the benefits waiting period from two months to one month. In addition, we enhanced our behavioral health support mobile application, providing associates with 24/7 access to a care team of coaches and mental health professionals via text-based chats and self-guided activities at no additional cost to associates. This program was also expanded in 2023 to provide support to teen-age children for parents with teen-aged children. Finally, a new associate resource program was introduced, providing our associates with a comprehensive set of tools to assist them in every aspect of their life. This resource provides professional counseling and expert referrals for a wide array of personal and work-related concerns. ​Our commitment to associate benefits is underscored by a third-party benefits survey, conducted in 2023, where 77% of respondents believed that UDR offered benefits meeting their needs. Utilizing feedback from this survey and our engagement survey, we enhanced the Lifestyle Spending Account. The Lifestyle Spending Account provides flexibility by allowing associates to allocate $1,000 annually to various health, wellness, and lifestyle categories. Furthermore, we implemented a 401(k) auto-enrollment for new hires at 3% of their salary that started in January 2024. We also provide a comprehensive set of employee benefits, including health, dental, and vision insurance coverage for all associates.​Reporting SegmentsWe report in two segments: Same-Store Communities and Non-Mature Communities/Other.Our Same-Store Communities segment represents those communities acquired, developed, and stabilized prior to January 1, 2022, and held as of December 31, 2023. These communities were owned and had stabilized occupancy and operating expenses as of the beginning of the prior year, there is no plan to conduct substantial redevelopment activities, and the communities are not classified as held for disposition at year end. A community is considered to have stabilized occupancy once it achieves 90% occupancy for at least three consecutive months.Our Non-Mature Communities/Other segment represents those communities that do not meet the criteria to be included in Same-Store Communities, including, but not limited to, recently acquired, developed and redeveloped communities, and the non-apartment components of mixed use properties. For additional information regarding our operating segments, see Note 16, Reportable Segments, in the Notes to the UDR Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Report. ​ Associate Engagement and Outreach ​ Throughout 2023, we placed greater emphasis on increasing associate engagement and focused efforts on achieving this goal. We implemented a quarterly pulse survey program and several measures aimed at improving communication, making data-driven decisions, and promoting collaboration between our operations and corporate teams. Centralizing information, creating an HR Monthly Newsletter, and initiating internal publications and recognition programs for associates were among the initiatives we undertook to facilitate better communication and foster a sense of community. ​ The quarterly pulse surveys we implemented in 2023 give us valuable insights into associate engagement, views on UDR culture, and work-life balance, among other key performance indicators. We find these surveys to be incredibly helpful and plan to continue conducting them to receive ongoing feedback. ​ We believe that our associates should be active in their communities, and we support their efforts. In 2023, UDR provided 1,041 hours of paid time off to associates for volunteer work with over 20 local organizations. We also organized food, clothing, and blood drives, as well as initiatives to promote non-profit organizations and causes, fostering a culture of giving back. ​ Employee Health, Wellness and Benefits ​ The health, wellness, and safety of our associates are paramount to UDR. We maintain an inclusive culture by prioritizing the well-being of our associates. Our monthly Wellness Newsletter covers a range of topics, including preventative care, fitness, mental health, and healthy eating habits. ​ In 2023, we reduced the benefits waiting period from two months to one month. In addition, we enhanced our behavioral health support mobile application, providing associates with 24/7 access to a care team of coaches and mental health professionals via text-based chats and self-guided activities at no additional cost to associates. This program was also expanded in 2023 to provide support to teen-age children for parents with teen-aged children. Finally, a new associate resource program was introduced, providing our associates with a comprehensive set of tools to assist them in every aspect of their life. This resource provides professional counseling and expert referrals for a wide array of personal and work-related concerns. ​ Our commitment to associate benefits is underscored by a third-party benefits survey, conducted in 2023, where 77% of respondents believed that UDR offered benefits meeting their needs. Utilizing feedback from this survey and our engagement survey, we enhanced the Lifestyle Spending Account. The Lifestyle Spending Account provides flexibility by allowing associates to allocate $1,000 annually to various health, wellness, and lifestyle categories. Furthermore, we implemented a 401(k) auto-enrollment for new hires at 3% of their salary that started in January 2024. We also provide a comprehensive set of employee benefits, including health, dental, and vision insurance coverage for all associates. ​"
    },
    {
      "status": "MODIFIED",
      "current_title": "Communities",
      "prior_title": "Communities",
      "similarity_score": 0.599,
      "confidence": "low",
      "key_changes": [
        "Reworded sentence: \"At December 31, 2024, our consolidated real estate portfolio included 169 communities with a total of 55,696 completed apartment homes.\""
      ],
      "current_body": "At December 31, 2024, our consolidated real estate portfolio included 169 communities with a total of 55,696 completed apartment homes. The overall quality of our portfolio relative to other properties generally enables us to charge higher rents and to attract residents with higher levels of disposable income who are more likely to absorb such rents. At December 31, 2024, the Company was not developing any communities, although the Company was incurring and capitalizing costs directly related to predevelopment activities in preparation of future development commencements. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company completed the development of two communities located in Tampa, Florida and Addison, Texas, with a total of 415 apartment homes. At December 31, 2024, the Company had no communities at which it was conducting substantial redevelopment activities.",
      "prior_body": "At December 31, 2023, our consolidated real estate portfolio included 168 communities with a total of 55,550 completed apartment homes. The overall quality of our portfolio generally enables us to raise rents and to attract residents with higher levels of disposable income who are more likely to absorb such rents. At December 31, 2023, the Company was developing two wholly-owned communities located in Addison, Texas, and Tampa, Florida, totaling 415 homes, of which 56 have been completed, with a budget of $187.5 million, in which we have an investment of $160.4 million. The communities are estimated to be completed in the second quarter of 2024. At December 31, 2023, the Company had no communities at which it was conducting substantial redevelopment activities."
    },
    {
      "status": "MODIFIED",
      "current_title": "Communities",
      "prior_title": "Communities",
      "similarity_score": 0.599,
      "confidence": "low",
      "key_changes": [
        "Reworded sentence: \"At December 31, 2024, our consolidated real estate portfolio included 169 communities with a total of 55,696 completed apartment homes.\""
      ],
      "current_body": "At December 31, 2024, our consolidated real estate portfolio included 169 communities with a total of 55,696 completed apartment homes. The overall quality of our portfolio relative to other properties generally enables us to charge higher rents and to attract residents with higher levels of disposable income who are more likely to absorb such rents. At December 31, 2024, the Company was not developing any communities, although the Company was incurring and capitalizing costs directly related to predevelopment activities in preparation of future development commencements. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company completed the development of two communities located in Tampa, Florida and Addison, Texas, with a total of 415 apartment homes. At December 31, 2024, the Company had no communities at which it was conducting substantial redevelopment activities.",
      "prior_body": "At December 31, 2023, our consolidated real estate portfolio included 168 communities with a total of 55,550 completed apartment homes. The overall quality of our portfolio generally enables us to raise rents and to attract residents with higher levels of disposable income who are more likely to absorb such rents. At December 31, 2023, the Company was developing two wholly-owned communities located in Addison, Texas, and Tampa, Florida, totaling 415 homes, of which 56 have been completed, with a budget of $187.5 million, in which we have an investment of $160.4 million. The communities are estimated to be completed in the second quarter of 2024. At December 31, 2023, the Company had no communities at which it was conducting substantial redevelopment activities."
    },
    {
      "status": "MODIFIED",
      "current_title": "Communities",
      "prior_title": "Communities",
      "similarity_score": 0.599,
      "confidence": "low",
      "key_changes": [
        "Reworded sentence: \"At December 31, 2024, our consolidated real estate portfolio included 169 communities with a total of 55,696 completed apartment homes.\""
      ],
      "current_body": "At December 31, 2024, our consolidated real estate portfolio included 169 communities with a total of 55,696 completed apartment homes. The overall quality of our portfolio relative to other properties generally enables us to charge higher rents and to attract residents with higher levels of disposable income who are more likely to absorb such rents. At December 31, 2024, the Company was not developing any communities, although the Company was incurring and capitalizing costs directly related to predevelopment activities in preparation of future development commencements. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company completed the development of two communities located in Tampa, Florida and Addison, Texas, with a total of 415 apartment homes. At December 31, 2024, the Company had no communities at which it was conducting substantial redevelopment activities.",
      "prior_body": "At December 31, 2023, our consolidated real estate portfolio included 168 communities with a total of 55,550 completed apartment homes. The overall quality of our portfolio generally enables us to raise rents and to attract residents with higher levels of disposable income who are more likely to absorb such rents. At December 31, 2023, the Company was developing two wholly-owned communities located in Addison, Texas, and Tampa, Florida, totaling 415 homes, of which 56 have been completed, with a budget of $187.5 million, in which we have an investment of $160.4 million. The communities are estimated to be completed in the second quarter of 2024. At December 31, 2023, the Company had no communities at which it was conducting substantial redevelopment activities."
    },
    {
      "status": "MODIFIED",
      "current_title": "Same-Store Community Comparison",
      "prior_title": "Same-Store Community Comparison",
      "similarity_score": 0.599,
      "confidence": "low",
      "key_changes": [
        "Reworded sentence: \"Net income attributable to common stockholders was $84.8 million as compared to $439.5 million in the prior year.\""
      ],
      "current_body": "We believe that one pertinent quantitative measurement of the performance of our portfolio is tracking the results of our Same-Store Communities’ NOI, which is total rental revenue, less rental and other operating expenses excluding property management. Our Same-Store Community population is comprised of operating communities which we own and have stabilized occupancy, revenues and expenses as of the beginning of the prior year. Net income attributable to common stockholders was $84.8 million as compared to $439.5 million in the prior year. The primary drivers for the decrease were lower gains from dispositions of real estate as we sold fewer assets in 2024 when compared to the same period in 2023, and lower interest income and other income/(expense) primarily driven by a $37.3 million non-cash loan reserve partially offset by higher notes receivable balances. These were partially offset by higher total net operating income (“NOI”). For the year ended December 31, 2024, our Same-Store NOI increased by $15.3 million compared to the prior year. Our Same-Store Community properties provided 92.4% of our total NOI for the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase in NOI for the 51,428 Same-Store apartment homes, or 92.3% of our portfolio, was primarily driven by an increase in market rental rates and an increase in reimbursement, ancillary and fee income, partially offset by higher personnel costs, higher repair and maintenance expense, higher utilities expense, higher administration and marketing costs, and higher real estate tax expense. 11 11 11 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents demand. In addition, other real estate investors compete with us to acquire existing properties, redevelop existing properties, and to develop new properties. These competitors include insurance companies, pension and investment funds, public and private real estate companies, investment companies and other public and private apartment REITs, some of which may have greater resources, or lower capital costs, than we do.We believe that, in general, we are well-positioned to compete effectively for residents and investments. We believe our competitive advantages include:●a fully integrated organization with property management, development, redevelopment, acquisition, marketing, sales and financing expertise;●scalable operating and support systems, which include automated systems to meet the changing needs of our residents and to effectively focus on our internet-based marketing efforts;●access to diversified sources of capital;●geographic diversification with a presence in 21 markets across the country; and●significant presence in many of our major markets that allows us to be a local operating expert.Moving forward, we will continue to improve lease management, improve expense control, increase resident retention efforts and align employee incentive plans with metrics that impact our bottom-line performance. We believe this plan of operation, coupled with the portfolio’s strengths in targeting renters across a geographically diverse platform, should position us for continued operational upside.CommunitiesAt December 31, 2024, our consolidated real estate portfolio included 169 communities with a total of 55,696 completed apartment homes. The overall quality of our portfolio relative to other properties generally enables us to charge higher rents and to attract residents with higher levels of disposable income who are more likely to absorb such rents.At December 31, 2024, the Company was not developing any communities, although the Company was incurring and capitalizing costs directly related to predevelopment activities in preparation of future development commencements. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company completed the development of two communities located in Tampa, Florida and Addison, Texas, with a total of 415 apartment homes.At December 31, 2024, the Company had no communities at which it was conducting substantial redevelopment activities.Same-Store Community ComparisonWe believe that one pertinent quantitative measurement of the performance of our portfolio is tracking the results of our Same-Store Communities’ NOI, which is total rental revenue, less rental and other operating expenses excluding property management. Our Same-Store Community population is comprised of operating communities which we own and have stabilized occupancy, revenues and expenses as of the beginning of the prior year.Net income attributable to common stockholders was $84.8 million as compared to $439.5 million in the prior year. The primary drivers for the decrease were lower gains from dispositions of real estate as we sold fewer assets in 2024 when compared to the same period in 2023, and lower interest income and other income/(expense) primarily driven by a $37.3 million non-cash loan reserve partially offset by higher notes receivable balances. These were partially offset by higher total net operating income (“NOI”).For the year ended December 31, 2024, our Same-Store NOI increased by $15.3 million compared to the prior year. Our Same-Store Community properties provided 92.4% of our total NOI for the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase in NOI for the 51,428 Same-Store apartment homes, or 92.3% of our portfolio, was primarily driven by an increase in market rental rates and an increase in reimbursement, ancillary and fee income, partially offset by higher personnel costs, higher repair and maintenance expense, higher utilities expense, higher administration and marketing costs, and higher real estate tax expense. demand. In addition, other real estate investors compete with us to acquire existing properties, redevelop existing properties, and to develop new properties. These competitors include insurance companies, pension and investment funds, public and private real estate companies, investment companies and other public and private apartment REITs, some of which may have greater resources, or lower capital costs, than we do.We believe that, in general, we are well-positioned to compete effectively for residents and investments. We believe our competitive advantages include:●a fully integrated organization with property management, development, redevelopment, acquisition, marketing, sales and financing expertise;●scalable operating and support systems, which include automated systems to meet the changing needs of our residents and to effectively focus on our internet-based marketing efforts;●access to diversified sources of capital;●geographic diversification with a presence in 21 markets across the country; and●significant presence in many of our major markets that allows us to be a local operating expert.Moving forward, we will continue to improve lease management, improve expense control, increase resident retention efforts and align employee incentive plans with metrics that impact our bottom-line performance. We believe this plan of operation, coupled with the portfolio’s strengths in targeting renters across a geographically diverse platform, should position us for continued operational upside.CommunitiesAt December 31, 2024, our consolidated real estate portfolio included 169 communities with a total of 55,696 completed apartment homes. The overall quality of our portfolio relative to other properties generally enables us to charge higher rents and to attract residents with higher levels of disposable income who are more likely to absorb such rents.At December 31, 2024, the Company was not developing any communities, although the Company was incurring and capitalizing costs directly related to predevelopment activities in preparation of future development commencements. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company completed the development of two communities located in Tampa, Florida and Addison, Texas, with a total of 415 apartment homes.At December 31, 2024, the Company had no communities at which it was conducting substantial redevelopment activities.Same-Store Community ComparisonWe believe that one pertinent quantitative measurement of the performance of our portfolio is tracking the results of our Same-Store Communities’ NOI, which is total rental revenue, less rental and other operating expenses excluding property management. Our Same-Store Community population is comprised of operating communities which we own and have stabilized occupancy, revenues and expenses as of the beginning of the prior year.Net income attributable to common stockholders was $84.8 million as compared to $439.5 million in the prior year. The primary drivers for the decrease were lower gains from dispositions of real estate as we sold fewer assets in 2024 when compared to the same period in 2023, and lower interest income and other income/(expense) primarily driven by a $37.3 million non-cash loan reserve partially offset by higher notes receivable balances. These were partially offset by higher total net operating income (“NOI”).For the year ended December 31, 2024, our Same-Store NOI increased by $15.3 million compared to the prior year. Our Same-Store Community properties provided 92.4% of our total NOI for the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase in NOI for the 51,428 Same-Store apartment homes, or 92.3% of our portfolio, was primarily driven by an increase in market rental rates and an increase in reimbursement, ancillary and fee income, partially offset by higher personnel costs, higher repair and maintenance expense, higher utilities expense, higher administration and marketing costs, and higher real estate tax expense. demand. In addition, other real estate investors compete with us to acquire existing properties, redevelop existing properties, and to develop new properties. These competitors include insurance companies, pension and investment funds, public and private real estate companies, investment companies and other public and private apartment REITs, some of which may have greater resources, or lower capital costs, than we do. We believe that, in general, we are well-positioned to compete effectively for residents and investments. We believe our competitive advantages include: Moving forward, we will continue to improve lease management, improve expense control, increase resident retention efforts and align employee incentive plans with metrics that impact our bottom-line performance. We believe this plan of operation, coupled with the portfolio’s strengths in targeting renters across a geographically diverse platform, should position us for continued operational upside.",
      "prior_body": "We believe that one pertinent quantitative measurement of the performance of our portfolio is tracking the results of our Same-Store Communities’ NOI, which is total rental revenue, less rental and other operating expenses excluding property management. Our Same-Store Community population is comprised of operating communities which we own and have stabilized occupancy, revenues and expenses as of the beginning of the prior year. Net income attributable to common stockholders was $439.5 million as compared to $82.5 million in the prior year. The increase was primarily driven by higher gains from dispositions of real estate, higher total NOI, and higher interest income and other income/(expense) primarily due to realized and unrealized gains from our direct investment in SmartRent, Inc. (“SmartRent”) and higher interest income driven by higher notes receivable balances, partially offset by higher depreciation expense due to communities acquired and completion of developments in 2023 and 2022, and higher interest expense primarily due to higher average interest rates and higher overall debt balances. 11 11 11 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Competitive ConditionsCompetition for new residents is generally intense across our markets. Some competing communities offer amenities that our communities do not have. Competing communities can use rental concessions or lower rents to obtain temporary competitive advantages. Also, some competing communities are larger or newer than our communities. The competitive position of each community is different depending upon many factors, including sub-market supply and demand. In addition, other real estate investors compete with us to acquire existing properties, redevelop existing properties, and to develop new properties. These competitors include insurance companies, pension and investment funds, public and private real estate companies, investment companies and other public and private apartment REITs, some of which may have greater resources, or lower capital costs, than we do.We believe that, in general, we are well-positioned to compete effectively for residents and investments. We believe our competitive advantages include:●a fully integrated organization with property management, development, redevelopment, acquisition, marketing, sales and financing expertise;●scalable operating and support systems, which include automated systems to meet the changing needs of our residents and to effectively focus on our internet-based marketing efforts;●access to diversified sources of capital;●geographic diversification with a presence in 21 markets across the country; and●significant presence in many of our major markets that allows us to be a local operating expert.Moving forward, we will continue to improve lease management, improve expense control, increase resident retention efforts and align employee incentive plans with metrics that impact our bottom-line performance. We believe this plan of operation, coupled with the portfolio’s strengths in targeting renters across a geographically diverse platform, should position us for continued operational upside.CommunitiesAt December 31, 2023, our consolidated real estate portfolio included 168 communities with a total of 55,550 completed apartment homes. The overall quality of our portfolio generally enables us to raise rents and to attract residents with higher levels of disposable income who are more likely to absorb such rents.At December 31, 2023, the Company was developing two wholly-owned communities located in Addison, Texas, and Tampa, Florida, totaling 415 homes, of which 56 have been completed, with a budget of $187.5 million, in which we have an investment of $160.4 million. The communities are estimated to be completed in the second quarter of 2024.At December 31, 2023, the Company had no communities at which it was conducting substantial redevelopment activities.Same-Store Community ComparisonWe believe that one pertinent quantitative measurement of the performance of our portfolio is tracking the results of our Same-Store Communities’ NOI, which is total rental revenue, less rental and other operating expenses excluding property management. Our Same-Store Community population is comprised of operating communities which we own and have stabilized occupancy, revenues and expenses as of the beginning of the prior year.Net income attributable to common stockholders was $439.5 million as compared to $82.5 million in the prior year. The increase was primarily driven by higher gains from dispositions of real estate, higher total NOI, and higher interest income and other income/(expense) primarily due to realized and unrealized gains from our direct investment in SmartRent, Inc. (“SmartRent”) and higher interest income driven by higher notes receivable balances, partially offset by higher depreciation expense due to communities acquired and completion of developments in 2023 and 2022, and higher interest expense primarily due to higher average interest rates and higher overall debt balances."
    },
    {
      "status": "MODIFIED",
      "current_title": "Supplemental U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations",
      "prior_title": "Available Information",
      "similarity_score": 0.598,
      "confidence": "low",
      "key_changes": [
        "Reworded sentence: \"​ The following discussion supplements and updates the disclosures under “Material U.S.\"",
        "Reworded sentence: \"Insurance We carry comprehensive general liability coverage on our communities, with limits of liability we believe to be customary within the multi-family apartment industry to insure against liability claims and related defense costs.\""
      ],
      "current_body": "​ The following discussion supplements and updates the disclosures under “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences” in the prospectus dated February 14, 2023, contained in our Registration Statement on Form S-3 filed with the SEC on February 14, 2023. Capitalized terms herein that are not otherwise defined shall have the same meaning as when used in such disclosures. ​ 13 13 13 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents We are unaware of any environmental hazards at any of our properties that individually or in the aggregate may have a material adverse impact on our operations or financial position. We have not been notified by any governmental authority, and we are not otherwise aware, of any material non-compliance, liability, or claim relating to environmental liabilities in connection with any of our properties. We do not believe that the cost of continued compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations will have a material adverse effect on us or our financial condition or results of operations. Future environmental laws, regulations, or ordinances, however, may require additional remediation of existing conditions that are not currently actionable. Also, if more stringent requirements are imposed on us in the future, the costs of compliance could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and our financial condition.InsuranceWe carry comprehensive general liability coverage on our communities, with limits of liability we believe to be customary within the multi-family apartment industry to insure against liability claims and related defense costs. We are also insured, with limits of liability we believe to be customary within the multi-family apartment industry, against the risk of direct physical damage on a replacement cost basis, including loss of rental income during the reconstruction period.Supplemental U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations​The following discussion supplements and updates the disclosures under “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences” in the prospectus dated February 14, 2023, contained in our Registration Statement on Form S-3 filed with the SEC on February 14, 2023. Capitalized terms herein that are not otherwise defined shall have the same meaning as when used in such disclosures.​●The second bullet in the second paragraph under the heading “Taxation of UDR - Income Tests” is clarified to acknowledge an exception to the related party tenant test for a tenant that is a taxable REIT subsidiary and either (i) at least 90% of the total leased space of the property is leased to unrelated tenants and the rent paid by the taxable REIT subsidiary is substantially comparable to the rent paid by the unrelated tenants for comparable space, or (ii) the property leased to the taxable REIT subsidiary is a lodging facility or a health care facility and certain other requirements are satisfied.●The third prong of the definition of “hedging transaction” in the fourth paragraph under the heading “Taxation of UDR - Income Tests” is hereby clarified to establish that in order to qualify as a “hedging transaction” that will be excluded from gross income for purposes of the 75% and 95% gross income tests, a new transaction entered into to hedge the income or loss from prior hedging transactions where the property or indebtedness which was the subject of the prior hedging transaction was extinguished or disposed of must be clearly identified as specified in Treasury regulations before the close of the day on which it was acquired, originated, or entered into.●The penultimate paragraph under the heading “Taxation of UDR - Asset Tests” is clarified to acknowledge that the cure provision for de minimis violations applies to violations of the 5% asset test as well.●The second sentence of the third paragraph under the heading “Taxation of Stockholders - Taxation of Non-U.S. Stockholders - Capital Gains Dividends” and the entirety of the fourth paragraph under the heading “Taxation of Stockholders - Taxation of Non-U.S. Stockholders - Dispositions of UDR Stock” are hereby clarified to establish that the exemption from FIRPTA for a “qualified foreign pension fund” also may apply to a “qualified controlled entity,” but in each case only if the qualified foreign pension fund or qualified controlled entity satisfies certain requirements to be a “qualified holder.” Moreover, Treasury regulations provide that a foreign partnership of which all of the interests are held by qualified holders, including through one or more partnerships, may certify its status as such and will generally not be treated as a non-U.S. person for purposes of withholding under FIRPTA.●The second and third sentences of first paragraph under the heading “Taxation of Stockholders -Taxation of Tax-Exempt Stockholders” are hereby clarified to establish that dividend distributions from a REIT to a U.S. tax-exempt entity generally should not give rise to UBTI unless, (i) the tax-exempt entity hold its shares in the REIT as “debt-financed property,” or (ii) the tax-exempt entity is a “qualified trust” that holds more than 10% by value of the interests in the REIT and the REIT is a “pension-held REIT.” Additionally, income from the sale of our stock generally shall not give rise to UBTI unless the tax-exempt entity holds We are unaware of any environmental hazards at any of our properties that individually or in the aggregate may have a material adverse impact on our operations or financial position. We have not been notified by any governmental authority, and we are not otherwise aware, of any material non-compliance, liability, or claim relating to environmental liabilities in connection with any of our properties. We do not believe that the cost of continued compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations will have a material adverse effect on us or our financial condition or results of operations. Future environmental laws, regulations, or ordinances, however, may require additional remediation of existing conditions that are not currently actionable. Also, if more stringent requirements are imposed on us in the future, the costs of compliance could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and our financial condition.InsuranceWe carry comprehensive general liability coverage on our communities, with limits of liability we believe to be customary within the multi-family apartment industry to insure against liability claims and related defense costs. We are also insured, with limits of liability we believe to be customary within the multi-family apartment industry, against the risk of direct physical damage on a replacement cost basis, including loss of rental income during the reconstruction period.Supplemental U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations​The following discussion supplements and updates the disclosures under “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences” in the prospectus dated February 14, 2023, contained in our Registration Statement on Form S-3 filed with the SEC on February 14, 2023. Capitalized terms herein that are not otherwise defined shall have the same meaning as when used in such disclosures.​●The second bullet in the second paragraph under the heading “Taxation of UDR - Income Tests” is clarified to acknowledge an exception to the related party tenant test for a tenant that is a taxable REIT subsidiary and either (i) at least 90% of the total leased space of the property is leased to unrelated tenants and the rent paid by the taxable REIT subsidiary is substantially comparable to the rent paid by the unrelated tenants for comparable space, or (ii) the property leased to the taxable REIT subsidiary is a lodging facility or a health care facility and certain other requirements are satisfied.●The third prong of the definition of “hedging transaction” in the fourth paragraph under the heading “Taxation of UDR - Income Tests” is hereby clarified to establish that in order to qualify as a “hedging transaction” that will be excluded from gross income for purposes of the 75% and 95% gross income tests, a new transaction entered into to hedge the income or loss from prior hedging transactions where the property or indebtedness which was the subject of the prior hedging transaction was extinguished or disposed of must be clearly identified as specified in Treasury regulations before the close of the day on which it was acquired, originated, or entered into.●The penultimate paragraph under the heading “Taxation of UDR - Asset Tests” is clarified to acknowledge that the cure provision for de minimis violations applies to violations of the 5% asset test as well.●The second sentence of the third paragraph under the heading “Taxation of Stockholders - Taxation of Non-U.S. Stockholders - Capital Gains Dividends” and the entirety of the fourth paragraph under the heading “Taxation of Stockholders - Taxation of Non-U.S. Stockholders - Dispositions of UDR Stock” are hereby clarified to establish that the exemption from FIRPTA for a “qualified foreign pension fund” also may apply to a “qualified controlled entity,” but in each case only if the qualified foreign pension fund or qualified controlled entity satisfies certain requirements to be a “qualified holder.” Moreover, Treasury regulations provide that a foreign partnership of which all of the interests are held by qualified holders, including through one or more partnerships, may certify its status as such and will generally not be treated as a non-U.S. person for purposes of withholding under FIRPTA.●The second and third sentences of first paragraph under the heading “Taxation of Stockholders -Taxation of Tax-Exempt Stockholders” are hereby clarified to establish that dividend distributions from a REIT to a U.S. tax-exempt entity generally should not give rise to UBTI unless, (i) the tax-exempt entity hold its shares in the REIT as “debt-financed property,” or (ii) the tax-exempt entity is a “qualified trust” that holds more than 10% by value of the interests in the REIT and the REIT is a “pension-held REIT.” Additionally, income from the sale of our stock generally shall not give rise to UBTI unless the tax-exempt entity holds We are unaware of any environmental hazards at any of our properties that individually or in the aggregate may have a material adverse impact on our operations or financial position. We have not been notified by any governmental authority, and we are not otherwise aware, of any material non-compliance, liability, or claim relating to environmental liabilities in connection with any of our properties. We do not believe that the cost of continued compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations will have a material adverse effect on us or our financial condition or results of operations. Future environmental laws, regulations, or ordinances, however, may require additional remediation of existing conditions that are not currently actionable. Also, if more stringent requirements are imposed on us in the future, the costs of compliance could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and our financial condition. Insurance We carry comprehensive general liability coverage on our communities, with limits of liability we believe to be customary within the multi-family apartment industry to insure against liability claims and related defense costs. We are also insured, with limits of liability we believe to be customary within the multi-family apartment industry, against the risk of direct physical damage on a replacement cost basis, including loss of rental income during the reconstruction period.",
      "prior_body": "We file electronically with the Securities and Exchange Commission our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, and current reports on Form 8-K, pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. You may obtain a free copy of our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, and current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports on the day of filing with the SEC on our website at www.udr.com, or by sending an e-mail message to ir@udr.com. ​ 13 13 13 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Federal legislation requires owners and landlords of residential housing constructed prior to 1978 to disclose to potential residents or purchasers of the communities any known lead paint hazards and imposes treble damages for failure to provide such notification. In addition, lead based paint in any of the communities may result in lead poisoning in children residing in that community if chips or particles of such lead based paint are ingested, and we may be held liable under state laws for any such injuries caused by ingestion of lead based paint by children living at the communities.We are unaware of any environmental hazards at any of our properties that individually or in the aggregate may have a material adverse impact on our operations or financial position. We have not been notified by any governmental authority, and we are not otherwise aware, of any material non-compliance, liability, or claim relating to environmental liabilities in connection with any of our properties. We do not believe that the cost of continued compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations will have a material adverse effect on us or our financial condition or results of operations. Future environmental laws, regulations, or ordinances, however, may require additional remediation of existing conditions that are not currently actionable. Also, if more stringent requirements are imposed on us in the future, the costs of compliance could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and our financial condition.InsuranceWe carry comprehensive general liability coverage on our communities, with limits of liability customary within the multi-family apartment industry to insure against liability claims and related defense costs. We are also insured, with limits of liability customary within the multi-family apartment industry, against the risk of direct physical damage on a replacement cost basis, including loss of rental income during the reconstruction period.Available InformationWe file electronically with the Securities and Exchange Commission our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, and current reports on Form 8-K, pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. You may obtain a free copy of our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, and current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports on the day of filing with the SEC on our website at www.udr.com, or by sending an e-mail message to ir@udr.com.​ Federal legislation requires owners and landlords of residential housing constructed prior to 1978 to disclose to potential residents or purchasers of the communities any known lead paint hazards and imposes treble damages for failure to provide such notification. In addition, lead based paint in any of the communities may result in lead poisoning in children residing in that community if chips or particles of such lead based paint are ingested, and we may be held liable under state laws for any such injuries caused by ingestion of lead based paint by children living at the communities. We are unaware of any environmental hazards at any of our properties that individually or in the aggregate may have a material adverse impact on our operations or financial position. We have not been notified by any governmental authority, and we are not otherwise aware, of any material non-compliance, liability, or claim relating to environmental liabilities in connection with any of our properties. We do not believe that the cost of continued compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations will have a material adverse effect on us or our financial condition or results of operations. Future environmental laws, regulations, or ordinances, however, may require additional remediation of existing conditions that are not currently actionable. Also, if more stringent requirements are imposed on us in the future, the costs of compliance could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and our financial condition. Insurance We carry comprehensive general liability coverage on our communities, with limits of liability customary within the multi-family apartment industry to insure against liability claims and related defense costs. We are also insured, with limits of liability customary within the multi-family apartment industry, against the risk of direct physical damage on a replacement cost basis, including loss of rental income during the reconstruction period."
    },
    {
      "status": "MODIFIED",
      "current_title": "Reporting Segments",
      "prior_title": "Reporting Segments",
      "similarity_score": 0.594,
      "confidence": "low",
      "key_changes": [
        "Reworded sentence: \"Our Same-Store Communities segment represents those communities acquired, developed, and stabilized prior to January 1, 2023, and held as of December 31, 2024.\"",
        "Reworded sentence: \"6 6 6 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents As of December 31, 2024, our workforce is comprised of 61% male and 39% female associates, with an ethnic composition of 51% White, 27% Hispanic/Latino, 13% Black, 3% Asian, and 6% Other.\"",
        "Reworded sentence: \"In 2024, we introduced an enhanced volunteer policy that continues to provide associates with up to eight paid hours annually for volunteer activities.\"",
        "Reworded sentence: \"​In 2024, we upgraded our Employee Assistance Program (EAP) and increased enrollment by 10%.\"",
        "Reworded sentence: \"As of December 31, 2024, our workforce is comprised of 61% male and 39% female associates, with an ethnic composition of 51% White, 27% Hispanic/Latino, 13% Black, 3% Asian, and 6% Other.\""
      ],
      "current_body": "We report in two segments: Same-Store Communities and Non-Mature Communities/Other. Our Same-Store Communities segment represents those communities acquired, developed, and stabilized prior to January 1, 2023, and held as of December 31, 2024. These communities were owned and had stabilized occupancy and operating expenses as of the beginning of the prior year, there is no plan to conduct substantial redevelopment activities, and the communities are not classified as held for disposition at year end. A community is considered to have stabilized occupancy once it achieves 90% occupancy for at least three consecutive months. Our Non-Mature Communities/Other segment represents those communities that do not meet the criteria to be included in Same-Store Communities, including, but not limited to, recently acquired, developed and redeveloped communities, and the non-apartment components of mixed use properties. For additional information regarding our operating segments, see Note 16, Reportable Segments, in the Notes to the UDR Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Report. 6 6 6 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents As of December 31, 2024, our workforce is comprised of 61% male and 39% female associates, with an ethnic composition of 51% White, 27% Hispanic/Latino, 13% Black, 3% Asian, and 6% Other. Our management team (including resident services managers and more senior job classifications) reflects a gender balance of 59% male and 41% female, with an ethnic breakdown of 60% White and 40% non-White. Over the three-year period ending December 31, 2024, 533 promotions occurred, with 45% of those promoted to resident services manager, director, or more senior job classifications being female and 42% non-White. ​Our commitment to promoting diversity and inclusion remains as we strive to create a healthy and diverse work environment and attract candidates from all backgrounds, ethnicities, and genders. ​Associate Engagement and Outreach ​Throughout 2024, we listened to our associates through quarterly pulse surveys, and leveraging associate feedback implemented several measures aimed at improving communication, making data-driven decisions, and promoting collaboration between our operations and corporate teams. We will continue to enhance our active listening strategy to drive continuous improvement across our business. ​We believe that our associates should be active in their communities, and we support their efforts. In 2024, we introduced an enhanced volunteer policy that continues to provide associates with up to eight paid hours annually for volunteer activities. Previously, volunteer opportunities were limited to one or two company-sponsored events per year with designated organizations. The updated policy now allows associates the flexibility to volunteer at any time throughout the year with a charitable organization of their choice. Through the policy, UDR provided 1,050 hours of paid time off to associates for volunteer work with over 30 local organizations. We also organized food, clothing, and blood drives, as well as initiatives to promote non-profit organizations and causes, fostering a culture of giving back. ​Employee Health, Wellness and Benefits ​The health, wellness, and safety of our associates are paramount to UDR. We maintain an inclusive culture by prioritizing the well-being of our associates. ​In 2024, we upgraded our Employee Assistance Program (EAP) and increased enrollment by 10%. Our EAP includes counseling services, educational resources, and tools, including workshops and seminars on stress management, nutrition, and well-being for associates, partners, and teen-aged dependents. We also invested in virtual and in-person wellness fairs aimed at providing associates learning opportunities on topics ranging from stress management and mental health to financial fitness. We continue to leverage our Lifestyle Spending Account, which provides associates with $1,000 annually to spend as they choose bolstering associate wellness and satisfaction. ​Our commitment to associate benefits is underscored by a third-party benefits survey, conducted in 2024, where 84% of respondents stated they understood their benefits and 64% believed that UDR offered a benefit package that is satisfactory relative to other companies in the industry.​Reporting SegmentsWe report in two segments: Same-Store Communities and Non-Mature Communities/Other.Our Same-Store Communities segment represents those communities acquired, developed, and stabilized prior to January 1, 2023, and held as of December 31, 2024. These communities were owned and had stabilized occupancy and operating expenses as of the beginning of the prior year, there is no plan to conduct substantial redevelopment activities, and the communities are not classified as held for disposition at year end. A community is considered to have stabilized occupancy once it achieves 90% occupancy for at least three consecutive months.Our Non-Mature Communities/Other segment represents those communities that do not meet the criteria to be included in Same-Store Communities, including, but not limited to, recently acquired, developed and redeveloped communities, and the non-apartment components of mixed use properties. For additional information regarding our operating segments, see Note 16, Reportable Segments, in the Notes to the UDR Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Report. As of December 31, 2024, our workforce is comprised of 61% male and 39% female associates, with an ethnic composition of 51% White, 27% Hispanic/Latino, 13% Black, 3% Asian, and 6% Other. Our management team (including resident services managers and more senior job classifications) reflects a gender balance of 59% male and 41% female, with an ethnic breakdown of 60% White and 40% non-White. Over the three-year period ending December 31, 2024, 533 promotions occurred, with 45% of those promoted to resident services manager, director, or more senior job classifications being female and 42% non-White. ​Our commitment to promoting diversity and inclusion remains as we strive to create a healthy and diverse work environment and attract candidates from all backgrounds, ethnicities, and genders. ​Associate Engagement and Outreach ​Throughout 2024, we listened to our associates through quarterly pulse surveys, and leveraging associate feedback implemented several measures aimed at improving communication, making data-driven decisions, and promoting collaboration between our operations and corporate teams. We will continue to enhance our active listening strategy to drive continuous improvement across our business. ​We believe that our associates should be active in their communities, and we support their efforts. In 2024, we introduced an enhanced volunteer policy that continues to provide associates with up to eight paid hours annually for volunteer activities. Previously, volunteer opportunities were limited to one or two company-sponsored events per year with designated organizations. The updated policy now allows associates the flexibility to volunteer at any time throughout the year with a charitable organization of their choice. Through the policy, UDR provided 1,050 hours of paid time off to associates for volunteer work with over 30 local organizations. We also organized food, clothing, and blood drives, as well as initiatives to promote non-profit organizations and causes, fostering a culture of giving back. ​Employee Health, Wellness and Benefits ​The health, wellness, and safety of our associates are paramount to UDR. We maintain an inclusive culture by prioritizing the well-being of our associates. ​In 2024, we upgraded our Employee Assistance Program (EAP) and increased enrollment by 10%. Our EAP includes counseling services, educational resources, and tools, including workshops and seminars on stress management, nutrition, and well-being for associates, partners, and teen-aged dependents. We also invested in virtual and in-person wellness fairs aimed at providing associates learning opportunities on topics ranging from stress management and mental health to financial fitness. We continue to leverage our Lifestyle Spending Account, which provides associates with $1,000 annually to spend as they choose bolstering associate wellness and satisfaction. ​Our commitment to associate benefits is underscored by a third-party benefits survey, conducted in 2024, where 84% of respondents stated they understood their benefits and 64% believed that UDR offered a benefit package that is satisfactory relative to other companies in the industry.​Reporting SegmentsWe report in two segments: Same-Store Communities and Non-Mature Communities/Other.Our Same-Store Communities segment represents those communities acquired, developed, and stabilized prior to January 1, 2023, and held as of December 31, 2024. These communities were owned and had stabilized occupancy and operating expenses as of the beginning of the prior year, there is no plan to conduct substantial redevelopment activities, and the communities are not classified as held for disposition at year end. A community is considered to have stabilized occupancy once it achieves 90% occupancy for at least three consecutive months.Our Non-Mature Communities/Other segment represents those communities that do not meet the criteria to be included in Same-Store Communities, including, but not limited to, recently acquired, developed and redeveloped communities, and the non-apartment components of mixed use properties. For additional information regarding our operating segments, see Note 16, Reportable Segments, in the Notes to the UDR Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Report. As of December 31, 2024, our workforce is comprised of 61% male and 39% female associates, with an ethnic composition of 51% White, 27% Hispanic/Latino, 13% Black, 3% Asian, and 6% Other. Our management team (including resident services managers and more senior job classifications) reflects a gender balance of 59% male and 41% female, with an ethnic breakdown of 60% White and 40% non-White. Over the three-year period ending December 31, 2024, 533 promotions occurred, with 45% of those promoted to resident services manager, director, or more senior job classifications being female and 42% non-White. ​ Our commitment to promoting diversity and inclusion remains as we strive to create a healthy and diverse work environment and attract candidates from all backgrounds, ethnicities, and genders. ​ Associate Engagement and Outreach ​ Throughout 2024, we listened to our associates through quarterly pulse surveys, and leveraging associate feedback implemented several measures aimed at improving communication, making data-driven decisions, and promoting collaboration between our operations and corporate teams. We will continue to enhance our active listening strategy to drive continuous improvement across our business. ​ We believe that our associates should be active in their communities, and we support their efforts. In 2024, we introduced an enhanced volunteer policy that continues to provide associates with up to eight paid hours annually for volunteer activities. Previously, volunteer opportunities were limited to one or two company-sponsored events per year with designated organizations. The updated policy now allows associates the flexibility to volunteer at any time throughout the year with a charitable organization of their choice. Through the policy, UDR provided 1,050 hours of paid time off to associates for volunteer work with over 30 local organizations. We also organized food, clothing, and blood drives, as well as initiatives to promote non-profit organizations and causes, fostering a culture of giving back. ​ Employee Health, Wellness and Benefits ​ The health, wellness, and safety of our associates are paramount to UDR. We maintain an inclusive culture by prioritizing the well-being of our associates. ​ In 2024, we upgraded our Employee Assistance Program (EAP) and increased enrollment by 10%. Our EAP includes counseling services, educational resources, and tools, including workshops and seminars on stress management, nutrition, and well-being for associates, partners, and teen-aged dependents. We also invested in virtual and in-person wellness fairs aimed at providing associates learning opportunities on topics ranging from stress management and mental health to financial fitness. We continue to leverage our Lifestyle Spending Account, which provides associates with $1,000 annually to spend as they choose bolstering associate wellness and satisfaction. ​ Our commitment to associate benefits is underscored by a third-party benefits survey, conducted in 2024, where 84% of respondents stated they understood their benefits and 64% believed that UDR offered a benefit package that is satisfactory relative to other companies in the industry. ​",
      "prior_body": "We report in two segments: Same-Store Communities and Non-Mature Communities/Other. Our Same-Store Communities segment represents those communities acquired, developed, and stabilized prior to January 1, 2022, and held as of December 31, 2023. These communities were owned and had stabilized occupancy and operating expenses as of the beginning of the prior year, there is no plan to conduct substantial redevelopment activities, and the communities are not classified as held for disposition at year end. A community is considered to have stabilized occupancy once it achieves 90% occupancy for at least three consecutive months. Our Non-Mature Communities/Other segment represents those communities that do not meet the criteria to be included in Same-Store Communities, including, but not limited to, recently acquired, developed and redeveloped communities, and the non-apartment components of mixed use properties. For additional information regarding our operating segments, see Note 16, Reportable Segments, in the Notes to the UDR Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Report. 6 6 6 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents ​Associate Engagement and Outreach​Throughout 2023, we placed greater emphasis on increasing associate engagement and focused efforts on achieving this goal. We implemented a quarterly pulse survey program and several measures aimed at improving communication, making data-driven decisions, and promoting collaboration between our operations and corporate teams. Centralizing information, creating an HR Monthly Newsletter, and initiating internal publications and recognition programs for associates were among the initiatives we undertook to facilitate better communication and foster a sense of community.​The quarterly pulse surveys we implemented in 2023 give us valuable insights into associate engagement, views on UDR culture, and work-life balance, among other key performance indicators. We find these surveys to be incredibly helpful and plan to continue conducting them to receive ongoing feedback. ​We believe that our associates should be active in their communities, and we support their efforts. In 2023, UDR provided 1,041 hours of paid time off to associates for volunteer work with over 20 local organizations. We also organized food, clothing, and blood drives, as well as initiatives to promote non-profit organizations and causes, fostering a culture of giving back.​Employee Health, Wellness and Benefits​The health, wellness, and safety of our associates are paramount to UDR. We maintain an inclusive culture by prioritizing the well-being of our associates. Our monthly Wellness Newsletter covers a range of topics, including preventative care, fitness, mental health, and healthy eating habits.​In 2023, we reduced the benefits waiting period from two months to one month. In addition, we enhanced our behavioral health support mobile application, providing associates with 24/7 access to a care team of coaches and mental health professionals via text-based chats and self-guided activities at no additional cost to associates. This program was also expanded in 2023 to provide support to teen-age children for parents with teen-aged children. Finally, a new associate resource program was introduced, providing our associates with a comprehensive set of tools to assist them in every aspect of their life. This resource provides professional counseling and expert referrals for a wide array of personal and work-related concerns. ​Our commitment to associate benefits is underscored by a third-party benefits survey, conducted in 2023, where 77% of respondents believed that UDR offered benefits meeting their needs. Utilizing feedback from this survey and our engagement survey, we enhanced the Lifestyle Spending Account. The Lifestyle Spending Account provides flexibility by allowing associates to allocate $1,000 annually to various health, wellness, and lifestyle categories. Furthermore, we implemented a 401(k) auto-enrollment for new hires at 3% of their salary that started in January 2024. We also provide a comprehensive set of employee benefits, including health, dental, and vision insurance coverage for all associates.​Reporting SegmentsWe report in two segments: Same-Store Communities and Non-Mature Communities/Other.Our Same-Store Communities segment represents those communities acquired, developed, and stabilized prior to January 1, 2022, and held as of December 31, 2023. These communities were owned and had stabilized occupancy and operating expenses as of the beginning of the prior year, there is no plan to conduct substantial redevelopment activities, and the communities are not classified as held for disposition at year end. A community is considered to have stabilized occupancy once it achieves 90% occupancy for at least three consecutive months.Our Non-Mature Communities/Other segment represents those communities that do not meet the criteria to be included in Same-Store Communities, including, but not limited to, recently acquired, developed and redeveloped communities, and the non-apartment components of mixed use properties. For additional information regarding our operating segments, see Note 16, Reportable Segments, in the Notes to the UDR Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Report. ​ Associate Engagement and Outreach ​ Throughout 2023, we placed greater emphasis on increasing associate engagement and focused efforts on achieving this goal. We implemented a quarterly pulse survey program and several measures aimed at improving communication, making data-driven decisions, and promoting collaboration between our operations and corporate teams. Centralizing information, creating an HR Monthly Newsletter, and initiating internal publications and recognition programs for associates were among the initiatives we undertook to facilitate better communication and foster a sense of community. ​ The quarterly pulse surveys we implemented in 2023 give us valuable insights into associate engagement, views on UDR culture, and work-life balance, among other key performance indicators. We find these surveys to be incredibly helpful and plan to continue conducting them to receive ongoing feedback. ​ We believe that our associates should be active in their communities, and we support their efforts. In 2023, UDR provided 1,041 hours of paid time off to associates for volunteer work with over 20 local organizations. We also organized food, clothing, and blood drives, as well as initiatives to promote non-profit organizations and causes, fostering a culture of giving back. ​ Employee Health, Wellness and Benefits ​ The health, wellness, and safety of our associates are paramount to UDR. We maintain an inclusive culture by prioritizing the well-being of our associates. Our monthly Wellness Newsletter covers a range of topics, including preventative care, fitness, mental health, and healthy eating habits. ​ In 2023, we reduced the benefits waiting period from two months to one month. In addition, we enhanced our behavioral health support mobile application, providing associates with 24/7 access to a care team of coaches and mental health professionals via text-based chats and self-guided activities at no additional cost to associates. This program was also expanded in 2023 to provide support to teen-age children for parents with teen-aged children. Finally, a new associate resource program was introduced, providing our associates with a comprehensive set of tools to assist them in every aspect of their life. This resource provides professional counseling and expert referrals for a wide array of personal and work-related concerns. ​ Our commitment to associate benefits is underscored by a third-party benefits survey, conducted in 2023, where 77% of respondents believed that UDR offered benefits meeting their needs. Utilizing feedback from this survey and our engagement survey, we enhanced the Lifestyle Spending Account. The Lifestyle Spending Account provides flexibility by allowing associates to allocate $1,000 annually to various health, wellness, and lifestyle categories. Furthermore, we implemented a 401(k) auto-enrollment for new hires at 3% of their salary that started in January 2024. We also provide a comprehensive set of employee benefits, including health, dental, and vision insurance coverage for all associates. ​"
    },
    {
      "status": "MODIFIED",
      "current_title": "Competitive Conditions",
      "prior_title": "Competitive Conditions",
      "similarity_score": 0.533,
      "confidence": "low",
      "key_changes": [
        "Reworded sentence: \"The competitive position of each community is different depending upon many factors, including sub-market supply and and our portfolio strategy generally govern our review process on where and when to allocate development capital.\""
      ],
      "current_body": "Competition for new residents is generally intense across our markets. Some competing communities offer amenities that our communities do not have. Competing communities can use rental concessions or lower rents to obtain temporary competitive advantages. Also, some competing communities are larger or newer than our communities. The competitive position of each community is different depending upon many factors, including sub-market supply and 10 10 10 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents and our portfolio strategy generally govern our review process on where and when to allocate development capital. At December 31, 2024, the Company was not developing any communities, although the Company was incurring and capitalizing costs directly related to predevelopment activities in preparation of future development commencements. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company completed the development of two communities located in Tampa, Florida and Addison, Texas, with a total of 415 apartment homes.Redevelopment ActivitiesOur objective in redeveloping a community is twofold: we aim to grow rental rates while also producing a higher yielding and more valuable asset through asset quality improvement. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we incurred $51.4 million in major renovations, which included major structural changes and/or architectural revisions to existing buildings. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had no communities at which it was conducting substantial redevelopment activities.Joint Venture and Partnership ActivitiesWe have entered into, and may continue in the future to enter into, joint ventures (including limited liability companies or partnerships) through which we own an indirect economic interest of less than 100% of the community or communities owned directly by such joint ventures. Our decision to either hold an apartment community in fee simple or have an indirect interest in the community through a joint venture is based on a variety of factors and considerations, including: (i) the economic and tax terms required by the seller of land or a community; (ii) our desire to diversify our portfolio of communities by market, submarket and product type; (iii) our desire at times to preserve our capital resources to maintain liquidity or balance sheet strength; and (iv) our projections, in some circumstances, that we will achieve higher returns on our invested capital or reduce our risk if a joint venture vehicle is used. Each joint venture agreement is individually negotiated, and our ability to operate and/or dispose of a community in our sole discretion may be limited to varying degrees depending on the terms of the joint venture agreement.Maintaining a Strong Balance SheetWe maintain a capital structure that we believe allows us to proactively source potential investment opportunities in the marketplace. We have structured our debt maturity schedule to be able to opportunistically access both secured and unsecured debt markets when appropriate.As part of our plan to finance our activities, we utilize proceeds from debt and equity offerings and refinancings to extend maturities, pay down existing debt, fund development and redevelopment activities, and acquire apartment communities.Consistently Driving Operational ExcellenceInvestment in new technologies continues to drive operating efficiencies in our business and helps us to better meet the changing needs of our business and our residents. Our residents can conduct business with us 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, including completing online leasing applications and renewals and submitting maintenance or other requests throughout our portfolio using our web-based resident internet portal or, increasingly, a smart-device application.As a result of transforming our operations through technology, residents’ satisfaction has improved, and our operating teams have become more efficient. Web-based technologies have also resulted in declining marketing and advertising costs, improved cash management, and better pricing management of our available apartment homes.Advancing a Strong Corporate Culture and Ensuring High Resident SatisfactionRefer to Human Capital Management section above, for further information on the Company’s corporate culture.​Competitive ConditionsCompetition for new residents is generally intense across our markets. Some competing communities offer amenities that our communities do not have. Competing communities can use rental concessions or lower rents to obtain temporary competitive advantages. Also, some competing communities are larger or newer than our communities. The competitive position of each community is different depending upon many factors, including sub-market supply and and our portfolio strategy generally govern our review process on where and when to allocate development capital. At December 31, 2024, the Company was not developing any communities, although the Company was incurring and capitalizing costs directly related to predevelopment activities in preparation of future development commencements. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company completed the development of two communities located in Tampa, Florida and Addison, Texas, with a total of 415 apartment homes.Redevelopment ActivitiesOur objective in redeveloping a community is twofold: we aim to grow rental rates while also producing a higher yielding and more valuable asset through asset quality improvement. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we incurred $51.4 million in major renovations, which included major structural changes and/or architectural revisions to existing buildings. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had no communities at which it was conducting substantial redevelopment activities.Joint Venture and Partnership ActivitiesWe have entered into, and may continue in the future to enter into, joint ventures (including limited liability companies or partnerships) through which we own an indirect economic interest of less than 100% of the community or communities owned directly by such joint ventures. Our decision to either hold an apartment community in fee simple or have an indirect interest in the community through a joint venture is based on a variety of factors and considerations, including: (i) the economic and tax terms required by the seller of land or a community; (ii) our desire to diversify our portfolio of communities by market, submarket and product type; (iii) our desire at times to preserve our capital resources to maintain liquidity or balance sheet strength; and (iv) our projections, in some circumstances, that we will achieve higher returns on our invested capital or reduce our risk if a joint venture vehicle is used. Each joint venture agreement is individually negotiated, and our ability to operate and/or dispose of a community in our sole discretion may be limited to varying degrees depending on the terms of the joint venture agreement.Maintaining a Strong Balance SheetWe maintain a capital structure that we believe allows us to proactively source potential investment opportunities in the marketplace. We have structured our debt maturity schedule to be able to opportunistically access both secured and unsecured debt markets when appropriate.As part of our plan to finance our activities, we utilize proceeds from debt and equity offerings and refinancings to extend maturities, pay down existing debt, fund development and redevelopment activities, and acquire apartment communities.Consistently Driving Operational ExcellenceInvestment in new technologies continues to drive operating efficiencies in our business and helps us to better meet the changing needs of our business and our residents. Our residents can conduct business with us 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, including completing online leasing applications and renewals and submitting maintenance or other requests throughout our portfolio using our web-based resident internet portal or, increasingly, a smart-device application.As a result of transforming our operations through technology, residents’ satisfaction has improved, and our operating teams have become more efficient. Web-based technologies have also resulted in declining marketing and advertising costs, improved cash management, and better pricing management of our available apartment homes.Advancing a Strong Corporate Culture and Ensuring High Resident SatisfactionRefer to Human Capital Management section above, for further information on the Company’s corporate culture.​Competitive ConditionsCompetition for new residents is generally intense across our markets. Some competing communities offer amenities that our communities do not have. Competing communities can use rental concessions or lower rents to obtain temporary competitive advantages. Also, some competing communities are larger or newer than our communities. The competitive position of each community is different depending upon many factors, including sub-market supply and and our portfolio strategy generally govern our review process on where and when to allocate development capital. At December 31, 2024, the Company was not developing any communities, although the Company was incurring and capitalizing costs directly related to predevelopment activities in preparation of future development commencements. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company completed the development of two communities located in Tampa, Florida and Addison, Texas, with a total of 415 apartment homes.",
      "prior_body": "Competition for new residents is generally intense across our markets. Some competing communities offer amenities that our communities do not have. Competing communities can use rental concessions or lower rents to obtain temporary competitive advantages. Also, some competing communities are larger or newer than our communities. The competitive position of each community is different depending upon many factors, including sub-market supply and demand. In addition, other real estate investors compete with us to acquire existing properties, redevelop existing properties, and to develop new properties. These competitors include insurance companies, pension and investment funds, public and private real estate companies, investment companies and other public and private apartment REITs, some of which may have greater resources, or lower capital costs, than we do. We believe that, in general, we are well-positioned to compete effectively for residents and investments. We believe our competitive advantages include: Moving forward, we will continue to improve lease management, improve expense control, increase resident retention efforts and align employee incentive plans with metrics that impact our bottom-line performance. We believe this plan of operation, coupled with the portfolio’s strengths in targeting renters across a geographically diverse platform, should position us for continued operational upside."
    },
    {
      "status": "MODIFIED",
      "current_title": "2024 Highlights",
      "prior_title": "2023 Highlights",
      "similarity_score": 0.489,
      "confidence": "low",
      "key_changes": [
        "Reworded sentence: \"Commitment to Shareholders ● In July 2024, the Company marked its 52nd year as a REIT and, in October 2024, paid its 208th consecutive quarterly dividend.\""
      ],
      "current_body": "Commitment to Shareholders ● In July 2024, the Company marked its 52nd year as a REIT and, in October 2024, paid its 208th consecutive quarterly dividend. The Company’s annualized declared 2024 dividend of $1.70 represented a 1.2% increase over the previous year. Earnings Results · Net income attributable to common stockholders was $84.8 million as compared to $439.5 million in the prior year. The primary drivers for the decrease were lower gains from dispositions of real estate as we sold fewer assets in 2024 when compared to the same period in 2023, and lower interest income and other income/(expense) primarily driven by a $37.3 million non-cash loan reserve partially offset by higher notes receivable balances. These were partially offset by higher total net operating income (“NOI”). · We achieved Same-Store revenue growth of 2.3% and Same-Store NOI growth of 1.5%. Investing and Developments · We completed the development of two communities located in Tampa, Florida and Addison, Texas, with a total of 415 apartment homes. · We recognized a gain of $16.9 million from the sale of an operating community located in Arlington, Virginia. · We received distributions totaling $102.4 million from the Company’s unconsolidated joint ventures and partnerships. · We funded an additional $32.2 million to two of our notes receivable investments. 7 7 7 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Business Objectives Our principal business objective is to maximize the economic returns of our apartment communities in a sustainable manner to provide our stockholders with the greatest possible total return and value. To achieve this objective, we intend to continue to pursue the following goals and strategies:●own and operate a diversified portfolio of apartments in targeted markets in the United States, which are characterized by strong total income growth, high working age population growth, relatively robust rental versus single-family home affordability and favorable demand/supply ratio for multifamily housing, thus enhancing stability and predictability of returns to our stockholders;●manage real estate cycles by taking an opportunistic approach to buying, selling, renovating, redeveloping, and developing apartment communities;●empower our associates to manage our communities efficiently and effectively to improve resident satisfaction;●measure and reward associates based on specific performance targets; and●manage our capital structure with the intent of lowering our relative cost of capital to enhance profitability and predictability of liquidity, earnings and dividends.2024 HighlightsCommitment to Shareholders● In July 2024, the Company marked its 52nd year as a REIT and, in October 2024, paid its 208th consecutive quarterly dividend. The Company’s annualized declared 2024 dividend of $1.70 represented a 1.2% increase over the previous year.Earnings Results·Net income attributable to common stockholders was $84.8 million as compared to $439.5 million in the prior year. The primary drivers for the decrease were lower gains from dispositions of real estate as we sold fewer assets in 2024 when compared to the same period in 2023, and lower interest income and other income/(expense) primarily driven by a $37.3 million non-cash loan reserve partially offset by higher notes receivable balances. These were partially offset by higher total net operating income (“NOI”).●Total revenues increased 2.7% over the prior year primarily due to overall market rent growth and communities acquired and completion of developments during 2024 and 2023, partially offset by dispositions of real estate in 2024 and 2023.· We achieved Same-Store revenue growth of 2.3% and Same-Store NOI growth of 1.5%.Investing and Developments·We completed the development of two communities located in Tampa, Florida and Addison, Texas, with a total of 415 apartment homes.·We recognized a gain of $16.9 million from the sale of an operating community located in Arlington, Virginia.·We received distributions totaling $102.4 million from the Company’s unconsolidated joint ventures and partnerships. ●We contributed $35.0 million to four joint ventures that own and operate four operating communities with a total of 818 apartment homes.·We funded an additional $32.2 million to two of our notes receivable investments. Business Objectives Our principal business objective is to maximize the economic returns of our apartment communities in a sustainable manner to provide our stockholders with the greatest possible total return and value. To achieve this objective, we intend to continue to pursue the following goals and strategies:●own and operate a diversified portfolio of apartments in targeted markets in the United States, which are characterized by strong total income growth, high working age population growth, relatively robust rental versus single-family home affordability and favorable demand/supply ratio for multifamily housing, thus enhancing stability and predictability of returns to our stockholders;●manage real estate cycles by taking an opportunistic approach to buying, selling, renovating, redeveloping, and developing apartment communities;●empower our associates to manage our communities efficiently and effectively to improve resident satisfaction;●measure and reward associates based on specific performance targets; and●manage our capital structure with the intent of lowering our relative cost of capital to enhance profitability and predictability of liquidity, earnings and dividends.2024 HighlightsCommitment to Shareholders● In July 2024, the Company marked its 52nd year as a REIT and, in October 2024, paid its 208th consecutive quarterly dividend. The Company’s annualized declared 2024 dividend of $1.70 represented a 1.2% increase over the previous year.Earnings Results·Net income attributable to common stockholders was $84.8 million as compared to $439.5 million in the prior year. The primary drivers for the decrease were lower gains from dispositions of real estate as we sold fewer assets in 2024 when compared to the same period in 2023, and lower interest income and other income/(expense) primarily driven by a $37.3 million non-cash loan reserve partially offset by higher notes receivable balances. These were partially offset by higher total net operating income (“NOI”).●Total revenues increased 2.7% over the prior year primarily due to overall market rent growth and communities acquired and completion of developments during 2024 and 2023, partially offset by dispositions of real estate in 2024 and 2023.· We achieved Same-Store revenue growth of 2.3% and Same-Store NOI growth of 1.5%.Investing and Developments·We completed the development of two communities located in Tampa, Florida and Addison, Texas, with a total of 415 apartment homes.·We recognized a gain of $16.9 million from the sale of an operating community located in Arlington, Virginia.·We received distributions totaling $102.4 million from the Company’s unconsolidated joint ventures and partnerships. ●We contributed $35.0 million to four joint ventures that own and operate four operating communities with a total of 818 apartment homes.·We funded an additional $32.2 million to two of our notes receivable investments.",
      "prior_body": "Commitment to Shareholders ● In July 2023, the Company marked its 51st year as a REIT and, in October 2023, paid its 204th consecutive quarterly dividend. The Company’s annualized declared 2023 dividend of $1.68 represented a 10.5% increase over the previous year. Property Operations ● Net income attributable to common stockholders was $439.5 million as compared to $82.5 million in the prior year. The increase was primarily driven by higher gains from dispositions of real estate, higher total net operating income (“NOI”), and higher interest income and other income/(expense) primarily due to realized and unrealized gains from our direct investment in SmartRent, Inc. (“SmartRent”) and higher interest income driven by higher notes receivable balances. These were partially offset by higher depreciation expense primarily due to communities acquired and completion of developments in 2023 and 2022, and higher interest expense primarily due to higher average interest rates and higher overall debt balances. ● We achieved Same-Store revenue growth of 5.6% and Same-Store NOI growth of 6.0%. Investing and Developments ● We acquired six operating communities located in Dallas, Texas, and Austin, Texas, for approximately $354.6 million. ● We completed the development of one community located in Washington, D.C., with a total of 300 apartment homes. 7 7 7 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Business Objectives Our principal business objective is to maximize the economic returns of our apartment communities in a sustainable manner to provide our stockholders with the greatest possible total return and value. To achieve this objective, we intend to continue to pursue the following goals and strategies:●own and operate a diversified portfolio of apartments in targeted markets in the United States, which are characterized by strong total income growth, high working age population growth, relatively robust rental versus single-family home affordability and favorable demand/supply ratio for multifamily housing, thus enhancing stability and predictability of returns to our stockholders;●manage real estate cycles by taking an opportunistic approach to buying, selling, renovating, redeveloping, and developing apartment communities;●empower site associates to manage our communities efficiently and effectively;●measure and reward associates based on specific performance targets; and●manage our capital structure with the intent of lowering our relative cost of capital to enhance profitability and predictability of liquidity, earnings and dividends.2023 HighlightsCommitment to Shareholders● In July 2023, the Company marked its 51st year as a REIT and, in October 2023, paid its 204th consecutive quarterly dividend. The Company’s annualized declared 2023 dividend of $1.68 represented a 10.5% increase over the previous year.Property Operations●Net income attributable to common stockholders was $439.5 million as compared to $82.5 million in the prior year. The increase was primarily driven by higher gains from dispositions of real estate, higher total net operating income (“NOI”), and higher interest income and other income/(expense) primarily due to realized and unrealized gains from our direct investment in SmartRent, Inc. (“SmartRent”) and higher interest income driven by higher notes receivable balances. These were partially offset by higher depreciation expense primarily due to communities acquired and completion of developments in 2023 and 2022, and higher interest expense primarily due to higher average interest rates and higher overall debt balances.●Total revenues increased 7.3% over the prior year primarily due to overall market rent growth and communities acquired and completion of developments during 2023 and 2022, partially offset by dispositions of real estate in 2023.● We achieved Same-Store revenue growth of 5.6% and Same-Store NOI growth of 6.0%.Investing and Developments● We acquired six operating communities located in Dallas, Texas, and Austin, Texas, for approximately $354.6 million.●We contributed four wholly-owned operating communities to a newly formed joint venture in exchange for a 51.0% interest in the venture. We received approximately $247.9 million in cash proceeds from our joint venture partner at formation and we recognized gains of $325.9 million from the partial sale of the operating communities. The joint venture also acquired an operating community located in Norwood, Massachusetts, from a third party for $114.3 million.● We completed the development of one community located in Washington, D.C., with a total of 300 apartment homes."
    },
    {
      "status": "MODIFIED",
      "current_title": "Same-Store Community Comparison",
      "prior_title": "Competitive Conditions",
      "similarity_score": 0.46,
      "confidence": "low",
      "key_changes": [
        "Reworded sentence: \"We believe that one pertinent quantitative measurement of the performance of our portfolio is tracking the results of our Same-Store Communities’ NOI, which is total rental revenue, less rental and other operating expenses excluding property management.\""
      ],
      "current_body": "We believe that one pertinent quantitative measurement of the performance of our portfolio is tracking the results of our Same-Store Communities’ NOI, which is total rental revenue, less rental and other operating expenses excluding property management. Our Same-Store Community population is comprised of operating communities which we own and have stabilized occupancy, revenues and expenses as of the beginning of the prior year. Net income attributable to common stockholders was $84.8 million as compared to $439.5 million in the prior year. The primary drivers for the decrease were lower gains from dispositions of real estate as we sold fewer assets in 2024 when compared to the same period in 2023, and lower interest income and other income/(expense) primarily driven by a $37.3 million non-cash loan reserve partially offset by higher notes receivable balances. These were partially offset by higher total net operating income (“NOI”). For the year ended December 31, 2024, our Same-Store NOI increased by $15.3 million compared to the prior year. Our Same-Store Community properties provided 92.4% of our total NOI for the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase in NOI for the 51,428 Same-Store apartment homes, or 92.3% of our portfolio, was primarily driven by an increase in market rental rates and an increase in reimbursement, ancillary and fee income, partially offset by higher personnel costs, higher repair and maintenance expense, higher utilities expense, higher administration and marketing costs, and higher real estate tax expense. 11 11 11 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents demand. In addition, other real estate investors compete with us to acquire existing properties, redevelop existing properties, and to develop new properties. These competitors include insurance companies, pension and investment funds, public and private real estate companies, investment companies and other public and private apartment REITs, some of which may have greater resources, or lower capital costs, than we do.We believe that, in general, we are well-positioned to compete effectively for residents and investments. We believe our competitive advantages include:●a fully integrated organization with property management, development, redevelopment, acquisition, marketing, sales and financing expertise;●scalable operating and support systems, which include automated systems to meet the changing needs of our residents and to effectively focus on our internet-based marketing efforts;●access to diversified sources of capital;●geographic diversification with a presence in 21 markets across the country; and●significant presence in many of our major markets that allows us to be a local operating expert.Moving forward, we will continue to improve lease management, improve expense control, increase resident retention efforts and align employee incentive plans with metrics that impact our bottom-line performance. We believe this plan of operation, coupled with the portfolio’s strengths in targeting renters across a geographically diverse platform, should position us for continued operational upside.CommunitiesAt December 31, 2024, our consolidated real estate portfolio included 169 communities with a total of 55,696 completed apartment homes. The overall quality of our portfolio relative to other properties generally enables us to charge higher rents and to attract residents with higher levels of disposable income who are more likely to absorb such rents.At December 31, 2024, the Company was not developing any communities, although the Company was incurring and capitalizing costs directly related to predevelopment activities in preparation of future development commencements. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company completed the development of two communities located in Tampa, Florida and Addison, Texas, with a total of 415 apartment homes.At December 31, 2024, the Company had no communities at which it was conducting substantial redevelopment activities.Same-Store Community ComparisonWe believe that one pertinent quantitative measurement of the performance of our portfolio is tracking the results of our Same-Store Communities’ NOI, which is total rental revenue, less rental and other operating expenses excluding property management. Our Same-Store Community population is comprised of operating communities which we own and have stabilized occupancy, revenues and expenses as of the beginning of the prior year.Net income attributable to common stockholders was $84.8 million as compared to $439.5 million in the prior year. The primary drivers for the decrease were lower gains from dispositions of real estate as we sold fewer assets in 2024 when compared to the same period in 2023, and lower interest income and other income/(expense) primarily driven by a $37.3 million non-cash loan reserve partially offset by higher notes receivable balances. These were partially offset by higher total net operating income (“NOI”).For the year ended December 31, 2024, our Same-Store NOI increased by $15.3 million compared to the prior year. Our Same-Store Community properties provided 92.4% of our total NOI for the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase in NOI for the 51,428 Same-Store apartment homes, or 92.3% of our portfolio, was primarily driven by an increase in market rental rates and an increase in reimbursement, ancillary and fee income, partially offset by higher personnel costs, higher repair and maintenance expense, higher utilities expense, higher administration and marketing costs, and higher real estate tax expense. demand. In addition, other real estate investors compete with us to acquire existing properties, redevelop existing properties, and to develop new properties. These competitors include insurance companies, pension and investment funds, public and private real estate companies, investment companies and other public and private apartment REITs, some of which may have greater resources, or lower capital costs, than we do.We believe that, in general, we are well-positioned to compete effectively for residents and investments. We believe our competitive advantages include:●a fully integrated organization with property management, development, redevelopment, acquisition, marketing, sales and financing expertise;●scalable operating and support systems, which include automated systems to meet the changing needs of our residents and to effectively focus on our internet-based marketing efforts;●access to diversified sources of capital;●geographic diversification with a presence in 21 markets across the country; and●significant presence in many of our major markets that allows us to be a local operating expert.Moving forward, we will continue to improve lease management, improve expense control, increase resident retention efforts and align employee incentive plans with metrics that impact our bottom-line performance. We believe this plan of operation, coupled with the portfolio’s strengths in targeting renters across a geographically diverse platform, should position us for continued operational upside.CommunitiesAt December 31, 2024, our consolidated real estate portfolio included 169 communities with a total of 55,696 completed apartment homes. The overall quality of our portfolio relative to other properties generally enables us to charge higher rents and to attract residents with higher levels of disposable income who are more likely to absorb such rents.At December 31, 2024, the Company was not developing any communities, although the Company was incurring and capitalizing costs directly related to predevelopment activities in preparation of future development commencements. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company completed the development of two communities located in Tampa, Florida and Addison, Texas, with a total of 415 apartment homes.At December 31, 2024, the Company had no communities at which it was conducting substantial redevelopment activities.Same-Store Community ComparisonWe believe that one pertinent quantitative measurement of the performance of our portfolio is tracking the results of our Same-Store Communities’ NOI, which is total rental revenue, less rental and other operating expenses excluding property management. Our Same-Store Community population is comprised of operating communities which we own and have stabilized occupancy, revenues and expenses as of the beginning of the prior year.Net income attributable to common stockholders was $84.8 million as compared to $439.5 million in the prior year. The primary drivers for the decrease were lower gains from dispositions of real estate as we sold fewer assets in 2024 when compared to the same period in 2023, and lower interest income and other income/(expense) primarily driven by a $37.3 million non-cash loan reserve partially offset by higher notes receivable balances. These were partially offset by higher total net operating income (“NOI”).For the year ended December 31, 2024, our Same-Store NOI increased by $15.3 million compared to the prior year. Our Same-Store Community properties provided 92.4% of our total NOI for the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase in NOI for the 51,428 Same-Store apartment homes, or 92.3% of our portfolio, was primarily driven by an increase in market rental rates and an increase in reimbursement, ancillary and fee income, partially offset by higher personnel costs, higher repair and maintenance expense, higher utilities expense, higher administration and marketing costs, and higher real estate tax expense. demand. In addition, other real estate investors compete with us to acquire existing properties, redevelop existing properties, and to develop new properties. These competitors include insurance companies, pension and investment funds, public and private real estate companies, investment companies and other public and private apartment REITs, some of which may have greater resources, or lower capital costs, than we do. We believe that, in general, we are well-positioned to compete effectively for residents and investments. We believe our competitive advantages include: Moving forward, we will continue to improve lease management, improve expense control, increase resident retention efforts and align employee incentive plans with metrics that impact our bottom-line performance. We believe this plan of operation, coupled with the portfolio’s strengths in targeting renters across a geographically diverse platform, should position us for continued operational upside.",
      "prior_body": "Competition for new residents is generally intense across our markets. Some competing communities offer amenities that our communities do not have. Competing communities can use rental concessions or lower rents to obtain temporary competitive advantages. Also, some competing communities are larger or newer than our communities. The competitive position of each community is different depending upon many factors, including sub-market supply and demand. In addition, other real estate investors compete with us to acquire existing properties, redevelop existing properties, and to develop new properties. These competitors include insurance companies, pension and investment funds, public and private real estate companies, investment companies and other public and private apartment REITs, some of which may have greater resources, or lower capital costs, than we do. We believe that, in general, we are well-positioned to compete effectively for residents and investments. We believe our competitive advantages include: Moving forward, we will continue to improve lease management, improve expense control, increase resident retention efforts and align employee incentive plans with metrics that impact our bottom-line performance. We believe this plan of operation, coupled with the portfolio’s strengths in targeting renters across a geographically diverse platform, should position us for continued operational upside."
    },
    {
      "status": "UNCHANGED",
      "current_title": "Maintaining a Strong Balance Sheet",
      "prior_title": "Maintaining a Strong Balance Sheet",
      "current_body": "We maintain a capital structure that we believe allows us to proactively source potential investment opportunities in the marketplace. We have structured our debt maturity schedule to be able to opportunistically access both secured and unsecured debt markets when appropriate. As part of our plan to finance our activities, we utilize proceeds from debt and equity offerings and refinancings to extend maturities, pay down existing debt, fund development and redevelopment activities, and acquire apartment communities."
    },
    {
      "status": "UNCHANGED",
      "current_title": "Maintaining a Strong Balance Sheet",
      "prior_title": "Maintaining a Strong Balance Sheet",
      "current_body": "We maintain a capital structure that we believe allows us to proactively source potential investment opportunities in the marketplace. We have structured our debt maturity schedule to be able to opportunistically access both secured and unsecured debt markets when appropriate. As part of our plan to finance our activities, we utilize proceeds from debt and equity offerings and refinancings to extend maturities, pay down existing debt, fund development and redevelopment activities, and acquire apartment communities."
    },
    {
      "status": "UNCHANGED",
      "current_title": "Maintaining a Strong Balance Sheet",
      "prior_title": "Maintaining a Strong Balance Sheet",
      "current_body": "We maintain a capital structure that we believe allows us to proactively source potential investment opportunities in the marketplace. We have structured our debt maturity schedule to be able to opportunistically access both secured and unsecured debt markets when appropriate. As part of our plan to finance our activities, we utilize proceeds from debt and equity offerings and refinancings to extend maturities, pay down existing debt, fund development and redevelopment activities, and acquire apartment communities."
    },
    {
      "status": "UNCHANGED",
      "current_title": "Maintaining a Diversified Portfolio and Allocating Capital to Accretive Investment Opportunities",
      "prior_title": "Maintaining a Diversified Portfolio and Allocating Capital to Accretive Investment Opportunities",
      "current_body": "We believe greater portfolio diversification, as defined by geographic concentration, location within a market (i.e., urban or suburban) and property quality (i.e., A or B), reduces the volatility of our same-store growth throughout the real estate cycle, appeals to a wider renter and investor audience, lessens the market risk associated with owning a homogenous portfolio, and provides more opportunities for accretive external growth when appropriate. Diversified characteristics of our portfolio include: We are focused on increasing our presence in markets with favorable job formation and income growth, high propensity to rent, strong relative affordability for rental versus homeownership, and a favorable demand/supply ratio for multifamily housing. Portfolio investment decisions consider internal analyses and third-party research."
    },
    {
      "status": "UNCHANGED",
      "current_title": "Maintaining a Diversified Portfolio and Allocating Capital to Accretive Investment Opportunities",
      "prior_title": "Maintaining a Diversified Portfolio and Allocating Capital to Accretive Investment Opportunities",
      "current_body": "We believe greater portfolio diversification, as defined by geographic concentration, location within a market (i.e., urban or suburban) and property quality (i.e., A or B), reduces the volatility of our same-store growth throughout the real estate cycle, appeals to a wider renter and investor audience, lessens the market risk associated with owning a homogenous portfolio, and provides more opportunities for accretive external growth when appropriate. Diversified characteristics of our portfolio include: We are focused on increasing our presence in markets with favorable job formation and income growth, high propensity to rent, strong relative affordability for rental versus homeownership, and a favorable demand/supply ratio for multifamily housing. Portfolio investment decisions consider internal analyses and third-party research."
    },
    {
      "status": "UNCHANGED",
      "current_title": "Maintaining a Diversified Portfolio and Allocating Capital to Accretive Investment Opportunities",
      "prior_title": "Maintaining a Diversified Portfolio and Allocating Capital to Accretive Investment Opportunities",
      "current_body": "We believe greater portfolio diversification, as defined by geographic concentration, location within a market (i.e., urban or suburban) and property quality (i.e., A or B), reduces the volatility of our same-store growth throughout the real estate cycle, appeals to a wider renter and investor audience, lessens the market risk associated with owning a homogenous portfolio, and provides more opportunities for accretive external growth when appropriate. Diversified characteristics of our portfolio include: We are focused on increasing our presence in markets with favorable job formation and income growth, high propensity to rent, strong relative affordability for rental versus homeownership, and a favorable demand/supply ratio for multifamily housing. Portfolio investment decisions consider internal analyses and third-party research."
    },
    {
      "status": "UNCHANGED",
      "current_title": "Business Objectives",
      "prior_title": "Business Objectives",
      "current_body": "Our principal business objective is to maximize the economic returns of our apartment communities in a sustainable manner to provide our stockholders with the greatest possible total return and value. To achieve this objective, we intend to continue to pursue the following goals and strategies:"
    },
    {
      "status": "UNCHANGED",
      "current_title": "Business Objectives",
      "prior_title": "Business Objectives",
      "current_body": "Our principal business objective is to maximize the economic returns of our apartment communities in a sustainable manner to provide our stockholders with the greatest possible total return and value. To achieve this objective, we intend to continue to pursue the following goals and strategies:"
    },
    {
      "status": "UNCHANGED",
      "current_title": "Business Objectives",
      "prior_title": "Business Objectives",
      "current_body": "Our principal business objective is to maximize the economic returns of our apartment communities in a sustainable manner to provide our stockholders with the greatest possible total return and value. To achieve this objective, we intend to continue to pursue the following goals and strategies:"
    },
    {
      "status": "UNCHANGED",
      "current_title": "Our Strategic Vision",
      "prior_title": "Our Strategic Vision",
      "current_body": "Our strategic vision is to be the multifamily public REIT of choice for investors. We intend to realize this vision by executing on our strategic objectives, which are:"
    },
    {
      "status": "UNCHANGED",
      "current_title": "Our Strategic Vision",
      "prior_title": "Our Strategic Vision",
      "current_body": "Our strategic vision is to be the multifamily public REIT of choice for investors. We intend to realize this vision by executing on our strategic objectives, which are:"
    },
    {
      "status": "UNCHANGED",
      "current_title": "Our Strategic Vision",
      "prior_title": "Our Strategic Vision",
      "current_body": "Our strategic vision is to be the multifamily public REIT of choice for investors. We intend to realize this vision by executing on our strategic objectives, which are:"
    },
    {
      "status": "UNCHANGED",
      "current_title": "Advancing a Strong Corporate Culture and Ensuring High Resident Satisfaction",
      "prior_title": "Advancing a Strong Corporate Culture and Ensuring High Resident Satisfaction",
      "current_body": "Refer to Human Capital Management section above, for further information on the Company’s corporate culture. ​"
    },
    {
      "status": "UNCHANGED",
      "current_title": "Consistently Driving Operational Excellence",
      "prior_title": "Consistently Driving Operational Excellence",
      "current_body": "Investment in new technologies continues to drive operating efficiencies in our business and helps us to better meet the changing needs of our business and our residents. Our residents can conduct business with us 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, including completing online leasing applications and renewals and submitting maintenance or other requests throughout our portfolio using our web-based resident internet portal or, increasingly, a smart-device application. As a result of transforming our operations through technology, residents’ satisfaction has improved, and our operating teams have become more efficient. Web-based technologies have also resulted in declining marketing and advertising costs, improved cash management, and better pricing management of our available apartment homes."
    },
    {
      "status": "UNCHANGED",
      "current_title": "Consistently Driving Operational Excellence",
      "prior_title": "Consistently Driving Operational Excellence",
      "current_body": "Investment in new technologies continues to drive operating efficiencies in our business and helps us to better meet the changing needs of our business and our residents. Our residents can conduct business with us 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, including completing online leasing applications and renewals and submitting maintenance or other requests throughout our portfolio using our web-based resident internet portal or, increasingly, a smart-device application. As a result of transforming our operations through technology, residents’ satisfaction has improved, and our operating teams have become more efficient. Web-based technologies have also resulted in declining marketing and advertising costs, improved cash management, and better pricing management of our available apartment homes."
    },
    {
      "status": "UNCHANGED",
      "current_title": "Consistently Driving Operational Excellence",
      "prior_title": "Consistently Driving Operational Excellence",
      "current_body": "Investment in new technologies continues to drive operating efficiencies in our business and helps us to better meet the changing needs of our business and our residents. Our residents can conduct business with us 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, including completing online leasing applications and renewals and submitting maintenance or other requests throughout our portfolio using our web-based resident internet portal or, increasingly, a smart-device application. As a result of transforming our operations through technology, residents’ satisfaction has improved, and our operating teams have become more efficient. Web-based technologies have also resulted in declining marketing and advertising costs, improved cash management, and better pricing management of our available apartment homes."
    },
    {
      "status": "UNCHANGED",
      "current_title": "Joint Venture and Partnership Activities",
      "prior_title": "Joint Venture and Partnership Activities",
      "current_body": "We have entered into, and may continue in the future to enter into, joint ventures (including limited liability companies or partnerships) through which we own an indirect economic interest of less than 100% of the community or communities owned directly by such joint ventures. Our decision to either hold an apartment community in fee simple or have an indirect interest in the community through a joint venture is based on a variety of factors and considerations, including: (i) the economic and tax terms required by the seller of land or a community; (ii) our desire to diversify our portfolio of communities by market, submarket and product type; (iii) our desire at times to preserve our capital resources to maintain liquidity or balance sheet strength; and (iv) our projections, in some circumstances, that we will achieve higher returns on our invested capital or reduce our risk if a joint venture vehicle is used. Each joint venture agreement is individually negotiated, and our ability to operate and/or dispose of a community in our sole discretion may be limited to varying degrees depending on the terms of the joint venture agreement."
    },
    {
      "status": "UNCHANGED",
      "current_title": "Joint Venture and Partnership Activities",
      "prior_title": "Joint Venture and Partnership Activities",
      "current_body": "We have entered into, and may continue in the future to enter into, joint ventures (including limited liability companies or partnerships) through which we own an indirect economic interest of less than 100% of the community or communities owned directly by such joint ventures. Our decision to either hold an apartment community in fee simple or have an indirect interest in the community through a joint venture is based on a variety of factors and considerations, including: (i) the economic and tax terms required by the seller of land or a community; (ii) our desire to diversify our portfolio of communities by market, submarket and product type; (iii) our desire at times to preserve our capital resources to maintain liquidity or balance sheet strength; and (iv) our projections, in some circumstances, that we will achieve higher returns on our invested capital or reduce our risk if a joint venture vehicle is used. Each joint venture agreement is individually negotiated, and our ability to operate and/or dispose of a community in our sole discretion may be limited to varying degrees depending on the terms of the joint venture agreement."
    },
    {
      "status": "UNCHANGED",
      "current_title": "Joint Venture and Partnership Activities",
      "prior_title": "Joint Venture and Partnership Activities",
      "current_body": "We have entered into, and may continue in the future to enter into, joint ventures (including limited liability companies or partnerships) through which we own an indirect economic interest of less than 100% of the community or communities owned directly by such joint ventures. Our decision to either hold an apartment community in fee simple or have an indirect interest in the community through a joint venture is based on a variety of factors and considerations, including: (i) the economic and tax terms required by the seller of land or a community; (ii) our desire to diversify our portfolio of communities by market, submarket and product type; (iii) our desire at times to preserve our capital resources to maintain liquidity or balance sheet strength; and (iv) our projections, in some circumstances, that we will achieve higher returns on our invested capital or reduce our risk if a joint venture vehicle is used. Each joint venture agreement is individually negotiated, and our ability to operate and/or dispose of a community in our sole discretion may be limited to varying degrees depending on the terms of the joint venture agreement."
    },
    {
      "status": "UNCHANGED",
      "current_title": "Tax Matters",
      "prior_title": "Tax Matters",
      "current_body": "UDR has elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Code. To continue to qualify as a REIT, UDR must continue to meet certain tests that, among other things, generally require that our assets consist primarily of real estate assets, our income be derived primarily from real estate assets, and that we distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (other than net capital gains) to our stockholders annually. Provided we maintain our qualification as a REIT, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxes at the corporate level on our net income to the extent such net income is distributed to our stockholders annually. Even if we continue to qualify as a REIT, we will continue to be subject to certain federal, state and local taxes on our income and property. We may utilize our taxable REIT subsidiary (“TRS”) to engage in activities that REITs may be prohibited from performing, including the provision of management and other services to third parties and the conduct of certain nonqualifying real estate transactions. Our TRS generally is taxable as a regular corporation, and therefore, subject to federal, state and local income taxes. Inflation Inflation primarily impacts our results of operations as a result of wage pressures and increases in utilities and repair and maintenance costs. In addition, inflation could also impact our general and administrative expenses, the interest on our debt if variable or refinanced in a high-inflationary environment, our cost of capital, and our cost of development, redevelopment, maintenance or other operating activities. However, the majority of our apartment leases have initial terms of 12 months or less, which in an inflationary environment, and absent other factors such as increased supply, generally enables us to compensate for inflationary effects by increasing rents on our apartment homes. Although an extreme or sustained escalation in costs could have a negative impact on our residents and their ability to absorb rent increases, we do not believe this had a material impact on our results for the year ended December 31, 2024."
    },
    {
      "status": "UNCHANGED",
      "current_title": "Tax Matters",
      "prior_title": "Tax Matters",
      "current_body": "UDR has elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Code. To continue to qualify as a REIT, UDR must continue to meet certain tests that, among other things, generally require that our assets consist primarily of real estate assets, our income be derived primarily from real estate assets, and that we distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (other than net capital gains) to our stockholders annually. Provided we maintain our qualification as a REIT, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxes at the corporate level on our net income to the extent such net income is distributed to our stockholders annually. Even if we continue to qualify as a REIT, we will continue to be subject to certain federal, state and local taxes on our income and property. We may utilize our taxable REIT subsidiary (“TRS”) to engage in activities that REITs may be prohibited from performing, including the provision of management and other services to third parties and the conduct of certain nonqualifying real estate transactions. Our TRS generally is taxable as a regular corporation, and therefore, subject to federal, state and local income taxes. Inflation Inflation primarily impacts our results of operations as a result of wage pressures and increases in utilities and repair and maintenance costs. In addition, inflation could also impact our general and administrative expenses, the interest on our debt if variable or refinanced in a high-inflationary environment, our cost of capital, and our cost of development, redevelopment, maintenance or other operating activities. However, the majority of our apartment leases have initial terms of 12 months or less, which in an inflationary environment, and absent other factors such as increased supply, generally enables us to compensate for inflationary effects by increasing rents on our apartment homes. Although an extreme or sustained escalation in costs could have a negative impact on our residents and their ability to absorb rent increases, we do not believe this had a material impact on our results for the year ended December 31, 2024."
    },
    {
      "status": "UNCHANGED",
      "current_title": "Tax Matters",
      "prior_title": "Tax Matters",
      "current_body": "UDR has elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Code. To continue to qualify as a REIT, UDR must continue to meet certain tests that, among other things, generally require that our assets consist primarily of real estate assets, our income be derived primarily from real estate assets, and that we distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (other than net capital gains) to our stockholders annually. Provided we maintain our qualification as a REIT, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxes at the corporate level on our net income to the extent such net income is distributed to our stockholders annually. Even if we continue to qualify as a REIT, we will continue to be subject to certain federal, state and local taxes on our income and property. We may utilize our taxable REIT subsidiary (“TRS”) to engage in activities that REITs may be prohibited from performing, including the provision of management and other services to third parties and the conduct of certain nonqualifying real estate transactions. Our TRS generally is taxable as a regular corporation, and therefore, subject to federal, state and local income taxes. Inflation Inflation primarily impacts our results of operations as a result of wage pressures and increases in utilities and repair and maintenance costs. In addition, inflation could also impact our general and administrative expenses, the interest on our debt if variable or refinanced in a high-inflationary environment, our cost of capital, and our cost of development, redevelopment, maintenance or other operating activities. However, the majority of our apartment leases have initial terms of 12 months or less, which in an inflationary environment, and absent other factors such as increased supply, generally enables us to compensate for inflationary effects by increasing rents on our apartment homes. Although an extreme or sustained escalation in costs could have a negative impact on our residents and their ability to absorb rent increases, we do not believe this had a material impact on our results for the year ended December 31, 2024."
    },
    {
      "status": "UNCHANGED",
      "current_title": "Risks Related to Our Organization and Ownership of Our Stock",
      "prior_title": "Risks Related to Our Organization and Ownership of Our Stock",
      "current_body": "Changes in Market Conditions and Volatility of Stock Prices Could Adversely Affect the Market Price of Our Common Stock. The stock markets, including the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”), on which we list our common stock, have experienced significant price and volume fluctuations. As a result, the market price of our common stock has been, and in the future could be similarly volatile, and investors in our common stock may experience a decrease in the value of their shares, including decreases unrelated to our operating performance or prospects. In addition to the risks listed in this “Risk Factors” section, a number of factors could negatively affect the price per share of our common stock, including: 30 30 30 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents state or local tax audits. If we (or such entities) become subject to federal, state or local tax audits, the ultimate result of such audits could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.The Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership Intend to Qualify as Partnerships, but Cannot Guarantee That They Will Qualify. The Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership intend to qualify as partnerships for federal income tax purposes, and we intend to take that position for all income tax reporting purposes. If classified as partnerships, the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership generally will not be taxable entities and will not incur federal income tax liability. However, the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership would be treated as corporations for federal income tax purposes if they were “publicly traded partnerships,” unless at least 90% of their income was qualifying income as defined in the Code. A “publicly traded partnership” is a partnership whose partnership interests are traded on an established securities market or are readily tradable on a secondary market (or the substantial equivalent thereof). Although neither the Operating Partnership’s nor the DownREIT Partnership’s partnership units are traded on an established securities market, because of the redemption rights of their limited partners, the Operating Partnership’s and DownREIT Partnership’s units held by limited partners could be viewed as readily tradable on a secondary market (or the substantial equivalent thereof), and the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership may not qualify for one of the “safe harbors” under the applicable tax regulations. Qualifying income for the 90% test generally includes passive income, such as real property rents, dividends and interest. The income requirements applicable to REITs and the definition of qualifying income for purposes of this 90% test are similar in most respects. The Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership may not meet this qualifying income test. If either the Operating Partnership or the DownREIT Partnership were to be taxed as a corporation, unless it qualified for relief under certain statutory savings provisions, such partnership would incur substantial tax liabilities, and we would then fail to qualify as a REIT for tax purposes and our ability to raise additional capital would be impaired. In addition, even if the 90% test were met if the Operating Partnership or the DownREIT Partnership were a publicly traded partnership, there could be adverse tax impacts for certain limited partners.Qualifying as a REIT Involves Highly Technical and Complex Provisions of the Code. Our qualification as a REIT involves the application of highly technical and complex Code provisions for which only limited judicial and administrative authorities exist. Even a technical or inadvertent violation could jeopardize our REIT qualification. Moreover, new legislation, court decisions or administrative guidance, in each case possibly with retroactive effect, may make it more difficult or impossible for us to qualify as a REIT. Our qualification as a REIT will depend on our satisfaction of certain asset, income, organizational, distribution, stockholder ownership and other requirements on a continuing basis. Our ability to satisfy the REIT income and asset tests depends upon our analysis of the characterization and fair market values of our assets, some of which are not susceptible to a precise determination and for which we will not obtain independent appraisals, and upon our ability to successfully manage the composition of our income and assets on an ongoing basis. In addition, our ability to satisfy the requirements to qualify as a REIT depends in part on the actions of third parties over which we have no control or only limited influence, including in cases where we own an equity interest in an entity that is classified as a partnership for federal income tax purposes.Risks Related to Our Organization and Ownership of Our StockChanges in Market Conditions and Volatility of Stock Prices Could Adversely Affect the Market Price of Our Common Stock. The stock markets, including the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”), on which we list our common stock, have experienced significant price and volume fluctuations. As a result, the market price of our common stock has been, and in the future could be similarly volatile, and investors in our common stock may experience a decrease in the value of their shares, including decreases unrelated to our operating performance or prospects. In addition to the risks listed in this “Risk Factors” section, a number of factors could negatively affect the price per share of our common stock, including:●general market and economic conditions;●actual or anticipated variations in our quarterly operating results or dividends or our payment of dividends in shares of our stock;●changes in our funds from operations or earnings estimates;●difficulties or inability to access capital or extend or refinance existing debt;●decreasing (or uncertainty in) real estate valuations;●changes in market valuations of similar companies; state or local tax audits. If we (or such entities) become subject to federal, state or local tax audits, the ultimate result of such audits could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.The Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership Intend to Qualify as Partnerships, but Cannot Guarantee That They Will Qualify. The Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership intend to qualify as partnerships for federal income tax purposes, and we intend to take that position for all income tax reporting purposes. If classified as partnerships, the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership generally will not be taxable entities and will not incur federal income tax liability. However, the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership would be treated as corporations for federal income tax purposes if they were “publicly traded partnerships,” unless at least 90% of their income was qualifying income as defined in the Code. A “publicly traded partnership” is a partnership whose partnership interests are traded on an established securities market or are readily tradable on a secondary market (or the substantial equivalent thereof). Although neither the Operating Partnership’s nor the DownREIT Partnership’s partnership units are traded on an established securities market, because of the redemption rights of their limited partners, the Operating Partnership’s and DownREIT Partnership’s units held by limited partners could be viewed as readily tradable on a secondary market (or the substantial equivalent thereof), and the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership may not qualify for one of the “safe harbors” under the applicable tax regulations. Qualifying income for the 90% test generally includes passive income, such as real property rents, dividends and interest. The income requirements applicable to REITs and the definition of qualifying income for purposes of this 90% test are similar in most respects. The Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership may not meet this qualifying income test. If either the Operating Partnership or the DownREIT Partnership were to be taxed as a corporation, unless it qualified for relief under certain statutory savings provisions, such partnership would incur substantial tax liabilities, and we would then fail to qualify as a REIT for tax purposes and our ability to raise additional capital would be impaired. In addition, even if the 90% test were met if the Operating Partnership or the DownREIT Partnership were a publicly traded partnership, there could be adverse tax impacts for certain limited partners.Qualifying as a REIT Involves Highly Technical and Complex Provisions of the Code. Our qualification as a REIT involves the application of highly technical and complex Code provisions for which only limited judicial and administrative authorities exist. Even a technical or inadvertent violation could jeopardize our REIT qualification. Moreover, new legislation, court decisions or administrative guidance, in each case possibly with retroactive effect, may make it more difficult or impossible for us to qualify as a REIT. Our qualification as a REIT will depend on our satisfaction of certain asset, income, organizational, distribution, stockholder ownership and other requirements on a continuing basis. Our ability to satisfy the REIT income and asset tests depends upon our analysis of the characterization and fair market values of our assets, some of which are not susceptible to a precise determination and for which we will not obtain independent appraisals, and upon our ability to successfully manage the composition of our income and assets on an ongoing basis. In addition, our ability to satisfy the requirements to qualify as a REIT depends in part on the actions of third parties over which we have no control or only limited influence, including in cases where we own an equity interest in an entity that is classified as a partnership for federal income tax purposes.Risks Related to Our Organization and Ownership of Our StockChanges in Market Conditions and Volatility of Stock Prices Could Adversely Affect the Market Price of Our Common Stock. The stock markets, including the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”), on which we list our common stock, have experienced significant price and volume fluctuations. As a result, the market price of our common stock has been, and in the future could be similarly volatile, and investors in our common stock may experience a decrease in the value of their shares, including decreases unrelated to our operating performance or prospects. In addition to the risks listed in this “Risk Factors” section, a number of factors could negatively affect the price per share of our common stock, including:●general market and economic conditions;●actual or anticipated variations in our quarterly operating results or dividends or our payment of dividends in shares of our stock;●changes in our funds from operations or earnings estimates;●difficulties or inability to access capital or extend or refinance existing debt;●decreasing (or uncertainty in) real estate valuations;●changes in market valuations of similar companies; state or local tax audits. If we (or such entities) become subject to federal, state or local tax audits, the ultimate result of such audits could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. The Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership Intend to Qualify as Partnerships, but Cannot Guarantee That They Will Qualify. The Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership intend to qualify as partnerships for federal income tax purposes, and we intend to take that position for all income tax reporting purposes. If classified as partnerships, the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership generally will not be taxable entities and will not incur federal income tax liability. However, the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership would be treated as corporations for federal income tax purposes if they were “publicly traded partnerships,” unless at least 90% of their income was qualifying income as defined in the Code. A “publicly traded partnership” is a partnership whose partnership interests are traded on an established securities market or are readily tradable on a secondary market (or the substantial equivalent thereof). Although neither the Operating Partnership’s nor the DownREIT Partnership’s partnership units are traded on an established securities market, because of the redemption rights of their limited partners, the Operating Partnership’s and DownREIT Partnership’s units held by limited partners could be viewed as readily tradable on a secondary market (or the substantial equivalent thereof), and the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership may not qualify for one of the “safe harbors” under the applicable tax regulations. Qualifying income for the 90% test generally includes passive income, such as real property rents, dividends and interest. The income requirements applicable to REITs and the definition of qualifying income for purposes of this 90% test are similar in most respects. The Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership may not meet this qualifying income test. If either the Operating Partnership or the DownREIT Partnership were to be taxed as a corporation, unless it qualified for relief under certain statutory savings provisions, such partnership would incur substantial tax liabilities, and we would then fail to qualify as a REIT for tax purposes and our ability to raise additional capital would be impaired. In addition, even if the 90% test were met if the Operating Partnership or the DownREIT Partnership were a publicly traded partnership, there could be adverse tax impacts for certain limited partners. Qualifying as a REIT Involves Highly Technical and Complex Provisions of the Code. Our qualification as a REIT involves the application of highly technical and complex Code provisions for which only limited judicial and administrative authorities exist. Even a technical or inadvertent violation could jeopardize our REIT qualification. Moreover, new legislation, court decisions or administrative guidance, in each case possibly with retroactive effect, may make it more difficult or impossible for us to qualify as a REIT. Our qualification as a REIT will depend on our satisfaction of certain asset, income, organizational, distribution, stockholder ownership and other requirements on a continuing basis. Our ability to satisfy the REIT income and asset tests depends upon our analysis of the characterization and fair market values of our assets, some of which are not susceptible to a precise determination and for which we will not obtain independent appraisals, and upon our ability to successfully manage the composition of our income and assets on an ongoing basis. In addition, our ability to satisfy the requirements to qualify as a REIT depends in part on the actions of third parties over which we have no control or only limited influence, including in cases where we own an equity interest in an entity that is classified as a partnership for federal income tax purposes."
    },
    {
      "status": "UNCHANGED",
      "current_title": "Risks Related to Our Real Estate Investments and Our Operations",
      "prior_title": "Risks Related to Our Real Estate Investments and Our Operations",
      "current_body": "Unfavorable Apartment Market and Economic Conditions Could Adversely Affect Occupancy Levels, Rental Revenues and the Value of Our Real Estate Assets. Unfavorable market conditions in the areas in which we operate or unfavorable economic conditions generally, may significantly affect our occupancy levels, our rental rates and collections, the value of our properties and our ability to acquire or dispose of apartment communities on economically favorable terms. Our ability to lease our properties at favorable rates is adversely affected by increases in supply in the multifamily and other rental markets and is dependent upon the overall level in the economy, which is adversely affected by, among other things, job losses and unemployment levels, recession, debt levels, housing markets, stock market volatility and uncertainty about the future. Our major expenses generally do not decline when related rents decline. We would expect that declines in our occupancy levels and rental and other revenues would cause us to have less cash available to pay our indebtedness and to distribute to our stockholders, which could adversely affect our financial condition or the market value of our securities. Factors that have in the past and may in the future affect our occupancy levels, our rental revenues, and/or the value of our properties include the following, among others: The Geographic Concentration of Our Communities in Certain Markets Could Have an Adverse Effect on Our Operations if a Particular Market is Adversely Impacted by Economic or Other Conditions. For the year ended December 31, 2024, approximately 73.1% of our total NOI was generated from communities located in Metropolitan D.C. (15.4%), Boston, MA (11.7%), Orange County, CA (10.9%), the San Francisco Bay Area, CA (8.4%), Dallas, TX (8.3%), New York, NY (6.5%), Seattle, WA (6.2%) and Tampa, FL (5.7%). As a result, if any one or more of these markets is adversely impacted by regional or local economic conditions or real estate market conditions, including new supply, such conditions may have a greater adverse impact on our results of operations than if our portfolio was more geographically diverse. In addition, if one or more of these markets is adversely affected by changes in regional or local regulations, including those related to rent control or stabilization, such regulations may have a greater adverse impact on our results of operations than if our portfolio was more geographically diverse. 15 15 15 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Item 1A.RISK FACTORS There are many factors that affect the business and the results of operations of the Company, some of which are beyond its control. The following is a description of important factors that may cause the Company’s actual results in future periods to differ materially from those currently expected or discussed in forward-looking statements set forth in this Report relating to our financial results, operations and business prospects. Forward-looking statements and such risks, uncertainties and other factors speak only as of the date of this Report, and we expressly disclaim any obligation or undertaking to update or revise any forward-looking statement contained herein, to reflect any change in our expectations with regard thereto, or any other change in events, conditions or circumstances on which any such statement is based, except to the extent otherwise required by law. These risks are not all of the risks we face and other factors not presently known to us or that we currently believe are immaterial may also affect our business if they occur.Risks Related to Our Real Estate Investments and Our OperationsUnfavorable Apartment Market and Economic Conditions Could Adversely Affect Occupancy Levels, Rental Revenues and the Value of Our Real Estate Assets. Unfavorable market conditions in the areas in which we operate or unfavorable economic conditions generally, may significantly affect our occupancy levels, our rental rates and collections, the value of our properties and our ability to acquire or dispose of apartment communities on economically favorable terms. Our ability to lease our properties at favorable rates is adversely affected by increases in supply in the multifamily and other rental markets and is dependent upon the overall level in the economy, which is adversely affected by, among other things, job losses and unemployment levels, recession, debt levels, housing markets, stock market volatility and uncertainty about the future. Our major expenses generally do not decline when related rents decline. We would expect that declines in our occupancy levels and rental and other revenues would cause us to have less cash available to pay our indebtedness and to distribute to our stockholders, which could adversely affect our financial condition or the market value of our securities. Factors that have in the past and may in the future affect our occupancy levels, our rental revenues, and/or the value of our properties include the following, among others:●downturns in global, national, regional and local economic conditions, particularly increases in unemployment;●declines in mortgage interest rates, making alternative housing options more affordable;●government or builder incentives with respect to home ownership, making alternative housing options more attractive;●local real estate market conditions, including oversupply of, or reduced demand for, apartment homes;●declines in the financial condition of our tenants, which may make it more difficult for us to collect rents from some tenants;●changes in market rental rates;●our ability to renew leases or re-lease space on favorable terms;●the timing and costs associated with property improvements, repairs or renovations;●changes in household formation; and●rent control or stabilization laws, or other laws regulating or impacting rental housing, which could prevent us from raising rents to offset increases in operating costs or otherwise impact us.The Geographic Concentration of Our Communities in Certain Markets Could Have an Adverse Effect on Our Operations if a Particular Market is Adversely Impacted by Economic or Other Conditions. For the year ended December 31, 2024, approximately 73.1% of our total NOI was generated from communities located in Metropolitan D.C. (15.4%), Boston, MA (11.7%), Orange County, CA (10.9%), the San Francisco Bay Area, CA (8.4%), Dallas, TX (8.3%), New York, NY (6.5%), Seattle, WA (6.2%) and Tampa, FL (5.7%). As a result, if any one or more of these markets is adversely impacted by regional or local economic conditions or real estate market conditions, including new supply, such conditions may have a greater adverse impact on our results of operations than if our portfolio was more geographically diverse. In addition, if one or more of these markets is adversely affected by changes in regional or local regulations, including those related to rent control or stabilization, such regulations may have a greater adverse impact on our results of operations than if our portfolio was more geographically diverse. Item 1A.RISK FACTORS There are many factors that affect the business and the results of operations of the Company, some of which are beyond its control. The following is a description of important factors that may cause the Company’s actual results in future periods to differ materially from those currently expected or discussed in forward-looking statements set forth in this Report relating to our financial results, operations and business prospects. Forward-looking statements and such risks, uncertainties and other factors speak only as of the date of this Report, and we expressly disclaim any obligation or undertaking to update or revise any forward-looking statement contained herein, to reflect any change in our expectations with regard thereto, or any other change in events, conditions or circumstances on which any such statement is based, except to the extent otherwise required by law. These risks are not all of the risks we face and other factors not presently known to us or that we currently believe are immaterial may also affect our business if they occur.Risks Related to Our Real Estate Investments and Our OperationsUnfavorable Apartment Market and Economic Conditions Could Adversely Affect Occupancy Levels, Rental Revenues and the Value of Our Real Estate Assets. Unfavorable market conditions in the areas in which we operate or unfavorable economic conditions generally, may significantly affect our occupancy levels, our rental rates and collections, the value of our properties and our ability to acquire or dispose of apartment communities on economically favorable terms. Our ability to lease our properties at favorable rates is adversely affected by increases in supply in the multifamily and other rental markets and is dependent upon the overall level in the economy, which is adversely affected by, among other things, job losses and unemployment levels, recession, debt levels, housing markets, stock market volatility and uncertainty about the future. Our major expenses generally do not decline when related rents decline. We would expect that declines in our occupancy levels and rental and other revenues would cause us to have less cash available to pay our indebtedness and to distribute to our stockholders, which could adversely affect our financial condition or the market value of our securities. Factors that have in the past and may in the future affect our occupancy levels, our rental revenues, and/or the value of our properties include the following, among others:●downturns in global, national, regional and local economic conditions, particularly increases in unemployment;●declines in mortgage interest rates, making alternative housing options more affordable;●government or builder incentives with respect to home ownership, making alternative housing options more attractive;●local real estate market conditions, including oversupply of, or reduced demand for, apartment homes;●declines in the financial condition of our tenants, which may make it more difficult for us to collect rents from some tenants;●changes in market rental rates;●our ability to renew leases or re-lease space on favorable terms;●the timing and costs associated with property improvements, repairs or renovations;●changes in household formation; and●rent control or stabilization laws, or other laws regulating or impacting rental housing, which could prevent us from raising rents to offset increases in operating costs or otherwise impact us.The Geographic Concentration of Our Communities in Certain Markets Could Have an Adverse Effect on Our Operations if a Particular Market is Adversely Impacted by Economic or Other Conditions. For the year ended December 31, 2024, approximately 73.1% of our total NOI was generated from communities located in Metropolitan D.C. (15.4%), Boston, MA (11.7%), Orange County, CA (10.9%), the San Francisco Bay Area, CA (8.4%), Dallas, TX (8.3%), New York, NY (6.5%), Seattle, WA (6.2%) and Tampa, FL (5.7%). As a result, if any one or more of these markets is adversely impacted by regional or local economic conditions or real estate market conditions, including new supply, such conditions may have a greater adverse impact on our results of operations than if our portfolio was more geographically diverse. In addition, if one or more of these markets is adversely affected by changes in regional or local regulations, including those related to rent control or stabilization, such regulations may have a greater adverse impact on our results of operations than if our portfolio was more geographically diverse. Item 1A."
    },
    {
      "status": "UNCHANGED",
      "current_title": "Risks Related to Our Organization and Ownership of Our Stock",
      "prior_title": "Risks Related to Our Organization and Ownership of Our Stock",
      "current_body": "Changes in Market Conditions and Volatility of Stock Prices Could Adversely Affect the Market Price of Our Common Stock. The stock markets, including the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”), on which we list our common stock, have experienced significant price and volume fluctuations. As a result, the market price of our common stock has been, and in the future could be similarly volatile, and investors in our common stock may experience a decrease in the value of their shares, including decreases unrelated to our operating performance or prospects. In addition to the risks listed in this “Risk Factors” section, a number of factors could negatively affect the price per share of our common stock, including: 30 30 30 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents state or local tax audits. If we (or such entities) become subject to federal, state or local tax audits, the ultimate result of such audits could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.The Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership Intend to Qualify as Partnerships, but Cannot Guarantee That They Will Qualify. The Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership intend to qualify as partnerships for federal income tax purposes, and we intend to take that position for all income tax reporting purposes. If classified as partnerships, the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership generally will not be taxable entities and will not incur federal income tax liability. However, the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership would be treated as corporations for federal income tax purposes if they were “publicly traded partnerships,” unless at least 90% of their income was qualifying income as defined in the Code. A “publicly traded partnership” is a partnership whose partnership interests are traded on an established securities market or are readily tradable on a secondary market (or the substantial equivalent thereof). Although neither the Operating Partnership’s nor the DownREIT Partnership’s partnership units are traded on an established securities market, because of the redemption rights of their limited partners, the Operating Partnership’s and DownREIT Partnership’s units held by limited partners could be viewed as readily tradable on a secondary market (or the substantial equivalent thereof), and the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership may not qualify for one of the “safe harbors” under the applicable tax regulations. Qualifying income for the 90% test generally includes passive income, such as real property rents, dividends and interest. The income requirements applicable to REITs and the definition of qualifying income for purposes of this 90% test are similar in most respects. The Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership may not meet this qualifying income test. If either the Operating Partnership or the DownREIT Partnership were to be taxed as a corporation, unless it qualified for relief under certain statutory savings provisions, such partnership would incur substantial tax liabilities, and we would then fail to qualify as a REIT for tax purposes and our ability to raise additional capital would be impaired. In addition, even if the 90% test were met if the Operating Partnership or the DownREIT Partnership were a publicly traded partnership, there could be adverse tax impacts for certain limited partners.Qualifying as a REIT Involves Highly Technical and Complex Provisions of the Code. Our qualification as a REIT involves the application of highly technical and complex Code provisions for which only limited judicial and administrative authorities exist. Even a technical or inadvertent violation could jeopardize our REIT qualification. Moreover, new legislation, court decisions or administrative guidance, in each case possibly with retroactive effect, may make it more difficult or impossible for us to qualify as a REIT. Our qualification as a REIT will depend on our satisfaction of certain asset, income, organizational, distribution, stockholder ownership and other requirements on a continuing basis. Our ability to satisfy the REIT income and asset tests depends upon our analysis of the characterization and fair market values of our assets, some of which are not susceptible to a precise determination and for which we will not obtain independent appraisals, and upon our ability to successfully manage the composition of our income and assets on an ongoing basis. In addition, our ability to satisfy the requirements to qualify as a REIT depends in part on the actions of third parties over which we have no control or only limited influence, including in cases where we own an equity interest in an entity that is classified as a partnership for federal income tax purposes.Risks Related to Our Organization and Ownership of Our StockChanges in Market Conditions and Volatility of Stock Prices Could Adversely Affect the Market Price of Our Common Stock. The stock markets, including the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”), on which we list our common stock, have experienced significant price and volume fluctuations. As a result, the market price of our common stock has been, and in the future could be similarly volatile, and investors in our common stock may experience a decrease in the value of their shares, including decreases unrelated to our operating performance or prospects. In addition to the risks listed in this “Risk Factors” section, a number of factors could negatively affect the price per share of our common stock, including:●general market and economic conditions;●actual or anticipated variations in our quarterly operating results or dividends or our payment of dividends in shares of our stock;●changes in our funds from operations or earnings estimates;●difficulties or inability to access capital or extend or refinance existing debt;●decreasing (or uncertainty in) real estate valuations;●changes in market valuations of similar companies; state or local tax audits. If we (or such entities) become subject to federal, state or local tax audits, the ultimate result of such audits could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.The Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership Intend to Qualify as Partnerships, but Cannot Guarantee That They Will Qualify. The Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership intend to qualify as partnerships for federal income tax purposes, and we intend to take that position for all income tax reporting purposes. If classified as partnerships, the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership generally will not be taxable entities and will not incur federal income tax liability. However, the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership would be treated as corporations for federal income tax purposes if they were “publicly traded partnerships,” unless at least 90% of their income was qualifying income as defined in the Code. A “publicly traded partnership” is a partnership whose partnership interests are traded on an established securities market or are readily tradable on a secondary market (or the substantial equivalent thereof). Although neither the Operating Partnership’s nor the DownREIT Partnership’s partnership units are traded on an established securities market, because of the redemption rights of their limited partners, the Operating Partnership’s and DownREIT Partnership’s units held by limited partners could be viewed as readily tradable on a secondary market (or the substantial equivalent thereof), and the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership may not qualify for one of the “safe harbors” under the applicable tax regulations. Qualifying income for the 90% test generally includes passive income, such as real property rents, dividends and interest. The income requirements applicable to REITs and the definition of qualifying income for purposes of this 90% test are similar in most respects. The Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership may not meet this qualifying income test. If either the Operating Partnership or the DownREIT Partnership were to be taxed as a corporation, unless it qualified for relief under certain statutory savings provisions, such partnership would incur substantial tax liabilities, and we would then fail to qualify as a REIT for tax purposes and our ability to raise additional capital would be impaired. In addition, even if the 90% test were met if the Operating Partnership or the DownREIT Partnership were a publicly traded partnership, there could be adverse tax impacts for certain limited partners.Qualifying as a REIT Involves Highly Technical and Complex Provisions of the Code. Our qualification as a REIT involves the application of highly technical and complex Code provisions for which only limited judicial and administrative authorities exist. Even a technical or inadvertent violation could jeopardize our REIT qualification. Moreover, new legislation, court decisions or administrative guidance, in each case possibly with retroactive effect, may make it more difficult or impossible for us to qualify as a REIT. Our qualification as a REIT will depend on our satisfaction of certain asset, income, organizational, distribution, stockholder ownership and other requirements on a continuing basis. Our ability to satisfy the REIT income and asset tests depends upon our analysis of the characterization and fair market values of our assets, some of which are not susceptible to a precise determination and for which we will not obtain independent appraisals, and upon our ability to successfully manage the composition of our income and assets on an ongoing basis. In addition, our ability to satisfy the requirements to qualify as a REIT depends in part on the actions of third parties over which we have no control or only limited influence, including in cases where we own an equity interest in an entity that is classified as a partnership for federal income tax purposes.Risks Related to Our Organization and Ownership of Our StockChanges in Market Conditions and Volatility of Stock Prices Could Adversely Affect the Market Price of Our Common Stock. The stock markets, including the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”), on which we list our common stock, have experienced significant price and volume fluctuations. As a result, the market price of our common stock has been, and in the future could be similarly volatile, and investors in our common stock may experience a decrease in the value of their shares, including decreases unrelated to our operating performance or prospects. In addition to the risks listed in this “Risk Factors” section, a number of factors could negatively affect the price per share of our common stock, including:●general market and economic conditions;●actual or anticipated variations in our quarterly operating results or dividends or our payment of dividends in shares of our stock;●changes in our funds from operations or earnings estimates;●difficulties or inability to access capital or extend or refinance existing debt;●decreasing (or uncertainty in) real estate valuations;●changes in market valuations of similar companies; state or local tax audits. If we (or such entities) become subject to federal, state or local tax audits, the ultimate result of such audits could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. The Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership Intend to Qualify as Partnerships, but Cannot Guarantee That They Will Qualify. The Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership intend to qualify as partnerships for federal income tax purposes, and we intend to take that position for all income tax reporting purposes. If classified as partnerships, the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership generally will not be taxable entities and will not incur federal income tax liability. However, the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership would be treated as corporations for federal income tax purposes if they were “publicly traded partnerships,” unless at least 90% of their income was qualifying income as defined in the Code. A “publicly traded partnership” is a partnership whose partnership interests are traded on an established securities market or are readily tradable on a secondary market (or the substantial equivalent thereof). Although neither the Operating Partnership’s nor the DownREIT Partnership’s partnership units are traded on an established securities market, because of the redemption rights of their limited partners, the Operating Partnership’s and DownREIT Partnership’s units held by limited partners could be viewed as readily tradable on a secondary market (or the substantial equivalent thereof), and the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership may not qualify for one of the “safe harbors” under the applicable tax regulations. Qualifying income for the 90% test generally includes passive income, such as real property rents, dividends and interest. The income requirements applicable to REITs and the definition of qualifying income for purposes of this 90% test are similar in most respects. The Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership may not meet this qualifying income test. If either the Operating Partnership or the DownREIT Partnership were to be taxed as a corporation, unless it qualified for relief under certain statutory savings provisions, such partnership would incur substantial tax liabilities, and we would then fail to qualify as a REIT for tax purposes and our ability to raise additional capital would be impaired. In addition, even if the 90% test were met if the Operating Partnership or the DownREIT Partnership were a publicly traded partnership, there could be adverse tax impacts for certain limited partners. Qualifying as a REIT Involves Highly Technical and Complex Provisions of the Code. Our qualification as a REIT involves the application of highly technical and complex Code provisions for which only limited judicial and administrative authorities exist. Even a technical or inadvertent violation could jeopardize our REIT qualification. Moreover, new legislation, court decisions or administrative guidance, in each case possibly with retroactive effect, may make it more difficult or impossible for us to qualify as a REIT. Our qualification as a REIT will depend on our satisfaction of certain asset, income, organizational, distribution, stockholder ownership and other requirements on a continuing basis. Our ability to satisfy the REIT income and asset tests depends upon our analysis of the characterization and fair market values of our assets, some of which are not susceptible to a precise determination and for which we will not obtain independent appraisals, and upon our ability to successfully manage the composition of our income and assets on an ongoing basis. In addition, our ability to satisfy the requirements to qualify as a REIT depends in part on the actions of third parties over which we have no control or only limited influence, including in cases where we own an equity interest in an entity that is classified as a partnership for federal income tax purposes."
    },
    {
      "status": "UNCHANGED",
      "current_title": "Risks Related to Our Indebtedness and Financings",
      "prior_title": "Risks Related to Our Indebtedness and Financings",
      "current_body": "Changing Interest Rates Could Increase Interest Costs and Adversely Affect Our Cash Flows and the Market Price of Our Common Stock. We currently have, and expect to incur in the future, interest-bearing debt, including unsecured commercial paper, at rates that vary with market interest rates. As of December 31, 2024, we had approximately $501.3 million of variable rate indebtedness outstanding, which constitutes approximately 8.6% of total outstanding indebtedness as of such date, and we have from time to time experienced increases in the interest rates on such indebtedness, which has increased our interest expense and adversely impacted our results of operations and cash flows. In addition, as a result of higher interest rates, the costs of hedging transactions have increased significantly and may continue to increase. Continued increases in interest rates would further increase our interest expenses and increase the costs of refinancing existing indebtedness and of issuing new debt, including unsecured commercial paper. The effect of any prolonged interest rate increases could negatively impact our ability to service our indebtedness, make distributions to security holders, make acquisitions and develop properties. Insufficient Cash Flow Could Affect Our Debt Financing and Create Refinancing Risk. We are subject to the risks normally associated with debt financing, including the risk that our operating income and cash flow could be insufficient to make required payments of principal and interest, could restrict or limit our ability to incur additional debt, or could restrict our borrowing capacity under our line of credit due to debt covenant restraints. Sufficient cash flow may not be available to make all required debt payments and satisfy our distribution requirements to maintain our status as a REIT for federal income tax purposes. In addition, the amounts under our line of credit may not be available to us and we may not be able to access the commercial paper market if our operating performance falls outside the constraints of our debt covenants. We are also likely to need to refinance substantially all of our outstanding debt as it matures. We may not be able to refinance existing debt, or the terms of any refinancing may not be as favorable as the terms of the existing debt, which could create pressure to sell assets or to issue additional equity when we would otherwise not choose to do so. In addition, our failure to comply with our debt covenants could result in a requirement to repay our indebtedness prior to its maturity, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and cash flow, increase our financing costs and impact our ability to make distributions to our stockholders. Failure to Generate Sufficient Income Could Impair Debt Service Payments and Distributions to Stockholders. If our apartment communities do not generate sufficient revenue to meet rental expenses, our ability to make required payments of interest and principal on our debt and to pay dividends or distributions to our stockholders will be adversely affected. The following factors, among others, may affect the income generated by our apartment communities: Expenses associated with our investment in an apartment community, such as debt service, real estate taxes, insurance, labor costs and maintenance costs, are generally not reduced when circumstances cause a reduction in revenue from that community. If a community is mortgaged to secure payment of debt and we are unable to make the mortgage payments, we could sustain a loss as a result of foreclosure on the community or the exercise of other remedies by the mortgage holder. 26 26 26 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents existing buildings. If we fail to satisfy the expectations of investors, tenants and other stakeholders, our initiatives are not executed as planned, we are unable to comply with regulations or we do not satisfy our goals, our reputation and financial results could be adversely affected.Risks Related to Our Indebtedness and FinancingsChanging Interest Rates Could Increase Interest Costs and Adversely Affect Our Cash Flows and the Market Price of Our Common Stock. We currently have, and expect to incur in the future, interest-bearing debt, including unsecured commercial paper, at rates that vary with market interest rates. As of December 31, 2024, we had approximately $501.3 million of variable rate indebtedness outstanding, which constitutes approximately 8.6% of total outstanding indebtedness as of such date, and we have from time to time experienced increases in the interest rates on such indebtedness, which has increased our interest expense and adversely impacted our results of operations and cash flows. In addition, as a result of higher interest rates, the costs of hedging transactions have increased significantly and may continue to increase. Continued increases in interest rates would further increase our interest expenses and increase the costs of refinancing existing indebtedness and of issuing new debt, including unsecured commercial paper. The effect of any prolonged interest rate increases could negatively impact our ability to service our indebtedness, make distributions to security holders, make acquisitions and develop properties. Insufficient Cash Flow Could Affect Our Debt Financing and Create Refinancing Risk. We are subject to the risks normally associated with debt financing, including the risk that our operating income and cash flow could be insufficient to make required payments of principal and interest, could restrict or limit our ability to incur additional debt, or could restrict our borrowing capacity under our line of credit due to debt covenant restraints. Sufficient cash flow may not be available to make all required debt payments and satisfy our distribution requirements to maintain our status as a REIT for federal income tax purposes. In addition, the amounts under our line of credit may not be available to us and we may not be able to access the commercial paper market if our operating performance falls outside the constraints of our debt covenants. We are also likely to need to refinance substantially all of our outstanding debt as it matures. We may not be able to refinance existing debt, or the terms of any refinancing may not be as favorable as the terms of the existing debt, which could create pressure to sell assets or to issue additional equity when we would otherwise not choose to do so. In addition, our failure to comply with our debt covenants could result in a requirement to repay our indebtedness prior to its maturity, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and cash flow, increase our financing costs and impact our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.Failure to Generate Sufficient Income Could Impair Debt Service Payments and Distributions to Stockholders. If our apartment communities do not generate sufficient revenue to meet rental expenses, our ability to make required payments of interest and principal on our debt and to pay dividends or distributions to our stockholders will be adversely affected. The following factors, among others, may affect the income generated by our apartment communities:●the national and local economies;●local real estate market conditions, such as an oversupply or increasing supply of apartment homes;●tenants’ or prospective tenants’ perceptions of the safety, convenience, and attractiveness of our communities and the neighborhoods where they are located;●our ability to provide adequate management, maintenance and insurance;●rental expenses, including real estate taxes and utilities;●competition from other apartment communities or alternative housing options;●changes in interest rates and the availability of financing;●changes in governmental regulations and the related costs of compliance; and●changes in tax and housing laws, including the enactment of rent control laws or other laws regulating multifamily housing.Expenses associated with our investment in an apartment community, such as debt service, real estate taxes, insurance, labor costs and maintenance costs, are generally not reduced when circumstances cause a reduction in revenue from that community. If a community is mortgaged to secure payment of debt and we are unable to make the mortgage payments, we could sustain a loss as a result of foreclosure on the community or the exercise of other remedies by the mortgage holder. existing buildings. If we fail to satisfy the expectations of investors, tenants and other stakeholders, our initiatives are not executed as planned, we are unable to comply with regulations or we do not satisfy our goals, our reputation and financial results could be adversely affected.Risks Related to Our Indebtedness and FinancingsChanging Interest Rates Could Increase Interest Costs and Adversely Affect Our Cash Flows and the Market Price of Our Common Stock. We currently have, and expect to incur in the future, interest-bearing debt, including unsecured commercial paper, at rates that vary with market interest rates. As of December 31, 2024, we had approximately $501.3 million of variable rate indebtedness outstanding, which constitutes approximately 8.6% of total outstanding indebtedness as of such date, and we have from time to time experienced increases in the interest rates on such indebtedness, which has increased our interest expense and adversely impacted our results of operations and cash flows. In addition, as a result of higher interest rates, the costs of hedging transactions have increased significantly and may continue to increase. Continued increases in interest rates would further increase our interest expenses and increase the costs of refinancing existing indebtedness and of issuing new debt, including unsecured commercial paper. The effect of any prolonged interest rate increases could negatively impact our ability to service our indebtedness, make distributions to security holders, make acquisitions and develop properties. Insufficient Cash Flow Could Affect Our Debt Financing and Create Refinancing Risk. We are subject to the risks normally associated with debt financing, including the risk that our operating income and cash flow could be insufficient to make required payments of principal and interest, could restrict or limit our ability to incur additional debt, or could restrict our borrowing capacity under our line of credit due to debt covenant restraints. Sufficient cash flow may not be available to make all required debt payments and satisfy our distribution requirements to maintain our status as a REIT for federal income tax purposes. In addition, the amounts under our line of credit may not be available to us and we may not be able to access the commercial paper market if our operating performance falls outside the constraints of our debt covenants. We are also likely to need to refinance substantially all of our outstanding debt as it matures. We may not be able to refinance existing debt, or the terms of any refinancing may not be as favorable as the terms of the existing debt, which could create pressure to sell assets or to issue additional equity when we would otherwise not choose to do so. In addition, our failure to comply with our debt covenants could result in a requirement to repay our indebtedness prior to its maturity, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and cash flow, increase our financing costs and impact our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.Failure to Generate Sufficient Income Could Impair Debt Service Payments and Distributions to Stockholders. If our apartment communities do not generate sufficient revenue to meet rental expenses, our ability to make required payments of interest and principal on our debt and to pay dividends or distributions to our stockholders will be adversely affected. The following factors, among others, may affect the income generated by our apartment communities:●the national and local economies;●local real estate market conditions, such as an oversupply or increasing supply of apartment homes;●tenants’ or prospective tenants’ perceptions of the safety, convenience, and attractiveness of our communities and the neighborhoods where they are located;●our ability to provide adequate management, maintenance and insurance;●rental expenses, including real estate taxes and utilities;●competition from other apartment communities or alternative housing options;●changes in interest rates and the availability of financing;●changes in governmental regulations and the related costs of compliance; and●changes in tax and housing laws, including the enactment of rent control laws or other laws regulating multifamily housing.Expenses associated with our investment in an apartment community, such as debt service, real estate taxes, insurance, labor costs and maintenance costs, are generally not reduced when circumstances cause a reduction in revenue from that community. If a community is mortgaged to secure payment of debt and we are unable to make the mortgage payments, we could sustain a loss as a result of foreclosure on the community or the exercise of other remedies by the mortgage holder. existing buildings. If we fail to satisfy the expectations of investors, tenants and other stakeholders, our initiatives are not executed as planned, we are unable to comply with regulations or we do not satisfy our goals, our reputation and financial results could be adversely affected."
    },
    {
      "status": "UNCHANGED",
      "current_title": "Risks Related to Our Organization and Ownership of Our Stock",
      "prior_title": "Risks Related to Our Organization and Ownership of Our Stock",
      "current_body": "Changes in Market Conditions and Volatility of Stock Prices Could Adversely Affect the Market Price of Our Common Stock. The stock markets, including the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”), on which we list our common stock, have experienced significant price and volume fluctuations. As a result, the market price of our common stock has been, and in the future could be similarly volatile, and investors in our common stock may experience a decrease in the value of their shares, including decreases unrelated to our operating performance or prospects. In addition to the risks listed in this “Risk Factors” section, a number of factors could negatively affect the price per share of our common stock, including: 30 30 30 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents state or local tax audits. If we (or such entities) become subject to federal, state or local tax audits, the ultimate result of such audits could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.The Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership Intend to Qualify as Partnerships, but Cannot Guarantee That They Will Qualify. The Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership intend to qualify as partnerships for federal income tax purposes, and we intend to take that position for all income tax reporting purposes. If classified as partnerships, the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership generally will not be taxable entities and will not incur federal income tax liability. However, the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership would be treated as corporations for federal income tax purposes if they were “publicly traded partnerships,” unless at least 90% of their income was qualifying income as defined in the Code. A “publicly traded partnership” is a partnership whose partnership interests are traded on an established securities market or are readily tradable on a secondary market (or the substantial equivalent thereof). Although neither the Operating Partnership’s nor the DownREIT Partnership’s partnership units are traded on an established securities market, because of the redemption rights of their limited partners, the Operating Partnership’s and DownREIT Partnership’s units held by limited partners could be viewed as readily tradable on a secondary market (or the substantial equivalent thereof), and the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership may not qualify for one of the “safe harbors” under the applicable tax regulations. Qualifying income for the 90% test generally includes passive income, such as real property rents, dividends and interest. The income requirements applicable to REITs and the definition of qualifying income for purposes of this 90% test are similar in most respects. The Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership may not meet this qualifying income test. If either the Operating Partnership or the DownREIT Partnership were to be taxed as a corporation, unless it qualified for relief under certain statutory savings provisions, such partnership would incur substantial tax liabilities, and we would then fail to qualify as a REIT for tax purposes and our ability to raise additional capital would be impaired. In addition, even if the 90% test were met if the Operating Partnership or the DownREIT Partnership were a publicly traded partnership, there could be adverse tax impacts for certain limited partners.Qualifying as a REIT Involves Highly Technical and Complex Provisions of the Code. Our qualification as a REIT involves the application of highly technical and complex Code provisions for which only limited judicial and administrative authorities exist. Even a technical or inadvertent violation could jeopardize our REIT qualification. Moreover, new legislation, court decisions or administrative guidance, in each case possibly with retroactive effect, may make it more difficult or impossible for us to qualify as a REIT. Our qualification as a REIT will depend on our satisfaction of certain asset, income, organizational, distribution, stockholder ownership and other requirements on a continuing basis. Our ability to satisfy the REIT income and asset tests depends upon our analysis of the characterization and fair market values of our assets, some of which are not susceptible to a precise determination and for which we will not obtain independent appraisals, and upon our ability to successfully manage the composition of our income and assets on an ongoing basis. In addition, our ability to satisfy the requirements to qualify as a REIT depends in part on the actions of third parties over which we have no control or only limited influence, including in cases where we own an equity interest in an entity that is classified as a partnership for federal income tax purposes.Risks Related to Our Organization and Ownership of Our StockChanges in Market Conditions and Volatility of Stock Prices Could Adversely Affect the Market Price of Our Common Stock. The stock markets, including the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”), on which we list our common stock, have experienced significant price and volume fluctuations. As a result, the market price of our common stock has been, and in the future could be similarly volatile, and investors in our common stock may experience a decrease in the value of their shares, including decreases unrelated to our operating performance or prospects. In addition to the risks listed in this “Risk Factors” section, a number of factors could negatively affect the price per share of our common stock, including:●general market and economic conditions;●actual or anticipated variations in our quarterly operating results or dividends or our payment of dividends in shares of our stock;●changes in our funds from operations or earnings estimates;●difficulties or inability to access capital or extend or refinance existing debt;●decreasing (or uncertainty in) real estate valuations;●changes in market valuations of similar companies; state or local tax audits. If we (or such entities) become subject to federal, state or local tax audits, the ultimate result of such audits could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.The Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership Intend to Qualify as Partnerships, but Cannot Guarantee That They Will Qualify. The Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership intend to qualify as partnerships for federal income tax purposes, and we intend to take that position for all income tax reporting purposes. If classified as partnerships, the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership generally will not be taxable entities and will not incur federal income tax liability. However, the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership would be treated as corporations for federal income tax purposes if they were “publicly traded partnerships,” unless at least 90% of their income was qualifying income as defined in the Code. A “publicly traded partnership” is a partnership whose partnership interests are traded on an established securities market or are readily tradable on a secondary market (or the substantial equivalent thereof). Although neither the Operating Partnership’s nor the DownREIT Partnership’s partnership units are traded on an established securities market, because of the redemption rights of their limited partners, the Operating Partnership’s and DownREIT Partnership’s units held by limited partners could be viewed as readily tradable on a secondary market (or the substantial equivalent thereof), and the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership may not qualify for one of the “safe harbors” under the applicable tax regulations. Qualifying income for the 90% test generally includes passive income, such as real property rents, dividends and interest. The income requirements applicable to REITs and the definition of qualifying income for purposes of this 90% test are similar in most respects. The Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership may not meet this qualifying income test. If either the Operating Partnership or the DownREIT Partnership were to be taxed as a corporation, unless it qualified for relief under certain statutory savings provisions, such partnership would incur substantial tax liabilities, and we would then fail to qualify as a REIT for tax purposes and our ability to raise additional capital would be impaired. In addition, even if the 90% test were met if the Operating Partnership or the DownREIT Partnership were a publicly traded partnership, there could be adverse tax impacts for certain limited partners.Qualifying as a REIT Involves Highly Technical and Complex Provisions of the Code. Our qualification as a REIT involves the application of highly technical and complex Code provisions for which only limited judicial and administrative authorities exist. Even a technical or inadvertent violation could jeopardize our REIT qualification. Moreover, new legislation, court decisions or administrative guidance, in each case possibly with retroactive effect, may make it more difficult or impossible for us to qualify as a REIT. Our qualification as a REIT will depend on our satisfaction of certain asset, income, organizational, distribution, stockholder ownership and other requirements on a continuing basis. Our ability to satisfy the REIT income and asset tests depends upon our analysis of the characterization and fair market values of our assets, some of which are not susceptible to a precise determination and for which we will not obtain independent appraisals, and upon our ability to successfully manage the composition of our income and assets on an ongoing basis. In addition, our ability to satisfy the requirements to qualify as a REIT depends in part on the actions of third parties over which we have no control or only limited influence, including in cases where we own an equity interest in an entity that is classified as a partnership for federal income tax purposes.Risks Related to Our Organization and Ownership of Our StockChanges in Market Conditions and Volatility of Stock Prices Could Adversely Affect the Market Price of Our Common Stock. The stock markets, including the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”), on which we list our common stock, have experienced significant price and volume fluctuations. As a result, the market price of our common stock has been, and in the future could be similarly volatile, and investors in our common stock may experience a decrease in the value of their shares, including decreases unrelated to our operating performance or prospects. In addition to the risks listed in this “Risk Factors” section, a number of factors could negatively affect the price per share of our common stock, including:●general market and economic conditions;●actual or anticipated variations in our quarterly operating results or dividends or our payment of dividends in shares of our stock;●changes in our funds from operations or earnings estimates;●difficulties or inability to access capital or extend or refinance existing debt;●decreasing (or uncertainty in) real estate valuations;●changes in market valuations of similar companies; state or local tax audits. If we (or such entities) become subject to federal, state or local tax audits, the ultimate result of such audits could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. The Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership Intend to Qualify as Partnerships, but Cannot Guarantee That They Will Qualify. The Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership intend to qualify as partnerships for federal income tax purposes, and we intend to take that position for all income tax reporting purposes. If classified as partnerships, the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership generally will not be taxable entities and will not incur federal income tax liability. However, the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership would be treated as corporations for federal income tax purposes if they were “publicly traded partnerships,” unless at least 90% of their income was qualifying income as defined in the Code. A “publicly traded partnership” is a partnership whose partnership interests are traded on an established securities market or are readily tradable on a secondary market (or the substantial equivalent thereof). Although neither the Operating Partnership’s nor the DownREIT Partnership’s partnership units are traded on an established securities market, because of the redemption rights of their limited partners, the Operating Partnership’s and DownREIT Partnership’s units held by limited partners could be viewed as readily tradable on a secondary market (or the substantial equivalent thereof), and the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership may not qualify for one of the “safe harbors” under the applicable tax regulations. Qualifying income for the 90% test generally includes passive income, such as real property rents, dividends and interest. The income requirements applicable to REITs and the definition of qualifying income for purposes of this 90% test are similar in most respects. The Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership may not meet this qualifying income test. If either the Operating Partnership or the DownREIT Partnership were to be taxed as a corporation, unless it qualified for relief under certain statutory savings provisions, such partnership would incur substantial tax liabilities, and we would then fail to qualify as a REIT for tax purposes and our ability to raise additional capital would be impaired. In addition, even if the 90% test were met if the Operating Partnership or the DownREIT Partnership were a publicly traded partnership, there could be adverse tax impacts for certain limited partners. Qualifying as a REIT Involves Highly Technical and Complex Provisions of the Code. Our qualification as a REIT involves the application of highly technical and complex Code provisions for which only limited judicial and administrative authorities exist. Even a technical or inadvertent violation could jeopardize our REIT qualification. Moreover, new legislation, court decisions or administrative guidance, in each case possibly with retroactive effect, may make it more difficult or impossible for us to qualify as a REIT. Our qualification as a REIT will depend on our satisfaction of certain asset, income, organizational, distribution, stockholder ownership and other requirements on a continuing basis. Our ability to satisfy the REIT income and asset tests depends upon our analysis of the characterization and fair market values of our assets, some of which are not susceptible to a precise determination and for which we will not obtain independent appraisals, and upon our ability to successfully manage the composition of our income and assets on an ongoing basis. In addition, our ability to satisfy the requirements to qualify as a REIT depends in part on the actions of third parties over which we have no control or only limited influence, including in cases where we own an equity interest in an entity that is classified as a partnership for federal income tax purposes."
    },
    {
      "status": "UNCHANGED",
      "current_title": "Risks Related to Our Real Estate Investments and Our Operations",
      "prior_title": "Risks Related to Our Real Estate Investments and Our Operations",
      "current_body": "Unfavorable Apartment Market and Economic Conditions Could Adversely Affect Occupancy Levels, Rental Revenues and the Value of Our Real Estate Assets. Unfavorable market conditions in the areas in which we operate or unfavorable economic conditions generally, may significantly affect our occupancy levels, our rental rates and collections, the value of our properties and our ability to acquire or dispose of apartment communities on economically favorable terms. Our ability to lease our properties at favorable rates is adversely affected by increases in supply in the multifamily and other rental markets and is dependent upon the overall level in the economy, which is adversely affected by, among other things, job losses and unemployment levels, recession, debt levels, housing markets, stock market volatility and uncertainty about the future. Our major expenses generally do not decline when related rents decline. We would expect that declines in our occupancy levels and rental and other revenues would cause us to have less cash available to pay our indebtedness and to distribute to our stockholders, which could adversely affect our financial condition or the market value of our securities. Factors that have in the past and may in the future affect our occupancy levels, our rental revenues, and/or the value of our properties include the following, among others: The Geographic Concentration of Our Communities in Certain Markets Could Have an Adverse Effect on Our Operations if a Particular Market is Adversely Impacted by Economic or Other Conditions. For the year ended December 31, 2024, approximately 73.1% of our total NOI was generated from communities located in Metropolitan D.C. (15.4%), Boston, MA (11.7%), Orange County, CA (10.9%), the San Francisco Bay Area, CA (8.4%), Dallas, TX (8.3%), New York, NY (6.5%), Seattle, WA (6.2%) and Tampa, FL (5.7%). As a result, if any one or more of these markets is adversely impacted by regional or local economic conditions or real estate market conditions, including new supply, such conditions may have a greater adverse impact on our results of operations than if our portfolio was more geographically diverse. In addition, if one or more of these markets is adversely affected by changes in regional or local regulations, including those related to rent control or stabilization, such regulations may have a greater adverse impact on our results of operations than if our portfolio was more geographically diverse. 15 15 15 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Item 1A.RISK FACTORS There are many factors that affect the business and the results of operations of the Company, some of which are beyond its control. The following is a description of important factors that may cause the Company’s actual results in future periods to differ materially from those currently expected or discussed in forward-looking statements set forth in this Report relating to our financial results, operations and business prospects. Forward-looking statements and such risks, uncertainties and other factors speak only as of the date of this Report, and we expressly disclaim any obligation or undertaking to update or revise any forward-looking statement contained herein, to reflect any change in our expectations with regard thereto, or any other change in events, conditions or circumstances on which any such statement is based, except to the extent otherwise required by law. These risks are not all of the risks we face and other factors not presently known to us or that we currently believe are immaterial may also affect our business if they occur.Risks Related to Our Real Estate Investments and Our OperationsUnfavorable Apartment Market and Economic Conditions Could Adversely Affect Occupancy Levels, Rental Revenues and the Value of Our Real Estate Assets. Unfavorable market conditions in the areas in which we operate or unfavorable economic conditions generally, may significantly affect our occupancy levels, our rental rates and collections, the value of our properties and our ability to acquire or dispose of apartment communities on economically favorable terms. Our ability to lease our properties at favorable rates is adversely affected by increases in supply in the multifamily and other rental markets and is dependent upon the overall level in the economy, which is adversely affected by, among other things, job losses and unemployment levels, recession, debt levels, housing markets, stock market volatility and uncertainty about the future. Our major expenses generally do not decline when related rents decline. We would expect that declines in our occupancy levels and rental and other revenues would cause us to have less cash available to pay our indebtedness and to distribute to our stockholders, which could adversely affect our financial condition or the market value of our securities. Factors that have in the past and may in the future affect our occupancy levels, our rental revenues, and/or the value of our properties include the following, among others:●downturns in global, national, regional and local economic conditions, particularly increases in unemployment;●declines in mortgage interest rates, making alternative housing options more affordable;●government or builder incentives with respect to home ownership, making alternative housing options more attractive;●local real estate market conditions, including oversupply of, or reduced demand for, apartment homes;●declines in the financial condition of our tenants, which may make it more difficult for us to collect rents from some tenants;●changes in market rental rates;●our ability to renew leases or re-lease space on favorable terms;●the timing and costs associated with property improvements, repairs or renovations;●changes in household formation; and●rent control or stabilization laws, or other laws regulating or impacting rental housing, which could prevent us from raising rents to offset increases in operating costs or otherwise impact us.The Geographic Concentration of Our Communities in Certain Markets Could Have an Adverse Effect on Our Operations if a Particular Market is Adversely Impacted by Economic or Other Conditions. For the year ended December 31, 2024, approximately 73.1% of our total NOI was generated from communities located in Metropolitan D.C. (15.4%), Boston, MA (11.7%), Orange County, CA (10.9%), the San Francisco Bay Area, CA (8.4%), Dallas, TX (8.3%), New York, NY (6.5%), Seattle, WA (6.2%) and Tampa, FL (5.7%). As a result, if any one or more of these markets is adversely impacted by regional or local economic conditions or real estate market conditions, including new supply, such conditions may have a greater adverse impact on our results of operations than if our portfolio was more geographically diverse. In addition, if one or more of these markets is adversely affected by changes in regional or local regulations, including those related to rent control or stabilization, such regulations may have a greater adverse impact on our results of operations than if our portfolio was more geographically diverse. Item 1A.RISK FACTORS There are many factors that affect the business and the results of operations of the Company, some of which are beyond its control. The following is a description of important factors that may cause the Company’s actual results in future periods to differ materially from those currently expected or discussed in forward-looking statements set forth in this Report relating to our financial results, operations and business prospects. Forward-looking statements and such risks, uncertainties and other factors speak only as of the date of this Report, and we expressly disclaim any obligation or undertaking to update or revise any forward-looking statement contained herein, to reflect any change in our expectations with regard thereto, or any other change in events, conditions or circumstances on which any such statement is based, except to the extent otherwise required by law. These risks are not all of the risks we face and other factors not presently known to us or that we currently believe are immaterial may also affect our business if they occur.Risks Related to Our Real Estate Investments and Our OperationsUnfavorable Apartment Market and Economic Conditions Could Adversely Affect Occupancy Levels, Rental Revenues and the Value of Our Real Estate Assets. Unfavorable market conditions in the areas in which we operate or unfavorable economic conditions generally, may significantly affect our occupancy levels, our rental rates and collections, the value of our properties and our ability to acquire or dispose of apartment communities on economically favorable terms. Our ability to lease our properties at favorable rates is adversely affected by increases in supply in the multifamily and other rental markets and is dependent upon the overall level in the economy, which is adversely affected by, among other things, job losses and unemployment levels, recession, debt levels, housing markets, stock market volatility and uncertainty about the future. Our major expenses generally do not decline when related rents decline. We would expect that declines in our occupancy levels and rental and other revenues would cause us to have less cash available to pay our indebtedness and to distribute to our stockholders, which could adversely affect our financial condition or the market value of our securities. Factors that have in the past and may in the future affect our occupancy levels, our rental revenues, and/or the value of our properties include the following, among others:●downturns in global, national, regional and local economic conditions, particularly increases in unemployment;●declines in mortgage interest rates, making alternative housing options more affordable;●government or builder incentives with respect to home ownership, making alternative housing options more attractive;●local real estate market conditions, including oversupply of, or reduced demand for, apartment homes;●declines in the financial condition of our tenants, which may make it more difficult for us to collect rents from some tenants;●changes in market rental rates;●our ability to renew leases or re-lease space on favorable terms;●the timing and costs associated with property improvements, repairs or renovations;●changes in household formation; and●rent control or stabilization laws, or other laws regulating or impacting rental housing, which could prevent us from raising rents to offset increases in operating costs or otherwise impact us.The Geographic Concentration of Our Communities in Certain Markets Could Have an Adverse Effect on Our Operations if a Particular Market is Adversely Impacted by Economic or Other Conditions. For the year ended December 31, 2024, approximately 73.1% of our total NOI was generated from communities located in Metropolitan D.C. (15.4%), Boston, MA (11.7%), Orange County, CA (10.9%), the San Francisco Bay Area, CA (8.4%), Dallas, TX (8.3%), New York, NY (6.5%), Seattle, WA (6.2%) and Tampa, FL (5.7%). As a result, if any one or more of these markets is adversely impacted by regional or local economic conditions or real estate market conditions, including new supply, such conditions may have a greater adverse impact on our results of operations than if our portfolio was more geographically diverse. In addition, if one or more of these markets is adversely affected by changes in regional or local regulations, including those related to rent control or stabilization, such regulations may have a greater adverse impact on our results of operations than if our portfolio was more geographically diverse. Item 1A."
    },
    {
      "status": "UNCHANGED",
      "current_title": "Risks Related to Tax Laws",
      "prior_title": "Risks Related to Tax Laws",
      "current_body": "We Would Incur Adverse Tax Consequences if We Failed to Qualify as a REIT. We have elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Code. Our qualification as a REIT requires us to satisfy numerous requirements, some on an annual and quarterly basis, established under highly technical and complex Code provisions for which there are only limited judicial or administrative interpretations, and involves the determination of various factual matters and circumstances not entirely within our control. We intend that our current organization and method of operation will enable us to continue to qualify as a REIT, but we may not so qualify or we may not be able to remain so qualified in the future. In addition, U.S. federal income tax laws governing REITs and other corporations and the administrative interpretations of those laws may be amended at any time, potentially with retroactive effect. Future legislation, new regulations, administrative interpretations or court decisions could adversely affect our ability to qualify as a REIT or adversely affect our stockholders. If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, we would be subject to federal income tax on our taxable income at regular corporate rates, and would not be allowed to deduct dividends paid to our stockholders in computing our taxable income. Also, unless the Internal Revenue Service granted us relief under certain statutory provisions, we could not re-elect REIT status until the fifth calendar year after the year in which we first failed to qualify as a REIT. The additional tax liability from the failure to qualify as a REIT would reduce or eliminate the amount of cash available for investment or distribution to our stockholders. This would likely have a significant adverse effect on the value of our securities and our ability to raise additional capital. In addition, we would no longer be required to make distributions to our stockholders. Even if we continue to qualify as a REIT, we will continue to be subject to certain federal, state and local taxes on our income and property. Certain of our subsidiaries have also elected to be taxed as REITs under the Code, and are therefore subject to the same risks in the event that any such subsidiary fails to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year. Dividends Paid by REITs Generally Do Not Qualify for Reduced Tax Rates. In general, qualified dividends paid to individual U.S. stockholders are eligible for a reduced 20% U.S. federal income tax rate. However, unlike dividends received from a corporation that is not a REIT, our regular dividends (i.e., dividends other than capital gain dividends) paid to individual U.S. stockholders generally are not eligible for the reduced rates on qualified dividends and are instead taxed at ordinary income rates. However, individual U.S. stockholders generally may deduct 20% of our regular 28 28 28 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents The Soundness of Financial Institutions Could Adversely Affect Us. We have relationships with many financial institutions, including lenders under our credit facilities, and, from time to time, we execute transactions with counterparties in the financial services industry. Actual events involving limited liquidity, defaults, non-performance or other adverse developments that affect financial institutions, transactional counterparties or other companies in the financial services industry generally, or concerns or rumors about any events of these kinds or other similar risks, could result in losses or defaults by these institutions or counterparties or could lead to market-wide liquidity problems. Disruptions and uncertainty with respect to financial institutions, including as a result of bank failures and liquidity concerns, may negatively impact our ability to refinance existing indebtedness and access additional financing for acquisitions, development of our properties and other purposes at reasonable terms or at all, which may negatively affect our business and the market price of our common stock. In addition, in the event that the volatility of the financial markets adversely affects our financial institutions or other counterparties, we or other parties to the transactions with us may be unable to complete transactions as intended, which could adversely affect our results of operations.Interest Rate Hedging Contracts May Be Ineffective and May Result in Material Charges. From time to time when we anticipate issuing debt securities, we may seek to limit our exposure to fluctuations in interest rates during the period prior to the pricing of the securities by entering into interest rate hedging contracts. We may do this to increase the predictability of our financing costs. Also, from time to time we may rely on interest rate hedging contracts to limit our exposure under variable rate debt to unfavorable changes in market interest rates. If the terms of new debt securities are not within the parameters of, or market interest rates fall below that which we incur under a particular interest rate hedging contract, the contract is ineffective. Furthermore, the settlement of interest rate hedging contracts has involved and may in the future involve material charges. In addition, our use of interest rate hedging arrangements may expose us to additional risks, including a risk that a counterparty to a hedging arrangement may fail to honor its obligations. Developing an effective interest rate risk strategy is complex and no strategy can completely insulate us from risks associated with interest rate fluctuations. There can be no assurance that our hedging activities will have the desired beneficial impact on our results of operations or financial condition. Termination of these hedging agreements typically involves costs, such as transaction fees or breakage costs.Risks Related to Tax LawsWe Would Incur Adverse Tax Consequences if We Failed to Qualify as a REIT. We have elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Code. Our qualification as a REIT requires us to satisfy numerous requirements, some on an annual and quarterly basis, established under highly technical and complex Code provisions for which there are only limited judicial or administrative interpretations, and involves the determination of various factual matters and circumstances not entirely within our control. We intend that our current organization and method of operation will enable us to continue to qualify as a REIT, but we may not so qualify or we may not be able to remain so qualified in the future. In addition, U.S. federal income tax laws governing REITs and other corporations and the administrative interpretations of those laws may be amended at any time, potentially with retroactive effect. Future legislation, new regulations, administrative interpretations or court decisions could adversely affect our ability to qualify as a REIT or adversely affect our stockholders.If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, we would be subject to federal income tax on our taxable income at regular corporate rates, and would not be allowed to deduct dividends paid to our stockholders in computing our taxable income. Also, unless the Internal Revenue Service granted us relief under certain statutory provisions, we could not re-elect REIT status until the fifth calendar year after the year in which we first failed to qualify as a REIT. The additional tax liability from the failure to qualify as a REIT would reduce or eliminate the amount of cash available for investment or distribution to our stockholders. This would likely have a significant adverse effect on the value of our securities and our ability to raise additional capital. In addition, we would no longer be required to make distributions to our stockholders. Even if we continue to qualify as a REIT, we will continue to be subject to certain federal, state and local taxes on our income and property.Certain of our subsidiaries have also elected to be taxed as REITs under the Code, and are therefore subject to the same risks in the event that any such subsidiary fails to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year.Dividends Paid by REITs Generally Do Not Qualify for Reduced Tax Rates. In general, qualified dividends paid to individual U.S. stockholders are eligible for a reduced 20% U.S. federal income tax rate. However, unlike dividends received from a corporation that is not a REIT, our regular dividends (i.e., dividends other than capital gain dividends) paid to individual U.S. stockholders generally are not eligible for the reduced rates on qualified dividends and are instead taxed at ordinary income rates. However, individual U.S. stockholders generally may deduct 20% of our regular The Soundness of Financial Institutions Could Adversely Affect Us. We have relationships with many financial institutions, including lenders under our credit facilities, and, from time to time, we execute transactions with counterparties in the financial services industry. Actual events involving limited liquidity, defaults, non-performance or other adverse developments that affect financial institutions, transactional counterparties or other companies in the financial services industry generally, or concerns or rumors about any events of these kinds or other similar risks, could result in losses or defaults by these institutions or counterparties or could lead to market-wide liquidity problems. Disruptions and uncertainty with respect to financial institutions, including as a result of bank failures and liquidity concerns, may negatively impact our ability to refinance existing indebtedness and access additional financing for acquisitions, development of our properties and other purposes at reasonable terms or at all, which may negatively affect our business and the market price of our common stock. In addition, in the event that the volatility of the financial markets adversely affects our financial institutions or other counterparties, we or other parties to the transactions with us may be unable to complete transactions as intended, which could adversely affect our results of operations.Interest Rate Hedging Contracts May Be Ineffective and May Result in Material Charges. From time to time when we anticipate issuing debt securities, we may seek to limit our exposure to fluctuations in interest rates during the period prior to the pricing of the securities by entering into interest rate hedging contracts. We may do this to increase the predictability of our financing costs. Also, from time to time we may rely on interest rate hedging contracts to limit our exposure under variable rate debt to unfavorable changes in market interest rates. If the terms of new debt securities are not within the parameters of, or market interest rates fall below that which we incur under a particular interest rate hedging contract, the contract is ineffective. Furthermore, the settlement of interest rate hedging contracts has involved and may in the future involve material charges. In addition, our use of interest rate hedging arrangements may expose us to additional risks, including a risk that a counterparty to a hedging arrangement may fail to honor its obligations. Developing an effective interest rate risk strategy is complex and no strategy can completely insulate us from risks associated with interest rate fluctuations. There can be no assurance that our hedging activities will have the desired beneficial impact on our results of operations or financial condition. Termination of these hedging agreements typically involves costs, such as transaction fees or breakage costs.Risks Related to Tax LawsWe Would Incur Adverse Tax Consequences if We Failed to Qualify as a REIT. We have elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Code. Our qualification as a REIT requires us to satisfy numerous requirements, some on an annual and quarterly basis, established under highly technical and complex Code provisions for which there are only limited judicial or administrative interpretations, and involves the determination of various factual matters and circumstances not entirely within our control. We intend that our current organization and method of operation will enable us to continue to qualify as a REIT, but we may not so qualify or we may not be able to remain so qualified in the future. In addition, U.S. federal income tax laws governing REITs and other corporations and the administrative interpretations of those laws may be amended at any time, potentially with retroactive effect. Future legislation, new regulations, administrative interpretations or court decisions could adversely affect our ability to qualify as a REIT or adversely affect our stockholders.If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, we would be subject to federal income tax on our taxable income at regular corporate rates, and would not be allowed to deduct dividends paid to our stockholders in computing our taxable income. Also, unless the Internal Revenue Service granted us relief under certain statutory provisions, we could not re-elect REIT status until the fifth calendar year after the year in which we first failed to qualify as a REIT. The additional tax liability from the failure to qualify as a REIT would reduce or eliminate the amount of cash available for investment or distribution to our stockholders. This would likely have a significant adverse effect on the value of our securities and our ability to raise additional capital. In addition, we would no longer be required to make distributions to our stockholders. Even if we continue to qualify as a REIT, we will continue to be subject to certain federal, state and local taxes on our income and property.Certain of our subsidiaries have also elected to be taxed as REITs under the Code, and are therefore subject to the same risks in the event that any such subsidiary fails to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year.Dividends Paid by REITs Generally Do Not Qualify for Reduced Tax Rates. In general, qualified dividends paid to individual U.S. stockholders are eligible for a reduced 20% U.S. federal income tax rate. However, unlike dividends received from a corporation that is not a REIT, our regular dividends (i.e., dividends other than capital gain dividends) paid to individual U.S. stockholders generally are not eligible for the reduced rates on qualified dividends and are instead taxed at ordinary income rates. However, individual U.S. stockholders generally may deduct 20% of our regular The Soundness of Financial Institutions Could Adversely Affect Us. We have relationships with many financial institutions, including lenders under our credit facilities, and, from time to time, we execute transactions with counterparties in the financial services industry. Actual events involving limited liquidity, defaults, non-performance or other adverse developments that affect financial institutions, transactional counterparties or other companies in the financial services industry generally, or concerns or rumors about any events of these kinds or other similar risks, could result in losses or defaults by these institutions or counterparties or could lead to market-wide liquidity problems. Disruptions and uncertainty with respect to financial institutions, including as a result of bank failures and liquidity concerns, may negatively impact our ability to refinance existing indebtedness and access additional financing for acquisitions, development of our properties and other purposes at reasonable terms or at all, which may negatively affect our business and the market price of our common stock. In addition, in the event that the volatility of the financial markets adversely affects our financial institutions or other counterparties, we or other parties to the transactions with us may be unable to complete transactions as intended, which could adversely affect our results of operations. Interest Rate Hedging Contracts May Be Ineffective and May Result in Material Charges. From time to time when we anticipate issuing debt securities, we may seek to limit our exposure to fluctuations in interest rates during the period prior to the pricing of the securities by entering into interest rate hedging contracts. We may do this to increase the predictability of our financing costs. Also, from time to time we may rely on interest rate hedging contracts to limit our exposure under variable rate debt to unfavorable changes in market interest rates. If the terms of new debt securities are not within the parameters of, or market interest rates fall below that which we incur under a particular interest rate hedging contract, the contract is ineffective. Furthermore, the settlement of interest rate hedging contracts has involved and may in the future involve material charges. In addition, our use of interest rate hedging arrangements may expose us to additional risks, including a risk that a counterparty to a hedging arrangement may fail to honor its obligations. Developing an effective interest rate risk strategy is complex and no strategy can completely insulate us from risks associated with interest rate fluctuations. There can be no assurance that our hedging activities will have the desired beneficial impact on our results of operations or financial condition. Termination of these hedging agreements typically involves costs, such as transaction fees or breakage costs."
    },
    {
      "status": "UNCHANGED",
      "current_title": "Risks Related to Our Real Estate Investments and Our Operations",
      "prior_title": "Risks Related to Our Real Estate Investments and Our Operations",
      "current_body": "Unfavorable Apartment Market and Economic Conditions Could Adversely Affect Occupancy Levels, Rental Revenues and the Value of Our Real Estate Assets. Unfavorable market conditions in the areas in which we operate or unfavorable economic conditions generally, may significantly affect our occupancy levels, our rental rates and collections, the value of our properties and our ability to acquire or dispose of apartment communities on economically favorable terms. Our ability to lease our properties at favorable rates is adversely affected by increases in supply in the multifamily and other rental markets and is dependent upon the overall level in the economy, which is adversely affected by, among other things, job losses and unemployment levels, recession, debt levels, housing markets, stock market volatility and uncertainty about the future. Our major expenses generally do not decline when related rents decline. We would expect that declines in our occupancy levels and rental and other revenues would cause us to have less cash available to pay our indebtedness and to distribute to our stockholders, which could adversely affect our financial condition or the market value of our securities. Factors that have in the past and may in the future affect our occupancy levels, our rental revenues, and/or the value of our properties include the following, among others: The Geographic Concentration of Our Communities in Certain Markets Could Have an Adverse Effect on Our Operations if a Particular Market is Adversely Impacted by Economic or Other Conditions. For the year ended December 31, 2024, approximately 73.1% of our total NOI was generated from communities located in Metropolitan D.C. (15.4%), Boston, MA (11.7%), Orange County, CA (10.9%), the San Francisco Bay Area, CA (8.4%), Dallas, TX (8.3%), New York, NY (6.5%), Seattle, WA (6.2%) and Tampa, FL (5.7%). As a result, if any one or more of these markets is adversely impacted by regional or local economic conditions or real estate market conditions, including new supply, such conditions may have a greater adverse impact on our results of operations than if our portfolio was more geographically diverse. In addition, if one or more of these markets is adversely affected by changes in regional or local regulations, including those related to rent control or stabilization, such regulations may have a greater adverse impact on our results of operations than if our portfolio was more geographically diverse. 15 15 15 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Item 1A.RISK FACTORS There are many factors that affect the business and the results of operations of the Company, some of which are beyond its control. The following is a description of important factors that may cause the Company’s actual results in future periods to differ materially from those currently expected or discussed in forward-looking statements set forth in this Report relating to our financial results, operations and business prospects. Forward-looking statements and such risks, uncertainties and other factors speak only as of the date of this Report, and we expressly disclaim any obligation or undertaking to update or revise any forward-looking statement contained herein, to reflect any change in our expectations with regard thereto, or any other change in events, conditions or circumstances on which any such statement is based, except to the extent otherwise required by law. These risks are not all of the risks we face and other factors not presently known to us or that we currently believe are immaterial may also affect our business if they occur.Risks Related to Our Real Estate Investments and Our OperationsUnfavorable Apartment Market and Economic Conditions Could Adversely Affect Occupancy Levels, Rental Revenues and the Value of Our Real Estate Assets. Unfavorable market conditions in the areas in which we operate or unfavorable economic conditions generally, may significantly affect our occupancy levels, our rental rates and collections, the value of our properties and our ability to acquire or dispose of apartment communities on economically favorable terms. Our ability to lease our properties at favorable rates is adversely affected by increases in supply in the multifamily and other rental markets and is dependent upon the overall level in the economy, which is adversely affected by, among other things, job losses and unemployment levels, recession, debt levels, housing markets, stock market volatility and uncertainty about the future. Our major expenses generally do not decline when related rents decline. We would expect that declines in our occupancy levels and rental and other revenues would cause us to have less cash available to pay our indebtedness and to distribute to our stockholders, which could adversely affect our financial condition or the market value of our securities. Factors that have in the past and may in the future affect our occupancy levels, our rental revenues, and/or the value of our properties include the following, among others:●downturns in global, national, regional and local economic conditions, particularly increases in unemployment;●declines in mortgage interest rates, making alternative housing options more affordable;●government or builder incentives with respect to home ownership, making alternative housing options more attractive;●local real estate market conditions, including oversupply of, or reduced demand for, apartment homes;●declines in the financial condition of our tenants, which may make it more difficult for us to collect rents from some tenants;●changes in market rental rates;●our ability to renew leases or re-lease space on favorable terms;●the timing and costs associated with property improvements, repairs or renovations;●changes in household formation; and●rent control or stabilization laws, or other laws regulating or impacting rental housing, which could prevent us from raising rents to offset increases in operating costs or otherwise impact us.The Geographic Concentration of Our Communities in Certain Markets Could Have an Adverse Effect on Our Operations if a Particular Market is Adversely Impacted by Economic or Other Conditions. For the year ended December 31, 2024, approximately 73.1% of our total NOI was generated from communities located in Metropolitan D.C. (15.4%), Boston, MA (11.7%), Orange County, CA (10.9%), the San Francisco Bay Area, CA (8.4%), Dallas, TX (8.3%), New York, NY (6.5%), Seattle, WA (6.2%) and Tampa, FL (5.7%). As a result, if any one or more of these markets is adversely impacted by regional or local economic conditions or real estate market conditions, including new supply, such conditions may have a greater adverse impact on our results of operations than if our portfolio was more geographically diverse. In addition, if one or more of these markets is adversely affected by changes in regional or local regulations, including those related to rent control or stabilization, such regulations may have a greater adverse impact on our results of operations than if our portfolio was more geographically diverse. Item 1A.RISK FACTORS There are many factors that affect the business and the results of operations of the Company, some of which are beyond its control. The following is a description of important factors that may cause the Company’s actual results in future periods to differ materially from those currently expected or discussed in forward-looking statements set forth in this Report relating to our financial results, operations and business prospects. Forward-looking statements and such risks, uncertainties and other factors speak only as of the date of this Report, and we expressly disclaim any obligation or undertaking to update or revise any forward-looking statement contained herein, to reflect any change in our expectations with regard thereto, or any other change in events, conditions or circumstances on which any such statement is based, except to the extent otherwise required by law. These risks are not all of the risks we face and other factors not presently known to us or that we currently believe are immaterial may also affect our business if they occur.Risks Related to Our Real Estate Investments and Our OperationsUnfavorable Apartment Market and Economic Conditions Could Adversely Affect Occupancy Levels, Rental Revenues and the Value of Our Real Estate Assets. Unfavorable market conditions in the areas in which we operate or unfavorable economic conditions generally, may significantly affect our occupancy levels, our rental rates and collections, the value of our properties and our ability to acquire or dispose of apartment communities on economically favorable terms. Our ability to lease our properties at favorable rates is adversely affected by increases in supply in the multifamily and other rental markets and is dependent upon the overall level in the economy, which is adversely affected by, among other things, job losses and unemployment levels, recession, debt levels, housing markets, stock market volatility and uncertainty about the future. Our major expenses generally do not decline when related rents decline. We would expect that declines in our occupancy levels and rental and other revenues would cause us to have less cash available to pay our indebtedness and to distribute to our stockholders, which could adversely affect our financial condition or the market value of our securities. Factors that have in the past and may in the future affect our occupancy levels, our rental revenues, and/or the value of our properties include the following, among others:●downturns in global, national, regional and local economic conditions, particularly increases in unemployment;●declines in mortgage interest rates, making alternative housing options more affordable;●government or builder incentives with respect to home ownership, making alternative housing options more attractive;●local real estate market conditions, including oversupply of, or reduced demand for, apartment homes;●declines in the financial condition of our tenants, which may make it more difficult for us to collect rents from some tenants;●changes in market rental rates;●our ability to renew leases or re-lease space on favorable terms;●the timing and costs associated with property improvements, repairs or renovations;●changes in household formation; and●rent control or stabilization laws, or other laws regulating or impacting rental housing, which could prevent us from raising rents to offset increases in operating costs or otherwise impact us.The Geographic Concentration of Our Communities in Certain Markets Could Have an Adverse Effect on Our Operations if a Particular Market is Adversely Impacted by Economic or Other Conditions. For the year ended December 31, 2024, approximately 73.1% of our total NOI was generated from communities located in Metropolitan D.C. (15.4%), Boston, MA (11.7%), Orange County, CA (10.9%), the San Francisco Bay Area, CA (8.4%), Dallas, TX (8.3%), New York, NY (6.5%), Seattle, WA (6.2%) and Tampa, FL (5.7%). As a result, if any one or more of these markets is adversely impacted by regional or local economic conditions or real estate market conditions, including new supply, such conditions may have a greater adverse impact on our results of operations than if our portfolio was more geographically diverse. In addition, if one or more of these markets is adversely affected by changes in regional or local regulations, including those related to rent control or stabilization, such regulations may have a greater adverse impact on our results of operations than if our portfolio was more geographically diverse. Item 1A."
    },
    {
      "status": "UNCHANGED",
      "current_title": "Risks Related to Tax Laws",
      "prior_title": "Risks Related to Tax Laws",
      "current_body": "We Would Incur Adverse Tax Consequences if We Failed to Qualify as a REIT. We have elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Code. Our qualification as a REIT requires us to satisfy numerous requirements, some on an annual and quarterly basis, established under highly technical and complex Code provisions for which there are only limited judicial or administrative interpretations, and involves the determination of various factual matters and circumstances not entirely within our control. We intend that our current organization and method of operation will enable us to continue to qualify as a REIT, but we may not so qualify or we may not be able to remain so qualified in the future. In addition, U.S. federal income tax laws governing REITs and other corporations and the administrative interpretations of those laws may be amended at any time, potentially with retroactive effect. Future legislation, new regulations, administrative interpretations or court decisions could adversely affect our ability to qualify as a REIT or adversely affect our stockholders. If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, we would be subject to federal income tax on our taxable income at regular corporate rates, and would not be allowed to deduct dividends paid to our stockholders in computing our taxable income. Also, unless the Internal Revenue Service granted us relief under certain statutory provisions, we could not re-elect REIT status until the fifth calendar year after the year in which we first failed to qualify as a REIT. The additional tax liability from the failure to qualify as a REIT would reduce or eliminate the amount of cash available for investment or distribution to our stockholders. This would likely have a significant adverse effect on the value of our securities and our ability to raise additional capital. In addition, we would no longer be required to make distributions to our stockholders. Even if we continue to qualify as a REIT, we will continue to be subject to certain federal, state and local taxes on our income and property. Certain of our subsidiaries have also elected to be taxed as REITs under the Code, and are therefore subject to the same risks in the event that any such subsidiary fails to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year. Dividends Paid by REITs Generally Do Not Qualify for Reduced Tax Rates. In general, qualified dividends paid to individual U.S. stockholders are eligible for a reduced 20% U.S. federal income tax rate. However, unlike dividends received from a corporation that is not a REIT, our regular dividends (i.e., dividends other than capital gain dividends) paid to individual U.S. stockholders generally are not eligible for the reduced rates on qualified dividends and are instead taxed at ordinary income rates. However, individual U.S. stockholders generally may deduct 20% of our regular 28 28 28 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents The Soundness of Financial Institutions Could Adversely Affect Us. We have relationships with many financial institutions, including lenders under our credit facilities, and, from time to time, we execute transactions with counterparties in the financial services industry. Actual events involving limited liquidity, defaults, non-performance or other adverse developments that affect financial institutions, transactional counterparties or other companies in the financial services industry generally, or concerns or rumors about any events of these kinds or other similar risks, could result in losses or defaults by these institutions or counterparties or could lead to market-wide liquidity problems. Disruptions and uncertainty with respect to financial institutions, including as a result of bank failures and liquidity concerns, may negatively impact our ability to refinance existing indebtedness and access additional financing for acquisitions, development of our properties and other purposes at reasonable terms or at all, which may negatively affect our business and the market price of our common stock. In addition, in the event that the volatility of the financial markets adversely affects our financial institutions or other counterparties, we or other parties to the transactions with us may be unable to complete transactions as intended, which could adversely affect our results of operations.Interest Rate Hedging Contracts May Be Ineffective and May Result in Material Charges. From time to time when we anticipate issuing debt securities, we may seek to limit our exposure to fluctuations in interest rates during the period prior to the pricing of the securities by entering into interest rate hedging contracts. We may do this to increase the predictability of our financing costs. Also, from time to time we may rely on interest rate hedging contracts to limit our exposure under variable rate debt to unfavorable changes in market interest rates. If the terms of new debt securities are not within the parameters of, or market interest rates fall below that which we incur under a particular interest rate hedging contract, the contract is ineffective. Furthermore, the settlement of interest rate hedging contracts has involved and may in the future involve material charges. In addition, our use of interest rate hedging arrangements may expose us to additional risks, including a risk that a counterparty to a hedging arrangement may fail to honor its obligations. Developing an effective interest rate risk strategy is complex and no strategy can completely insulate us from risks associated with interest rate fluctuations. There can be no assurance that our hedging activities will have the desired beneficial impact on our results of operations or financial condition. Termination of these hedging agreements typically involves costs, such as transaction fees or breakage costs.Risks Related to Tax LawsWe Would Incur Adverse Tax Consequences if We Failed to Qualify as a REIT. We have elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Code. Our qualification as a REIT requires us to satisfy numerous requirements, some on an annual and quarterly basis, established under highly technical and complex Code provisions for which there are only limited judicial or administrative interpretations, and involves the determination of various factual matters and circumstances not entirely within our control. We intend that our current organization and method of operation will enable us to continue to qualify as a REIT, but we may not so qualify or we may not be able to remain so qualified in the future. In addition, U.S. federal income tax laws governing REITs and other corporations and the administrative interpretations of those laws may be amended at any time, potentially with retroactive effect. Future legislation, new regulations, administrative interpretations or court decisions could adversely affect our ability to qualify as a REIT or adversely affect our stockholders.If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, we would be subject to federal income tax on our taxable income at regular corporate rates, and would not be allowed to deduct dividends paid to our stockholders in computing our taxable income. Also, unless the Internal Revenue Service granted us relief under certain statutory provisions, we could not re-elect REIT status until the fifth calendar year after the year in which we first failed to qualify as a REIT. The additional tax liability from the failure to qualify as a REIT would reduce or eliminate the amount of cash available for investment or distribution to our stockholders. This would likely have a significant adverse effect on the value of our securities and our ability to raise additional capital. In addition, we would no longer be required to make distributions to our stockholders. Even if we continue to qualify as a REIT, we will continue to be subject to certain federal, state and local taxes on our income and property.Certain of our subsidiaries have also elected to be taxed as REITs under the Code, and are therefore subject to the same risks in the event that any such subsidiary fails to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year.Dividends Paid by REITs Generally Do Not Qualify for Reduced Tax Rates. In general, qualified dividends paid to individual U.S. stockholders are eligible for a reduced 20% U.S. federal income tax rate. However, unlike dividends received from a corporation that is not a REIT, our regular dividends (i.e., dividends other than capital gain dividends) paid to individual U.S. stockholders generally are not eligible for the reduced rates on qualified dividends and are instead taxed at ordinary income rates. However, individual U.S. stockholders generally may deduct 20% of our regular The Soundness of Financial Institutions Could Adversely Affect Us. We have relationships with many financial institutions, including lenders under our credit facilities, and, from time to time, we execute transactions with counterparties in the financial services industry. Actual events involving limited liquidity, defaults, non-performance or other adverse developments that affect financial institutions, transactional counterparties or other companies in the financial services industry generally, or concerns or rumors about any events of these kinds or other similar risks, could result in losses or defaults by these institutions or counterparties or could lead to market-wide liquidity problems. Disruptions and uncertainty with respect to financial institutions, including as a result of bank failures and liquidity concerns, may negatively impact our ability to refinance existing indebtedness and access additional financing for acquisitions, development of our properties and other purposes at reasonable terms or at all, which may negatively affect our business and the market price of our common stock. In addition, in the event that the volatility of the financial markets adversely affects our financial institutions or other counterparties, we or other parties to the transactions with us may be unable to complete transactions as intended, which could adversely affect our results of operations.Interest Rate Hedging Contracts May Be Ineffective and May Result in Material Charges. From time to time when we anticipate issuing debt securities, we may seek to limit our exposure to fluctuations in interest rates during the period prior to the pricing of the securities by entering into interest rate hedging contracts. We may do this to increase the predictability of our financing costs. Also, from time to time we may rely on interest rate hedging contracts to limit our exposure under variable rate debt to unfavorable changes in market interest rates. If the terms of new debt securities are not within the parameters of, or market interest rates fall below that which we incur under a particular interest rate hedging contract, the contract is ineffective. Furthermore, the settlement of interest rate hedging contracts has involved and may in the future involve material charges. In addition, our use of interest rate hedging arrangements may expose us to additional risks, including a risk that a counterparty to a hedging arrangement may fail to honor its obligations. Developing an effective interest rate risk strategy is complex and no strategy can completely insulate us from risks associated with interest rate fluctuations. There can be no assurance that our hedging activities will have the desired beneficial impact on our results of operations or financial condition. Termination of these hedging agreements typically involves costs, such as transaction fees or breakage costs.Risks Related to Tax LawsWe Would Incur Adverse Tax Consequences if We Failed to Qualify as a REIT. We have elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Code. Our qualification as a REIT requires us to satisfy numerous requirements, some on an annual and quarterly basis, established under highly technical and complex Code provisions for which there are only limited judicial or administrative interpretations, and involves the determination of various factual matters and circumstances not entirely within our control. We intend that our current organization and method of operation will enable us to continue to qualify as a REIT, but we may not so qualify or we may not be able to remain so qualified in the future. In addition, U.S. federal income tax laws governing REITs and other corporations and the administrative interpretations of those laws may be amended at any time, potentially with retroactive effect. Future legislation, new regulations, administrative interpretations or court decisions could adversely affect our ability to qualify as a REIT or adversely affect our stockholders.If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, we would be subject to federal income tax on our taxable income at regular corporate rates, and would not be allowed to deduct dividends paid to our stockholders in computing our taxable income. Also, unless the Internal Revenue Service granted us relief under certain statutory provisions, we could not re-elect REIT status until the fifth calendar year after the year in which we first failed to qualify as a REIT. The additional tax liability from the failure to qualify as a REIT would reduce or eliminate the amount of cash available for investment or distribution to our stockholders. This would likely have a significant adverse effect on the value of our securities and our ability to raise additional capital. In addition, we would no longer be required to make distributions to our stockholders. Even if we continue to qualify as a REIT, we will continue to be subject to certain federal, state and local taxes on our income and property.Certain of our subsidiaries have also elected to be taxed as REITs under the Code, and are therefore subject to the same risks in the event that any such subsidiary fails to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year.Dividends Paid by REITs Generally Do Not Qualify for Reduced Tax Rates. In general, qualified dividends paid to individual U.S. stockholders are eligible for a reduced 20% U.S. federal income tax rate. However, unlike dividends received from a corporation that is not a REIT, our regular dividends (i.e., dividends other than capital gain dividends) paid to individual U.S. stockholders generally are not eligible for the reduced rates on qualified dividends and are instead taxed at ordinary income rates. However, individual U.S. stockholders generally may deduct 20% of our regular The Soundness of Financial Institutions Could Adversely Affect Us. We have relationships with many financial institutions, including lenders under our credit facilities, and, from time to time, we execute transactions with counterparties in the financial services industry. Actual events involving limited liquidity, defaults, non-performance or other adverse developments that affect financial institutions, transactional counterparties or other companies in the financial services industry generally, or concerns or rumors about any events of these kinds or other similar risks, could result in losses or defaults by these institutions or counterparties or could lead to market-wide liquidity problems. Disruptions and uncertainty with respect to financial institutions, including as a result of bank failures and liquidity concerns, may negatively impact our ability to refinance existing indebtedness and access additional financing for acquisitions, development of our properties and other purposes at reasonable terms or at all, which may negatively affect our business and the market price of our common stock. In addition, in the event that the volatility of the financial markets adversely affects our financial institutions or other counterparties, we or other parties to the transactions with us may be unable to complete transactions as intended, which could adversely affect our results of operations. Interest Rate Hedging Contracts May Be Ineffective and May Result in Material Charges. From time to time when we anticipate issuing debt securities, we may seek to limit our exposure to fluctuations in interest rates during the period prior to the pricing of the securities by entering into interest rate hedging contracts. We may do this to increase the predictability of our financing costs. Also, from time to time we may rely on interest rate hedging contracts to limit our exposure under variable rate debt to unfavorable changes in market interest rates. If the terms of new debt securities are not within the parameters of, or market interest rates fall below that which we incur under a particular interest rate hedging contract, the contract is ineffective. Furthermore, the settlement of interest rate hedging contracts has involved and may in the future involve material charges. In addition, our use of interest rate hedging arrangements may expose us to additional risks, including a risk that a counterparty to a hedging arrangement may fail to honor its obligations. Developing an effective interest rate risk strategy is complex and no strategy can completely insulate us from risks associated with interest rate fluctuations. There can be no assurance that our hedging activities will have the desired beneficial impact on our results of operations or financial condition. Termination of these hedging agreements typically involves costs, such as transaction fees or breakage costs."
    },
    {
      "status": "UNCHANGED",
      "current_title": "Risks Related to Tax Laws",
      "prior_title": "Risks Related to Tax Laws",
      "current_body": "We Would Incur Adverse Tax Consequences if We Failed to Qualify as a REIT. We have elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Code. Our qualification as a REIT requires us to satisfy numerous requirements, some on an annual and quarterly basis, established under highly technical and complex Code provisions for which there are only limited judicial or administrative interpretations, and involves the determination of various factual matters and circumstances not entirely within our control. We intend that our current organization and method of operation will enable us to continue to qualify as a REIT, but we may not so qualify or we may not be able to remain so qualified in the future. In addition, U.S. federal income tax laws governing REITs and other corporations and the administrative interpretations of those laws may be amended at any time, potentially with retroactive effect. Future legislation, new regulations, administrative interpretations or court decisions could adversely affect our ability to qualify as a REIT or adversely affect our stockholders. If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, we would be subject to federal income tax on our taxable income at regular corporate rates, and would not be allowed to deduct dividends paid to our stockholders in computing our taxable income. Also, unless the Internal Revenue Service granted us relief under certain statutory provisions, we could not re-elect REIT status until the fifth calendar year after the year in which we first failed to qualify as a REIT. The additional tax liability from the failure to qualify as a REIT would reduce or eliminate the amount of cash available for investment or distribution to our stockholders. This would likely have a significant adverse effect on the value of our securities and our ability to raise additional capital. In addition, we would no longer be required to make distributions to our stockholders. Even if we continue to qualify as a REIT, we will continue to be subject to certain federal, state and local taxes on our income and property. Certain of our subsidiaries have also elected to be taxed as REITs under the Code, and are therefore subject to the same risks in the event that any such subsidiary fails to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year. Dividends Paid by REITs Generally Do Not Qualify for Reduced Tax Rates. In general, qualified dividends paid to individual U.S. stockholders are eligible for a reduced 20% U.S. federal income tax rate. However, unlike dividends received from a corporation that is not a REIT, our regular dividends (i.e., dividends other than capital gain dividends) paid to individual U.S. stockholders generally are not eligible for the reduced rates on qualified dividends and are instead taxed at ordinary income rates. However, individual U.S. stockholders generally may deduct 20% of our regular 28 28 28 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents The Soundness of Financial Institutions Could Adversely Affect Us. We have relationships with many financial institutions, including lenders under our credit facilities, and, from time to time, we execute transactions with counterparties in the financial services industry. Actual events involving limited liquidity, defaults, non-performance or other adverse developments that affect financial institutions, transactional counterparties or other companies in the financial services industry generally, or concerns or rumors about any events of these kinds or other similar risks, could result in losses or defaults by these institutions or counterparties or could lead to market-wide liquidity problems. Disruptions and uncertainty with respect to financial institutions, including as a result of bank failures and liquidity concerns, may negatively impact our ability to refinance existing indebtedness and access additional financing for acquisitions, development of our properties and other purposes at reasonable terms or at all, which may negatively affect our business and the market price of our common stock. In addition, in the event that the volatility of the financial markets adversely affects our financial institutions or other counterparties, we or other parties to the transactions with us may be unable to complete transactions as intended, which could adversely affect our results of operations.Interest Rate Hedging Contracts May Be Ineffective and May Result in Material Charges. From time to time when we anticipate issuing debt securities, we may seek to limit our exposure to fluctuations in interest rates during the period prior to the pricing of the securities by entering into interest rate hedging contracts. We may do this to increase the predictability of our financing costs. Also, from time to time we may rely on interest rate hedging contracts to limit our exposure under variable rate debt to unfavorable changes in market interest rates. If the terms of new debt securities are not within the parameters of, or market interest rates fall below that which we incur under a particular interest rate hedging contract, the contract is ineffective. Furthermore, the settlement of interest rate hedging contracts has involved and may in the future involve material charges. In addition, our use of interest rate hedging arrangements may expose us to additional risks, including a risk that a counterparty to a hedging arrangement may fail to honor its obligations. Developing an effective interest rate risk strategy is complex and no strategy can completely insulate us from risks associated with interest rate fluctuations. There can be no assurance that our hedging activities will have the desired beneficial impact on our results of operations or financial condition. Termination of these hedging agreements typically involves costs, such as transaction fees or breakage costs.Risks Related to Tax LawsWe Would Incur Adverse Tax Consequences if We Failed to Qualify as a REIT. We have elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Code. Our qualification as a REIT requires us to satisfy numerous requirements, some on an annual and quarterly basis, established under highly technical and complex Code provisions for which there are only limited judicial or administrative interpretations, and involves the determination of various factual matters and circumstances not entirely within our control. We intend that our current organization and method of operation will enable us to continue to qualify as a REIT, but we may not so qualify or we may not be able to remain so qualified in the future. In addition, U.S. federal income tax laws governing REITs and other corporations and the administrative interpretations of those laws may be amended at any time, potentially with retroactive effect. Future legislation, new regulations, administrative interpretations or court decisions could adversely affect our ability to qualify as a REIT or adversely affect our stockholders.If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, we would be subject to federal income tax on our taxable income at regular corporate rates, and would not be allowed to deduct dividends paid to our stockholders in computing our taxable income. Also, unless the Internal Revenue Service granted us relief under certain statutory provisions, we could not re-elect REIT status until the fifth calendar year after the year in which we first failed to qualify as a REIT. The additional tax liability from the failure to qualify as a REIT would reduce or eliminate the amount of cash available for investment or distribution to our stockholders. This would likely have a significant adverse effect on the value of our securities and our ability to raise additional capital. In addition, we would no longer be required to make distributions to our stockholders. Even if we continue to qualify as a REIT, we will continue to be subject to certain federal, state and local taxes on our income and property.Certain of our subsidiaries have also elected to be taxed as REITs under the Code, and are therefore subject to the same risks in the event that any such subsidiary fails to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year.Dividends Paid by REITs Generally Do Not Qualify for Reduced Tax Rates. In general, qualified dividends paid to individual U.S. stockholders are eligible for a reduced 20% U.S. federal income tax rate. However, unlike dividends received from a corporation that is not a REIT, our regular dividends (i.e., dividends other than capital gain dividends) paid to individual U.S. stockholders generally are not eligible for the reduced rates on qualified dividends and are instead taxed at ordinary income rates. However, individual U.S. stockholders generally may deduct 20% of our regular The Soundness of Financial Institutions Could Adversely Affect Us. We have relationships with many financial institutions, including lenders under our credit facilities, and, from time to time, we execute transactions with counterparties in the financial services industry. Actual events involving limited liquidity, defaults, non-performance or other adverse developments that affect financial institutions, transactional counterparties or other companies in the financial services industry generally, or concerns or rumors about any events of these kinds or other similar risks, could result in losses or defaults by these institutions or counterparties or could lead to market-wide liquidity problems. Disruptions and uncertainty with respect to financial institutions, including as a result of bank failures and liquidity concerns, may negatively impact our ability to refinance existing indebtedness and access additional financing for acquisitions, development of our properties and other purposes at reasonable terms or at all, which may negatively affect our business and the market price of our common stock. In addition, in the event that the volatility of the financial markets adversely affects our financial institutions or other counterparties, we or other parties to the transactions with us may be unable to complete transactions as intended, which could adversely affect our results of operations.Interest Rate Hedging Contracts May Be Ineffective and May Result in Material Charges. From time to time when we anticipate issuing debt securities, we may seek to limit our exposure to fluctuations in interest rates during the period prior to the pricing of the securities by entering into interest rate hedging contracts. We may do this to increase the predictability of our financing costs. Also, from time to time we may rely on interest rate hedging contracts to limit our exposure under variable rate debt to unfavorable changes in market interest rates. If the terms of new debt securities are not within the parameters of, or market interest rates fall below that which we incur under a particular interest rate hedging contract, the contract is ineffective. Furthermore, the settlement of interest rate hedging contracts has involved and may in the future involve material charges. In addition, our use of interest rate hedging arrangements may expose us to additional risks, including a risk that a counterparty to a hedging arrangement may fail to honor its obligations. Developing an effective interest rate risk strategy is complex and no strategy can completely insulate us from risks associated with interest rate fluctuations. There can be no assurance that our hedging activities will have the desired beneficial impact on our results of operations or financial condition. Termination of these hedging agreements typically involves costs, such as transaction fees or breakage costs.Risks Related to Tax LawsWe Would Incur Adverse Tax Consequences if We Failed to Qualify as a REIT. We have elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Code. Our qualification as a REIT requires us to satisfy numerous requirements, some on an annual and quarterly basis, established under highly technical and complex Code provisions for which there are only limited judicial or administrative interpretations, and involves the determination of various factual matters and circumstances not entirely within our control. We intend that our current organization and method of operation will enable us to continue to qualify as a REIT, but we may not so qualify or we may not be able to remain so qualified in the future. In addition, U.S. federal income tax laws governing REITs and other corporations and the administrative interpretations of those laws may be amended at any time, potentially with retroactive effect. Future legislation, new regulations, administrative interpretations or court decisions could adversely affect our ability to qualify as a REIT or adversely affect our stockholders.If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, we would be subject to federal income tax on our taxable income at regular corporate rates, and would not be allowed to deduct dividends paid to our stockholders in computing our taxable income. Also, unless the Internal Revenue Service granted us relief under certain statutory provisions, we could not re-elect REIT status until the fifth calendar year after the year in which we first failed to qualify as a REIT. The additional tax liability from the failure to qualify as a REIT would reduce or eliminate the amount of cash available for investment or distribution to our stockholders. This would likely have a significant adverse effect on the value of our securities and our ability to raise additional capital. In addition, we would no longer be required to make distributions to our stockholders. Even if we continue to qualify as a REIT, we will continue to be subject to certain federal, state and local taxes on our income and property.Certain of our subsidiaries have also elected to be taxed as REITs under the Code, and are therefore subject to the same risks in the event that any such subsidiary fails to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year.Dividends Paid by REITs Generally Do Not Qualify for Reduced Tax Rates. In general, qualified dividends paid to individual U.S. stockholders are eligible for a reduced 20% U.S. federal income tax rate. However, unlike dividends received from a corporation that is not a REIT, our regular dividends (i.e., dividends other than capital gain dividends) paid to individual U.S. stockholders generally are not eligible for the reduced rates on qualified dividends and are instead taxed at ordinary income rates. However, individual U.S. stockholders generally may deduct 20% of our regular The Soundness of Financial Institutions Could Adversely Affect Us. We have relationships with many financial institutions, including lenders under our credit facilities, and, from time to time, we execute transactions with counterparties in the financial services industry. Actual events involving limited liquidity, defaults, non-performance or other adverse developments that affect financial institutions, transactional counterparties or other companies in the financial services industry generally, or concerns or rumors about any events of these kinds or other similar risks, could result in losses or defaults by these institutions or counterparties or could lead to market-wide liquidity problems. Disruptions and uncertainty with respect to financial institutions, including as a result of bank failures and liquidity concerns, may negatively impact our ability to refinance existing indebtedness and access additional financing for acquisitions, development of our properties and other purposes at reasonable terms or at all, which may negatively affect our business and the market price of our common stock. In addition, in the event that the volatility of the financial markets adversely affects our financial institutions or other counterparties, we or other parties to the transactions with us may be unable to complete transactions as intended, which could adversely affect our results of operations. Interest Rate Hedging Contracts May Be Ineffective and May Result in Material Charges. From time to time when we anticipate issuing debt securities, we may seek to limit our exposure to fluctuations in interest rates during the period prior to the pricing of the securities by entering into interest rate hedging contracts. We may do this to increase the predictability of our financing costs. Also, from time to time we may rely on interest rate hedging contracts to limit our exposure under variable rate debt to unfavorable changes in market interest rates. If the terms of new debt securities are not within the parameters of, or market interest rates fall below that which we incur under a particular interest rate hedging contract, the contract is ineffective. Furthermore, the settlement of interest rate hedging contracts has involved and may in the future involve material charges. In addition, our use of interest rate hedging arrangements may expose us to additional risks, including a risk that a counterparty to a hedging arrangement may fail to honor its obligations. Developing an effective interest rate risk strategy is complex and no strategy can completely insulate us from risks associated with interest rate fluctuations. There can be no assurance that our hedging activities will have the desired beneficial impact on our results of operations or financial condition. Termination of these hedging agreements typically involves costs, such as transaction fees or breakage costs."
    },
    {
      "status": "UNCHANGED",
      "current_title": "Available Information",
      "prior_title": "Available Information",
      "current_body": "We file electronically with the Securities and Exchange Commission our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, and current reports on Form 8-K, pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. You may obtain a free copy of our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, and current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports on the day of filing with the SEC on our website at www.udr.com, or by sending an e-mail message to ir@udr.com. ​ 14 14 14 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents our stock as (i) “debt-financed property” or (ii) inventory or property held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business.●The second paragraph under the heading “Taxation of Stockholders - Taxation of Tax-Exempt Stockholders” is hereby revised to apply to just tax-exempt stockholders that are exempt from U.S. federal income taxation under Sections 501(c) (7), (c)(9) and (c)(17) of the Code.Available InformationWe file electronically with the Securities and Exchange Commission our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, and current reports on Form 8-K, pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. You may obtain a free copy of our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, and current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports on the day of filing with the SEC on our website at www.udr.com, or by sending an e-mail message to ir@udr.com.​ our stock as (i) “debt-financed property” or (ii) inventory or property held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business.●The second paragraph under the heading “Taxation of Stockholders - Taxation of Tax-Exempt Stockholders” is hereby revised to apply to just tax-exempt stockholders that are exempt from U.S. federal income taxation under Sections 501(c) (7), (c)(9) and (c)(17) of the Code.Available InformationWe file electronically with the Securities and Exchange Commission our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, and current reports on Form 8-K, pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. You may obtain a free copy of our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, and current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports on the day of filing with the SEC on our website at www.udr.com, or by sending an e-mail message to ir@udr.com.​"
    },
    {
      "status": "UNCHANGED",
      "current_title": "Risks Related to Our Indebtedness and Financings",
      "prior_title": "Risks Related to Our Indebtedness and Financings",
      "current_body": "Changing Interest Rates Could Increase Interest Costs and Adversely Affect Our Cash Flows and the Market Price of Our Common Stock. We currently have, and expect to incur in the future, interest-bearing debt, including unsecured commercial paper, at rates that vary with market interest rates. As of December 31, 2024, we had approximately $501.3 million of variable rate indebtedness outstanding, which constitutes approximately 8.6% of total outstanding indebtedness as of such date, and we have from time to time experienced increases in the interest rates on such indebtedness, which has increased our interest expense and adversely impacted our results of operations and cash flows. In addition, as a result of higher interest rates, the costs of hedging transactions have increased significantly and may continue to increase. Continued increases in interest rates would further increase our interest expenses and increase the costs of refinancing existing indebtedness and of issuing new debt, including unsecured commercial paper. The effect of any prolonged interest rate increases could negatively impact our ability to service our indebtedness, make distributions to security holders, make acquisitions and develop properties. Insufficient Cash Flow Could Affect Our Debt Financing and Create Refinancing Risk. We are subject to the risks normally associated with debt financing, including the risk that our operating income and cash flow could be insufficient to make required payments of principal and interest, could restrict or limit our ability to incur additional debt, or could restrict our borrowing capacity under our line of credit due to debt covenant restraints. Sufficient cash flow may not be available to make all required debt payments and satisfy our distribution requirements to maintain our status as a REIT for federal income tax purposes. In addition, the amounts under our line of credit may not be available to us and we may not be able to access the commercial paper market if our operating performance falls outside the constraints of our debt covenants. We are also likely to need to refinance substantially all of our outstanding debt as it matures. We may not be able to refinance existing debt, or the terms of any refinancing may not be as favorable as the terms of the existing debt, which could create pressure to sell assets or to issue additional equity when we would otherwise not choose to do so. In addition, our failure to comply with our debt covenants could result in a requirement to repay our indebtedness prior to its maturity, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and cash flow, increase our financing costs and impact our ability to make distributions to our stockholders. Failure to Generate Sufficient Income Could Impair Debt Service Payments and Distributions to Stockholders. If our apartment communities do not generate sufficient revenue to meet rental expenses, our ability to make required payments of interest and principal on our debt and to pay dividends or distributions to our stockholders will be adversely affected. The following factors, among others, may affect the income generated by our apartment communities: Expenses associated with our investment in an apartment community, such as debt service, real estate taxes, insurance, labor costs and maintenance costs, are generally not reduced when circumstances cause a reduction in revenue from that community. If a community is mortgaged to secure payment of debt and we are unable to make the mortgage payments, we could sustain a loss as a result of foreclosure on the community or the exercise of other remedies by the mortgage holder. 26 26 26 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents existing buildings. If we fail to satisfy the expectations of investors, tenants and other stakeholders, our initiatives are not executed as planned, we are unable to comply with regulations or we do not satisfy our goals, our reputation and financial results could be adversely affected.Risks Related to Our Indebtedness and FinancingsChanging Interest Rates Could Increase Interest Costs and Adversely Affect Our Cash Flows and the Market Price of Our Common Stock. We currently have, and expect to incur in the future, interest-bearing debt, including unsecured commercial paper, at rates that vary with market interest rates. As of December 31, 2024, we had approximately $501.3 million of variable rate indebtedness outstanding, which constitutes approximately 8.6% of total outstanding indebtedness as of such date, and we have from time to time experienced increases in the interest rates on such indebtedness, which has increased our interest expense and adversely impacted our results of operations and cash flows. In addition, as a result of higher interest rates, the costs of hedging transactions have increased significantly and may continue to increase. Continued increases in interest rates would further increase our interest expenses and increase the costs of refinancing existing indebtedness and of issuing new debt, including unsecured commercial paper. The effect of any prolonged interest rate increases could negatively impact our ability to service our indebtedness, make distributions to security holders, make acquisitions and develop properties. Insufficient Cash Flow Could Affect Our Debt Financing and Create Refinancing Risk. We are subject to the risks normally associated with debt financing, including the risk that our operating income and cash flow could be insufficient to make required payments of principal and interest, could restrict or limit our ability to incur additional debt, or could restrict our borrowing capacity under our line of credit due to debt covenant restraints. Sufficient cash flow may not be available to make all required debt payments and satisfy our distribution requirements to maintain our status as a REIT for federal income tax purposes. In addition, the amounts under our line of credit may not be available to us and we may not be able to access the commercial paper market if our operating performance falls outside the constraints of our debt covenants. We are also likely to need to refinance substantially all of our outstanding debt as it matures. We may not be able to refinance existing debt, or the terms of any refinancing may not be as favorable as the terms of the existing debt, which could create pressure to sell assets or to issue additional equity when we would otherwise not choose to do so. In addition, our failure to comply with our debt covenants could result in a requirement to repay our indebtedness prior to its maturity, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and cash flow, increase our financing costs and impact our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.Failure to Generate Sufficient Income Could Impair Debt Service Payments and Distributions to Stockholders. If our apartment communities do not generate sufficient revenue to meet rental expenses, our ability to make required payments of interest and principal on our debt and to pay dividends or distributions to our stockholders will be adversely affected. The following factors, among others, may affect the income generated by our apartment communities:●the national and local economies;●local real estate market conditions, such as an oversupply or increasing supply of apartment homes;●tenants’ or prospective tenants’ perceptions of the safety, convenience, and attractiveness of our communities and the neighborhoods where they are located;●our ability to provide adequate management, maintenance and insurance;●rental expenses, including real estate taxes and utilities;●competition from other apartment communities or alternative housing options;●changes in interest rates and the availability of financing;●changes in governmental regulations and the related costs of compliance; and●changes in tax and housing laws, including the enactment of rent control laws or other laws regulating multifamily housing.Expenses associated with our investment in an apartment community, such as debt service, real estate taxes, insurance, labor costs and maintenance costs, are generally not reduced when circumstances cause a reduction in revenue from that community. If a community is mortgaged to secure payment of debt and we are unable to make the mortgage payments, we could sustain a loss as a result of foreclosure on the community or the exercise of other remedies by the mortgage holder. existing buildings. If we fail to satisfy the expectations of investors, tenants and other stakeholders, our initiatives are not executed as planned, we are unable to comply with regulations or we do not satisfy our goals, our reputation and financial results could be adversely affected.Risks Related to Our Indebtedness and FinancingsChanging Interest Rates Could Increase Interest Costs and Adversely Affect Our Cash Flows and the Market Price of Our Common Stock. We currently have, and expect to incur in the future, interest-bearing debt, including unsecured commercial paper, at rates that vary with market interest rates. As of December 31, 2024, we had approximately $501.3 million of variable rate indebtedness outstanding, which constitutes approximately 8.6% of total outstanding indebtedness as of such date, and we have from time to time experienced increases in the interest rates on such indebtedness, which has increased our interest expense and adversely impacted our results of operations and cash flows. In addition, as a result of higher interest rates, the costs of hedging transactions have increased significantly and may continue to increase. Continued increases in interest rates would further increase our interest expenses and increase the costs of refinancing existing indebtedness and of issuing new debt, including unsecured commercial paper. The effect of any prolonged interest rate increases could negatively impact our ability to service our indebtedness, make distributions to security holders, make acquisitions and develop properties. Insufficient Cash Flow Could Affect Our Debt Financing and Create Refinancing Risk. We are subject to the risks normally associated with debt financing, including the risk that our operating income and cash flow could be insufficient to make required payments of principal and interest, could restrict or limit our ability to incur additional debt, or could restrict our borrowing capacity under our line of credit due to debt covenant restraints. Sufficient cash flow may not be available to make all required debt payments and satisfy our distribution requirements to maintain our status as a REIT for federal income tax purposes. In addition, the amounts under our line of credit may not be available to us and we may not be able to access the commercial paper market if our operating performance falls outside the constraints of our debt covenants. We are also likely to need to refinance substantially all of our outstanding debt as it matures. We may not be able to refinance existing debt, or the terms of any refinancing may not be as favorable as the terms of the existing debt, which could create pressure to sell assets or to issue additional equity when we would otherwise not choose to do so. In addition, our failure to comply with our debt covenants could result in a requirement to repay our indebtedness prior to its maturity, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and cash flow, increase our financing costs and impact our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.Failure to Generate Sufficient Income Could Impair Debt Service Payments and Distributions to Stockholders. If our apartment communities do not generate sufficient revenue to meet rental expenses, our ability to make required payments of interest and principal on our debt and to pay dividends or distributions to our stockholders will be adversely affected. The following factors, among others, may affect the income generated by our apartment communities:●the national and local economies;●local real estate market conditions, such as an oversupply or increasing supply of apartment homes;●tenants’ or prospective tenants’ perceptions of the safety, convenience, and attractiveness of our communities and the neighborhoods where they are located;●our ability to provide adequate management, maintenance and insurance;●rental expenses, including real estate taxes and utilities;●competition from other apartment communities or alternative housing options;●changes in interest rates and the availability of financing;●changes in governmental regulations and the related costs of compliance; and●changes in tax and housing laws, including the enactment of rent control laws or other laws regulating multifamily housing.Expenses associated with our investment in an apartment community, such as debt service, real estate taxes, insurance, labor costs and maintenance costs, are generally not reduced when circumstances cause a reduction in revenue from that community. If a community is mortgaged to secure payment of debt and we are unable to make the mortgage payments, we could sustain a loss as a result of foreclosure on the community or the exercise of other remedies by the mortgage holder. existing buildings. If we fail to satisfy the expectations of investors, tenants and other stakeholders, our initiatives are not executed as planned, we are unable to comply with regulations or we do not satisfy our goals, our reputation and financial results could be adversely affected."
    },
    {
      "status": "UNCHANGED",
      "current_title": "Risks Related to Our Indebtedness and Financings",
      "prior_title": "Risks Related to Our Indebtedness and Financings",
      "current_body": "Changing Interest Rates Could Increase Interest Costs and Adversely Affect Our Cash Flows and the Market Price of Our Common Stock. We currently have, and expect to incur in the future, interest-bearing debt, including unsecured commercial paper, at rates that vary with market interest rates. As of December 31, 2024, we had approximately $501.3 million of variable rate indebtedness outstanding, which constitutes approximately 8.6% of total outstanding indebtedness as of such date, and we have from time to time experienced increases in the interest rates on such indebtedness, which has increased our interest expense and adversely impacted our results of operations and cash flows. In addition, as a result of higher interest rates, the costs of hedging transactions have increased significantly and may continue to increase. Continued increases in interest rates would further increase our interest expenses and increase the costs of refinancing existing indebtedness and of issuing new debt, including unsecured commercial paper. The effect of any prolonged interest rate increases could negatively impact our ability to service our indebtedness, make distributions to security holders, make acquisitions and develop properties. Insufficient Cash Flow Could Affect Our Debt Financing and Create Refinancing Risk. We are subject to the risks normally associated with debt financing, including the risk that our operating income and cash flow could be insufficient to make required payments of principal and interest, could restrict or limit our ability to incur additional debt, or could restrict our borrowing capacity under our line of credit due to debt covenant restraints. Sufficient cash flow may not be available to make all required debt payments and satisfy our distribution requirements to maintain our status as a REIT for federal income tax purposes. In addition, the amounts under our line of credit may not be available to us and we may not be able to access the commercial paper market if our operating performance falls outside the constraints of our debt covenants. We are also likely to need to refinance substantially all of our outstanding debt as it matures. We may not be able to refinance existing debt, or the terms of any refinancing may not be as favorable as the terms of the existing debt, which could create pressure to sell assets or to issue additional equity when we would otherwise not choose to do so. In addition, our failure to comply with our debt covenants could result in a requirement to repay our indebtedness prior to its maturity, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and cash flow, increase our financing costs and impact our ability to make distributions to our stockholders. Failure to Generate Sufficient Income Could Impair Debt Service Payments and Distributions to Stockholders. If our apartment communities do not generate sufficient revenue to meet rental expenses, our ability to make required payments of interest and principal on our debt and to pay dividends or distributions to our stockholders will be adversely affected. The following factors, among others, may affect the income generated by our apartment communities: Expenses associated with our investment in an apartment community, such as debt service, real estate taxes, insurance, labor costs and maintenance costs, are generally not reduced when circumstances cause a reduction in revenue from that community. If a community is mortgaged to secure payment of debt and we are unable to make the mortgage payments, we could sustain a loss as a result of foreclosure on the community or the exercise of other remedies by the mortgage holder. 26 26 26 Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents existing buildings. If we fail to satisfy the expectations of investors, tenants and other stakeholders, our initiatives are not executed as planned, we are unable to comply with regulations or we do not satisfy our goals, our reputation and financial results could be adversely affected.Risks Related to Our Indebtedness and FinancingsChanging Interest Rates Could Increase Interest Costs and Adversely Affect Our Cash Flows and the Market Price of Our Common Stock. We currently have, and expect to incur in the future, interest-bearing debt, including unsecured commercial paper, at rates that vary with market interest rates. As of December 31, 2024, we had approximately $501.3 million of variable rate indebtedness outstanding, which constitutes approximately 8.6% of total outstanding indebtedness as of such date, and we have from time to time experienced increases in the interest rates on such indebtedness, which has increased our interest expense and adversely impacted our results of operations and cash flows. In addition, as a result of higher interest rates, the costs of hedging transactions have increased significantly and may continue to increase. Continued increases in interest rates would further increase our interest expenses and increase the costs of refinancing existing indebtedness and of issuing new debt, including unsecured commercial paper. The effect of any prolonged interest rate increases could negatively impact our ability to service our indebtedness, make distributions to security holders, make acquisitions and develop properties. Insufficient Cash Flow Could Affect Our Debt Financing and Create Refinancing Risk. We are subject to the risks normally associated with debt financing, including the risk that our operating income and cash flow could be insufficient to make required payments of principal and interest, could restrict or limit our ability to incur additional debt, or could restrict our borrowing capacity under our line of credit due to debt covenant restraints. Sufficient cash flow may not be available to make all required debt payments and satisfy our distribution requirements to maintain our status as a REIT for federal income tax purposes. In addition, the amounts under our line of credit may not be available to us and we may not be able to access the commercial paper market if our operating performance falls outside the constraints of our debt covenants. We are also likely to need to refinance substantially all of our outstanding debt as it matures. We may not be able to refinance existing debt, or the terms of any refinancing may not be as favorable as the terms of the existing debt, which could create pressure to sell assets or to issue additional equity when we would otherwise not choose to do so. In addition, our failure to comply with our debt covenants could result in a requirement to repay our indebtedness prior to its maturity, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and cash flow, increase our financing costs and impact our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.Failure to Generate Sufficient Income Could Impair Debt Service Payments and Distributions to Stockholders. If our apartment communities do not generate sufficient revenue to meet rental expenses, our ability to make required payments of interest and principal on our debt and to pay dividends or distributions to our stockholders will be adversely affected. The following factors, among others, may affect the income generated by our apartment communities:●the national and local economies;●local real estate market conditions, such as an oversupply or increasing supply of apartment homes;●tenants’ or prospective tenants’ perceptions of the safety, convenience, and attractiveness of our communities and the neighborhoods where they are located;●our ability to provide adequate management, maintenance and insurance;●rental expenses, including real estate taxes and utilities;●competition from other apartment communities or alternative housing options;●changes in interest rates and the availability of financing;●changes in governmental regulations and the related costs of compliance; and●changes in tax and housing laws, including the enactment of rent control laws or other laws regulating multifamily housing.Expenses associated with our investment in an apartment community, such as debt service, real estate taxes, insurance, labor costs and maintenance costs, are generally not reduced when circumstances cause a reduction in revenue from that community. If a community is mortgaged to secure payment of debt and we are unable to make the mortgage payments, we could sustain a loss as a result of foreclosure on the community or the exercise of other remedies by the mortgage holder. existing buildings. If we fail to satisfy the expectations of investors, tenants and other stakeholders, our initiatives are not executed as planned, we are unable to comply with regulations or we do not satisfy our goals, our reputation and financial results could be adversely affected.Risks Related to Our Indebtedness and FinancingsChanging Interest Rates Could Increase Interest Costs and Adversely Affect Our Cash Flows and the Market Price of Our Common Stock. We currently have, and expect to incur in the future, interest-bearing debt, including unsecured commercial paper, at rates that vary with market interest rates. As of December 31, 2024, we had approximately $501.3 million of variable rate indebtedness outstanding, which constitutes approximately 8.6% of total outstanding indebtedness as of such date, and we have from time to time experienced increases in the interest rates on such indebtedness, which has increased our interest expense and adversely impacted our results of operations and cash flows. In addition, as a result of higher interest rates, the costs of hedging transactions have increased significantly and may continue to increase. Continued increases in interest rates would further increase our interest expenses and increase the costs of refinancing existing indebtedness and of issuing new debt, including unsecured commercial paper. The effect of any prolonged interest rate increases could negatively impact our ability to service our indebtedness, make distributions to security holders, make acquisitions and develop properties. Insufficient Cash Flow Could Affect Our Debt Financing and Create Refinancing Risk. We are subject to the risks normally associated with debt financing, including the risk that our operating income and cash flow could be insufficient to make required payments of principal and interest, could restrict or limit our ability to incur additional debt, or could restrict our borrowing capacity under our line of credit due to debt covenant restraints. Sufficient cash flow may not be available to make all required debt payments and satisfy our distribution requirements to maintain our status as a REIT for federal income tax purposes. In addition, the amounts under our line of credit may not be available to us and we may not be able to access the commercial paper market if our operating performance falls outside the constraints of our debt covenants. We are also likely to need to refinance substantially all of our outstanding debt as it matures. We may not be able to refinance existing debt, or the terms of any refinancing may not be as favorable as the terms of the existing debt, which could create pressure to sell assets or to issue additional equity when we would otherwise not choose to do so. In addition, our failure to comply with our debt covenants could result in a requirement to repay our indebtedness prior to its maturity, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and cash flow, increase our financing costs and impact our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.Failure to Generate Sufficient Income Could Impair Debt Service Payments and Distributions to Stockholders. If our apartment communities do not generate sufficient revenue to meet rental expenses, our ability to make required payments of interest and principal on our debt and to pay dividends or distributions to our stockholders will be adversely affected. The following factors, among others, may affect the income generated by our apartment communities:●the national and local economies;●local real estate market conditions, such as an oversupply or increasing supply of apartment homes;●tenants’ or prospective tenants’ perceptions of the safety, convenience, and attractiveness of our communities and the neighborhoods where they are located;●our ability to provide adequate management, maintenance and insurance;●rental expenses, including real estate taxes and utilities;●competition from other apartment communities or alternative housing options;●changes in interest rates and the availability of financing;●changes in governmental regulations and the related costs of compliance; and●changes in tax and housing laws, including the enactment of rent control laws or other laws regulating multifamily housing.Expenses associated with our investment in an apartment community, such as debt service, real estate taxes, insurance, labor costs and maintenance costs, are generally not reduced when circumstances cause a reduction in revenue from that community. If a community is mortgaged to secure payment of debt and we are unable to make the mortgage payments, we could sustain a loss as a result of foreclosure on the community or the exercise of other remedies by the mortgage holder. existing buildings. If we fail to satisfy the expectations of investors, tenants and other stakeholders, our initiatives are not executed as planned, we are unable to comply with regulations or we do not satisfy our goals, our reputation and financial results could be adversely affected."
    },
    {
      "status": "UNCHANGED",
      "current_title": "Redevelopment Activities",
      "prior_title": "Redevelopment Activities",
      "current_body": "Our objective in redeveloping a community is twofold: we aim to grow rental rates while also producing a higher yielding and more valuable asset through asset quality improvement. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we incurred $51.4 million in major renovations, which included major structural changes and/or architectural revisions to existing buildings. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had no communities at which it was conducting substantial redevelopment activities."
    },
    {
      "status": "UNCHANGED",
      "current_title": "Redevelopment Activities",
      "prior_title": "Redevelopment Activities",
      "current_body": "Our objective in redeveloping a community is twofold: we aim to grow rental rates while also producing a higher yielding and more valuable asset through asset quality improvement. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we incurred $51.4 million in major renovations, which included major structural changes and/or architectural revisions to existing buildings. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had no communities at which it was conducting substantial redevelopment activities."
    },
    {
      "status": "UNCHANGED",
      "current_title": "Redevelopment Activities",
      "prior_title": "Redevelopment Activities",
      "current_body": "Our objective in redeveloping a community is twofold: we aim to grow rental rates while also producing a higher yielding and more valuable asset through asset quality improvement. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we incurred $51.4 million in major renovations, which included major structural changes and/or architectural revisions to existing buildings. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had no communities at which it was conducting substantial redevelopment activities."
    },
    {
      "status": "UNCHANGED",
      "current_title": "RISK FACTORS",
      "prior_title": "RISK FACTORS",
      "current_body": "There are many factors that affect the business and the results of operations of the Company, some of which are beyond its control. The following is a description of important factors that may cause the Company’s actual results in future periods to differ materially from those currently expected or discussed in forward-looking statements set forth in this Report relating to our financial results, operations and business prospects. Forward-looking statements and such risks, uncertainties and other factors speak only as of the date of this Report, and we expressly disclaim any obligation or undertaking to update or revise any forward-looking statement contained herein, to reflect any change in our expectations with regard thereto, or any other change in events, conditions or circumstances on which any such statement is based, except to the extent otherwise required by law. These risks are not all of the risks we face and other factors not presently known to us or that we currently believe are immaterial may also affect our business if they occur."
    },
    {
      "status": "UNCHANGED",
      "current_title": "RISK FACTORS",
      "prior_title": "RISK FACTORS",
      "current_body": "There are many factors that affect the business and the results of operations of the Company, some of which are beyond its control. The following is a description of important factors that may cause the Company’s actual results in future periods to differ materially from those currently expected or discussed in forward-looking statements set forth in this Report relating to our financial results, operations and business prospects. Forward-looking statements and such risks, uncertainties and other factors speak only as of the date of this Report, and we expressly disclaim any obligation or undertaking to update or revise any forward-looking statement contained herein, to reflect any change in our expectations with regard thereto, or any other change in events, conditions or circumstances on which any such statement is based, except to the extent otherwise required by law. These risks are not all of the risks we face and other factors not presently known to us or that we currently believe are immaterial may also affect our business if they occur."
    },
    {
      "status": "UNCHANGED",
      "current_title": "RISK FACTORS",
      "prior_title": "RISK FACTORS",
      "current_body": "There are many factors that affect the business and the results of operations of the Company, some of which are beyond its control. The following is a description of important factors that may cause the Company’s actual results in future periods to differ materially from those currently expected or discussed in forward-looking statements set forth in this Report relating to our financial results, operations and business prospects. Forward-looking statements and such risks, uncertainties and other factors speak only as of the date of this Report, and we expressly disclaim any obligation or undertaking to update or revise any forward-looking statement contained herein, to reflect any change in our expectations with regard thereto, or any other change in events, conditions or circumstances on which any such statement is based, except to the extent otherwise required by law. These risks are not all of the risks we face and other factors not presently known to us or that we currently believe are immaterial may also affect our business if they occur."
    }
  ]
}